was distinguished by the strictest principles and the most honourable conduct. TINDAL, (Sir NICHOLAS CONYNGHAM,) the son of an attorney, was born about 1777; and, after receiving a classical education, was sent to complete it at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he became eighth wrangler, and first classic of his year, and obtained a fellowship. Having become a student of Lincoln's Inn, he was, by that society, called to the bar; where, although intrusted with a tolerable share of practice, he remained in comparative obscurity, until the commencement of the proceedings against Queen Caroline, in which he acted, with great ability, as junior counsel. He subsequently entered parliament as member for the government borough of Harwich; and having, up to that time, supported the measures of government, he was, in 1826, knighted, and made solicitorgeneral. On the formation of the new ministry, in May, 1827, he was returned member of parliament for the University of Cambridge; and, shortly afterwards, voted for the catholic relief bill, by which he brought on himself the odium of many of his constituents. Before, however, another election could take place, he was appointed chiefjustice of the Common Pleas, a situation he continues to hold with great impartiality and ability. He did not attain much reputation at the bar, having neither the mental nor physical requisites for the formation of an advocate. As a lawyer, however, he is well known for his capacious intellect, sound judgment, and cool and deliberate reasoning; and few are more fitted for the judicial station than himself. He married early in life, and is already a widower, with several children. SHADWELL, (Sir LAUNCELOT,) was born in Yorkshire, about 1778; and, having received a good education, he was sent to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B. A., became seventh wrangler, and obtained a fellowship. Having entered himself of Lincoln's Inn, he was called to the bar, by that society, in 1803, and commenced his practice on the northern circuit, where he acquired a respectable practice; and, on his becoming a member of the Chancery bar, became the best junior of his time. He was subsequently presented with a silk gown; and, in 1826, was returned to parliament for Ripon, in Yorkshire; but vacated his seat in the following year, on his appointment to the vice-chancellorship of England; on which occasion he was knighted, and sworn in a privy-counsellor. Sir Launcelot Shadwell is by no means so distinguished a vice-chancellor as many of his predecessors; but his judgments, upon the whole, are considered able and satisfactory. In private life, he is cheerful and convivial, and is said to be particularly fond of skating and bathing; to enjoy which, he rises early, winter and summer. PHILLIPS, (CHARLES,) was born at Sligo, in Ireland, in the year 1788; and, after having received the rudiments of education in his native town, became a student of Trinity College, Dublin, where he afterwards graduated. He then proceeded to England, and having gone through the necessary studies, was called to the Irish bar about 1812, where he distinguished himself by a peculiar style of eloquence, which caused him to be employed in several important cases of seduction and adultery. His addresses on these occasions gained him great notoriety and applause; and, in 1817, he printed his principal speeches in one volume, the sale of which was extensive. He subsequently came to the English bar; but his success there has been so indifferent, that he has rather retrograded, than advanced, in popularity. On one occasion, Lord (then Mr.) Brougham gave a severe blow to the style of Mr. Phillips's eloquence, by commencing a reply to him, with "after the horticultural speech of my learned friend." He is, however, an advocate of no inconsiderable talent; and sustains no small reputation as a man of letters, in which character he has published some poems of merit, and a Life of Curran. MEDICAL SCIENCE. copy of a work which he had written, entitled, The Principles and Duties of the Christian Religion. He never endeavoured, says Ward, in his Lives of the Gresham Professors, to advance himself higher in the church, that he might avoid the suspicion of having left one profession, and taken up another, to enrich himself and his family. Although Sydenham ascribes to him great qualifications for a physician, he seems to have been diffident of his medical abilities himself, and never prescribed for any of his family after he had entered into holy orders. He was a member of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge; one of the directors of Greenwich Hospital; and, besides the works already mentioned, produced several moral and theological essays, and a collection of Greek and Latin sentences. Ward says, that he was not only a very polite scholar, but wrote Latin elegantly, was a great master of the Greek, and understood well the French, Spanish, and Italian languages. His death occurred on the 10th of