"for being a Frenchman," and deprived, by an act of parliament, of nearly forty thousand acres of land, in Ireland, of which he had received a grant from the king, when appointed a lord justice. William was deeply hurt with the proceedings of parliament on this occasion, and wrote a letter to the earl, declaratory of his esteem, and of his intention to make him a recompense for the deprivation he had suffered. During the same year the earl was employed in Flanders.

In 1704 he became generalissimo of the British army in Spain and Portugal; and, in September, 1705, by his advice, the confederate army invested Badajoz, of which he had expected to have speedily made himself master, but was disappointed by the obstinate resistance of the besieged. In one attack his arm was broken by a cannon ball, but he continued to give orders for two hours afterwards. The wounded limb was subsequently amputated, and the consequences of the operation, added to the severe chagrin which he felt at the failure of his design, rendered his recovery, for some time, hopeless. He was, however, gradually restored to health, but not until the enemy had thrown in reinforcements, and the confederates had abandoned the siege.

In 1706, after capturing Ciudad Roderigo and Alcantara, he entered Madrid without opposition, from which, however, he soon retired, to effect a junction with King Charles, who, instead of acting against the enemy, had foolishly lingered at Barcelona.

In

the following year, the earl served as second in command of the army under the Marquess das Minas. The Duke of Berwick, who was at the head of the French, having mustered a force considerably superior to that of the confederates, felt eager to entrap them into a battle. In order to achieve his object, two renegade Hugonots were instructed to throw themselves in the way of his antagonists, and, on being taken, to give such false information as might induce Das Minas to hazard an engagement. This plan succeeded, and the disastrous battle of Almanza, fought on the 14th of April, 1707, was the consequence. The English and Dutch, on this occasion, though fatigued by a toilsome march, under the oppressive

heat of the meridian sun, broke through the enemy twice; but the Portuguese cavalry gave way, and left the flanks of their allies open and unprotected. Gallway charged in person, but received two severe wounds, which, for some time, incapacitated him from giving orders. The Marquess das Minas was run through the arm; his concubine fought and fell by his side. Most of the principal officers were wounded; three thousand of the confederates were killed on the spot; ten thousand more were made prisoners; and the whole of their artillery, colours, and standards were taken by the enemy, whose entire loss did not exceed two thousand men. Gallway retreated at the head of a body of dragoons, and was joined at Alcira by the broken remains of his army. The English fleet having fortunately arrived, he obtained provisions and stores, and endeavoured, with incredible diligence and activity, to put the country in a strong posture of defence. After another engagement at Caya, in which the earl displayed much gallantry, and had a horse shot under him, both armies withdrew into winter quarters.

His military career terminated with this unsuccessful campaign, which subsequently became, at the instigation of Peterborough, a subject of parliamentary inquiry, not so much with a view to the earl's personal disgrace, as for the purpose of annoying Marlborough and the Whig party, by whom Gallway was patronised. The duke warmly exerted himself to defend his friend, who was indirectly censured by the passing of a vote of thanks to Peterborough.

On the accession of George the First, Lord Gallway again became one of the lords justices of Ireland; but he continued in office only a short time, and probably died soon afterwards; as, at the latter part of the reign of Queen Anne, he had rejected a diplomatic employment, on account of his infirmities, and as nothing further concerning him appears to be recorded.

A memorialist of the times in which the Earl of Gallway flourished describes him as being "one of the finest gentlemen in the army, with a head fitted for the cabinet as well as the camp; very modest, vigilant, and sincere; and a man of honour and honesty, without pride or affectation." Swift, who hated

a Whig, wrote underneath the above character, "It is all directly otherwisehe is a deceitful, hypocritical, factious knave, a damnable hypocrite, of no religion." He also accused Gallway of tyrannical conduct to the Earl of Kildare; but his aspersions were written too much in the rancorous spirit of partisanship to merit attention; and they are decidedly contradicted, in the most important point, that of religion, by Bishop Burnet. Misson attributes to the earl much kind consideration for those unfortunate refugees, who,

like himself, had abandoned France to avoid persecution; of these he is said to have been the head, the friend, the advocate, the support, and the protector. His military achievements were far from brilliant; in gallantry he had no superior; but his prudence appears to be somewhat doubtful; and a most unfavourable opinion might, perhaps, be pronounced on his capacity as a general, if the signal defeat at Almanza were not, in a great measure, attributable to the cowardice of the Portuguese.

GEORGE, LORD

GEORGE CARPENTER, the descendant of an ancient family in Herefordshire, and the son of a loyalist gentleman, who fought at the battle of Naseby, was born at Pitchers Occul, in the above county, on the 10th of February, 1657. After receiving a classical education at a private grammar school in the country, he went to London, and procured the appointment of page to the Earl of Montagu, whom he accompanied in his embassy to the court of France, in 1671. Upon his return, the next year, he entered the guards. Soon after he became quarter-master to the Earl of Peterborough's regiment of horse; and obtained the rank of lieutenant-colonel, in 1685. In 1693, he married the widowed daughter of "the good Lord Charlemont," and by the sale of part of her jointure, purchased, in 1701, the colonelcy of the king's own regiment of dragoons.