November, 1721. MAPLETOFT, (JOHN,) was born at Margaret Inge, in Huntingdonshire, on the 15th of June, 1631, and educated under Dr. Busby, at Westminster School, where he became a king's scholar, and was elected thence, in 1648, to Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1651, he took his degree of B. A.; and, in 1655, that of M. A. In 1658, he was appointed tutor to the son of Algernon, the last Earl of Northumberland, with whom he made a tour in France and Italy. On his return to England, he commenced the study of medicine; and, in 1667, took his degree of M. D. In 1670, he accompanied Lord Essex to Denmark; and, after having attended the Lady Dowager Northumberland to France, was chosen, in March, 1675, professor of physic, at Gresham College. In the same year, he became a fellow of the Royal Society; and, in the next, was honoured by Dr. Sydenham's dedication to him, of a work which he had translated into Latin for that celebrated physician, entitled, Observationes Medicæ circa Morborum acutorum Historiam et Curationem. In the autumn of 1679, he resigned his professorship, and married a Miss Knightley. Soon after, he turned his attention to the study of divinity; took doctor's and priest's orders in 1682; and was appointed, by Lord Griffin, rector of Braybrooke, in Northamptonshire. In 1684, he accepted the office of lecturer of Ipswich, and, in the following year, removed to London; where, without his knowledge, he had been elected vicar of St. Lawrence Jewry, and lecturer of St. Christopher's. In 1689, on the occasion of a royal visit to Cam-nique des Actions Animales. In 1679, bridge, he took his degree of D. D.; in 1701, became one of the incorporated members of the Society for Promoting the Gospel in Foreign Parts; and, in 1707, was appointed president of Sion College, to which he had been a liberal benefactor. In 1710, being then eighty years old, he retired from the pulpit, and sent to each of his parishioners a DUNCAN, (DANIEL,) was born at Montauban, in Languedoc, in 1649, and commenced the study of physic under Barbeyrac, at Montpellier; where, in 1673, he took his degree of M. D. Shortly after, he removed to Paris, where he became of such repute, that, in 1677, he was appointed physiciangeneral to the army before St. Omers. About this time, he received letters of noblesse, and published a work, entitled, Explication Nouvelle et Mecha In he came to London, and produced a the death of Colbert, he proceeded to Montauban; whence, about 1690, he was driven, by the persecution then raging against the Protestants; and, after passing some time at Geneva, fixed his abode at Berne; where, besides an extensive practice, he obtained an anatomical and chemical professorship. In 1699, he went to Cassel, as domestic physician to Philip, Landgrave of Hesse; and, by his liberality to the French Protestants at that place, obtained the appointment of physician to the royal household, at Berlin; whither he removed, in 1702. By the advice of Boerhaave, he soon after published, at Rotterdam, in French, and subsequently, at London, in English, a work on the Abuse of Hot Liquors,-Tea, Coffee, and Chocolate. In 1703, he removed to the Hague, and printed a Latin edition of his Chymie Naturelle. In 1714, he settled in London, where he continued during the remainder of his life, which terminated on the 30th of April, 1735. He had made a vow, that if he should attain the age of seventy, he would devote the remainder of his days to the gratuitous service of those who might seek his advice; and, accordingly, after that event had taken place, he declined receiving fees, although the loss of a large sum, by the South Sea scheme, in 1721, would have rendered thein by no means unacceptable. In allusion to this circumstance, he used to say, "The poor are my only paymasters now; they are the best I ever had; their payments are placed in a government fund that can never fail; my security is the only king that can do no wrong." KEIL, (JAMES.) a native of Scotland, was born on the 27th of March, 1673; and, after having studied medicine, at the most celebrated schools on the continent, delivered lectures on anatomy, with great success, at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, the latter of which conferred on him the degree of M. D. In 1698, he published a work, entitled, The Anatomy of the Human Body Abridged; which, though taken principally from Cowper, and intended only for the use of his pupils, passed through many editions. In 1703, he commenced practice at Northampton; and, in 1706, communicated to the Royal Society, of which he was a fellow, An Account of the Death and Dissection of John Bayley, reputed to have been one hundred and thirty years old. In 1708, he produced An Account of Animal Secretion, the Quantity of Blood in the Human Body, and Muscular Motion. Of this, he also printed a Latin version, with a Medicina Statica Britannica appended; and, in 1717, reprinted the original, under the title of Essays on Several Parts of the Animal Economy, with an additional essay, concerning the force of the heart in driving the blood through the whole body, which led him into a controversy, carried on in the Philosophical Transactions, with Dr. Jurin. After having obtained considerable reputation as a physician and medical writer, he died at Northampton, of a cancer in the mouth, on the 16th of July, 1719. DOUGLAS, (JAMES,) an eminent surgeon, accoucheur, and teacher of anatomy, was born in Scotland, about the year 1675. The celebrated William Hunter, on quitting Cullen, resided with him for some time as house pupil ; and the great Haller speaks of several of his anatomical preparations as having been made with much art and ingenuity. Pope and Dr. Harwood speak of him as an enthusiastic collector of the various editions of Horace. He contributed various papers to the Philosophical Transactions, and published the following works, most of which possess considerable merit:-De Aure humano Tractatus ; Myographiæ comparatæ Specimen; Bibliographie Anatomica Specimen; A Description of the Peritonæum, &c.; A History of the lateral Operation for the Stone; A Description of the Lily of Guernsey; and A Description and History of the Coffee Tree. At the time of his death, which occurred in 1742, he appears to have been a doctor of medicine, fellow of the Royal Society, and reader of anatomy to the Company of Surgeons. LOBB, (THEOPHILUS,) was born on the 17th of August, 1678, and originally destined for the dissenting pulpit; but, abandoning theological for medical studies, he obtained a Scotch diploma, and practised in London with considerable success. He also obtained much celebrity by his professional publications; the most important of which are, A Treatise of the Small Pox; Rational Methods of Curing Fevers, deduced from the Structure of the Human Body; Medical Practice in Curing Fevers; Practical Treatise of Painful Distempers, with some effectual methods in curing them; A Treatise on Dissolvents of the Stone, and on curing the Stone and the Gout by Aliments, which went through several editions, and was translated into Latin and French; Letters relating to the Plague, and other Contagious Distempers; and, A Compendium of Practice in Physic. He was also the author of several papers in the Gentleman's Magazine, and of a few religious tracts, published shortly before his death, which occurred at his residence in Bagnio Court, London, in May, 1763. JURIN, (JAMES,) was born in 1684, and elected a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1711. He practised as a physician in the metropolis with great success; became physician to Guy's Hospital, and at the time of his death, which occurred in 1750, was president of the College of Physicians. He acted for many years as secretary to the Royal Society, and published several essays in the Philosophical Transactions, which, in 1732, he printed collectively, under the title of Physicomathematical Dissertations. These involved him in controversies with Keil, Stone, Robins, and Michellotti. Among his other labours were an edition of Varenius's Geography, undertaken at the request of Sir Isaac Newton, in whose defence he had engaged in a dispute with Pemberton; and two pieces in support of the practice of inoculation. He also made some interesting experiments, the result of which he communicated to the Royal Society, as to the specific gravity of human blood; and acquired great reputation for the skill and acuteness with which he applied mathematical science to physiological subjects. CHAPMAN, (EDMUND,) a surgeon and accoucheur of considerable talent, who, after having practised for some time in the country, settled in London, and discovered the secret of Chamberlen's forceps, of which he published an account in 1732, in A Treatise on Midwifery. He thus became a great benefactor to the human race; for no one, at least in this country, had previously, since the time of Chamberlen, been able to discover the mode of constructing the important instrument, to the invention of which that eminent accoucheur had laid claim. He is said to have sold the secret at Amsterdam; but died without revealing it in England. Even Mauriceau, from whose works he had derived much of his knowledge of midwifery, had in vain attempted to ascertain how it was made; and this valuable instrument might still have been unknown to the profession, but for the talent or good fortune of Chapman; who also distinguished himself as the advocate of the midwives against Douglas, in a pamphlet published in 1737, entitled A Reply to Douglas's Short Account of Midwifery in London. He appears to have been remarkably skilful as a practitioner; but notwithstanding his merits, few particulars of his life are to be found, and neither the dates of his birth or death are recorded. SHAW, (Sir PETER,) a medical author and practitioner of considerable talent, of whose early history, however, but little is known. He was most probably knighted by George the Second, to whom he acted as physician in ordinary for some years; and after having accompanied that monarch, on several occasions, to Hanover, was permitted to resign in favour of his sonin-law, Dr. Richard Warren. Among his literary labours were, a New Practice of Physic, which passed through seven editions; Inquiry into the Virtues of the Scarborough Spa Waters; Chymical Lectures, a valuable and scientific work, afterwards translated into French; A Portable Laboratory; Essays on Artificial Philosophy; Abridgments of Boyle and Lord Bacon; an edition of the Dispensatory of the Edinburgh College of Physicians; translations of Hoffman on mineral waters, Strahl's Chemistry, and, in conjunction with Ephraim Chambers, Boerhaave's Elementa Chimiæ. He was chosen F. R. S. in 1755, and died on the 15th of March, 1763. MONSEY, (MESSENGER,) was born in 1693, and after having practised for some time at Bury, became family physician to the Earl of Godolphin, and, by that nobleman's interest, physician to Chelsea College; where, for a great number of years, he amused himself by telling those who, having been promised the reversion to his post, came to inspect the residence and grounds, that they would certainly die before him. The truth of these predictions, at length, produced such an effect, that for a long period before his demise, which took place in 1788, no application had been made for the place. He despised all the modern improvements in the theory and practice of his profession, in which, however, he appears to have been very successful. He also wrote some able papers in the Medical Transactions, and Gooch's Medical and Chirurgical Observations. He was married early in life, and had one daughter, to whom he left the bulk of his property. On the day before his death he wrote a letter to a surgeon, named Foster, in which he bequeathed his body to that gentleman for dissection. "Though he was intimate," says a writer in the European Magazine, "with Lord Chesterfield, he had none of his politeness; and though in the daily conversation of wit and beauty, he wore off but little of the moroseness which clouded his deportment, by their example." PEMBERTON, (HENRY,) a native of London, was born in 1694, and studied medicine, at Leyden, under the celebrated Boerhaave; and anatomy, at Paris. On his return to England, he attended St. Thomas's Hospital, for some time; and, after having again visited Leyden, in 1719, for the purpose of taking his degree of M. D., he established himself, as a physician, in the metropolis; but his practice appears to have been very limited, owing to the delicate state of his health. In 1728, he was elected professor of physic at Gresham college; and, in that capacity, delivered a course of lectures on chemistry, which were subsequently published. He revised and improved the Pharmacopoeia of the College of Physicians; and, at the request of that body, undertook A Translation and Improvement of the London Dispensatory. Besides these, he produced several other works, the most important of which were, Epistola ad amicum de Cotesii inventis, demonstrating in what manner Cotes's theorems by ratios and logarithms might be done, by the circle and hyperbola; View of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy; On the Alteration of the Style and Calendar; Observations on Poetry, especially the epic, occasioned by Glover's Leonidas; On Reducing Weights and Measures to one Standard; and, A Dissertation on Eclipses. He assisted his friend, Sir Isaac Newton, in preparing for press a new edition of his Principia; and Dr. Mead, in writing A Treatise on the Plague, and in editing Cowper on the Muscles. He was also the author of an immense number of papers, on scientific subjects, communicated to the Royal Society, and carried on a controversy with Dr. Jurin, (who wrote under the signature of Philalethes Cantabrigiensis,) in a publication entitled, The Works of the Learned. He was evidently a man of great erudition and industry; but his writings, though clear, are too laboured and diffuse. He died in 1771. at RUTTY, (JOHN,) was born Dublin, of Quaker parents, in 1698, and such, says Chalmers, were the religious impressions of his youth, that he seems, at various times, to have considered the acquisition of human learning as a crime. About 1719, he commenced a course of medical duties, which he finished at Leyden, where, he observes, his object was all physic and nature; no grace. In 1723, he commenced practice, and, in the following year, settled as a physician, at Dublin, where his practice and reputation soon became considerable. In 1751, he published A History of the Rise and Progress of the People, called Quakers, in Ireland, from 1653 to 1750; shortly after, an Essay Women's Preaching; in 1756, A Methodical Synopsis of Mineral Waters, which, according to his own account, involved him in a controversy for three years; in 1770, A Chronological History of the Weather and Seasons, and of the prevailing Diseases in Dublin, &c.; and, in 1772, A Natural History of the County of Dublin. He on |