In 1705, he was advanced to the rank of brigadier-general, and served in Spain under the Earl of Gallway. At the battle of Almanza, in 1707, he commanded the rear, and succeeded in preserving great part of the baggage, and many of the wounded soldiers. In 1710, being then a major-general, he was wounded as he charged the enemy at Almanara. and received the thanks of King Charles, afterwards Emperor of Germany, for his gallantry and skill. In the same year he served with General Stanhope, in Brihuega, when

CARPENTER.

that place was invested by Philip of Spain and the Duke de Vendôme, to whom it eventually surrendered. During the siege, a musket ball broke part of his jaw bone, beat out all his teeth on one side, and lodged itself in the root of his tongue, where it remained a year before it was extracted.

He

In 1714, he was nominated one of the court-martial appointed to inquire into the state of the army, and to settle the seniority of the several regiments, and the ranks and claims of the officers; he was also constituted a member of the new board of general officers; and in 1715, went into parliament as member for Whitchurch, in Hants. was shortly afterwards appointed envoy to the court of Vienna, and retained his seat in the house of commons, notwithstanding a motion was made to deprive him of it, in consequence of his accepting a diplomatic office. He was on the eve of departure for Germany, when Forster having raised the Pretender's standard, Carpenter was sent into the north to act against the rebels, whom he prevented from seizing Newcastle, and then pursued them, with three regiments, to Preston, which he found, on his arrival, had been attacked, but without success, by General Wills. The addition of his forces rendered the royal army, (of which Carpenter, as superior officer, assumed the chief command,) an over-match for the rebels; whose supplies being cut

in question to be burnt by the hands of the common hangman; and the house of commons voted his conduct a scandalous design to create differences between the king and his majesty's best friends. In the same year he succeeded his uncle, who had been a very abandoned character, as Earl of Peterborough.

On the accession of Queen Anne, he was appointed captain-general of the plantations in America, and governor of Jamaica; but Marlborough, returning from Holland before the commission had passed the seals, represented to government the impropriety of committing so important a trust to one of such a fiery and uncertain temper, and the appointment was, consequently, revoked. Incensed by this disappointment, the earl acted in opposition to government, until he was constituted general and commander-in-chief of the forces sent to the assistance of Charles the Third of Spain, and joint admiral of the fleet with Sir Cloudesley Shovel. He sailed from England, in May, 1705, and, arriving at his destination, published a manifesto, in the Spanish language, which had such an effect upon the inhabitants, that they crowded to his standard, and acknowledged Charles the Third as their lawful sovereign. His first exploit was the siege of Barcelona, which surrendered, after a vigorous attack; and, in a few days, King Charles made his entrance in triumph. Pending the arrangements for its capitulation, the governor complained to the earl, that some soldiers, who had climbed over the walls, were committing the most barbarous excesses against the inhabitants. "They must be the troops of the Prince of Hesse," replied Peterborough; "allow me to enter the city with my English forces,-I will save it from ruin, and afterwards return to my present situation." The governor accepted this offer; and Peterborough, after expelling the Germans, restoring their plunder to its owners, rescuing the Duchess of Popoli from two brutal ruffians, and conducting her in safety to her husband, returned, as he had promised, to his former station.

He next marched to the relief of San Matheo, a place of great consequence, which was then invested by six thousand men, under the Conde de las Torres,

whom, by means of false intelligence, Peterborough induced to abandon the siege. He afterwards relieved Barcelona, when greatly distressed by the enemy; and, with ten thousand men, drove the Duke of Anjou, at the head of twenty-five thousand French, out of Spain; gained possession of Catalonia, Valencia, Arragon, and Majorca, with part of Murcia and Castile, and enabled Lord Gallway to advance to Madrid without the slightest opposition. For these services he was declared a general in Spain, by Charles, and was appointed, by Queen Anne, ambassador extraordinary to adjust all matters of state and traffic between the two kingdoms. Charles, however, soon afterwards transmitted to England some charges against the earl, who was, consequently, recalled; but, on his conduct being investigated by the peers, they thought proper to vote him their thanks in the most solemn manner, for his zeal and services.

In 1710, he was employed in embassies to Vienna and several of the Italian courts. While thus diplomatically engaged, he travelled with such speed that the British ministers used to say they wrote at, rather than to him. From the rapidity of his movements, and the number of his missions to crowned heads, he is said to have seen more postillions and princes than any man in Europe. While at Turin, it is stated, on the testimony of an eyewitness, that he walked about his room, dictating, to as many amanuenses, nine letters at once, on different subjects, and addressed to different persons.

On his return to England he was made colonel of the royal regiment of horse guards, general of marines, and lord-lieutenant and custos rotulorum of the county of Northampton. In 1713, he received the insignia of the Garter, and was sent ambassador to Sicily, and other Italian powers. In 1714, he was appointed governor of Minorca ; and in the reigns of George the First and Second, was general of the marine forces in Great Britain.

On the death of his first wife, a Miss Fraser, in 1720, he married the celebrated and beautiful singer, Anastasia Robinson, whom he had previously, but unsuccessfully, attempted to seduce. Before he was united to her, it is

related, that at an opera rehearsal, he severely caned Senesino, a musical performer, who had given her some offence. Although much attached to her, his pride would not allow him to acknowledge her as his wife, and she, consequently, declined to reside under his roof, until the period of his last illness, when he consented to receive her publicly by her legitimate title.

In the latter part of his life he ceased to figure as an important person, and, from his retirement in the country, railed at the decline of public virtue, and the mercenary spirit of the age. Having long suffered under a painful complaint, he was, at length, compelled to undergo a lithotomical operation at Bristol. The surgeon, as usual, wished to have him bound, but after much warm discussion on the subject, the earl positively declared, it should never be said, that a Mordaunt was seen tied hand and foot. He then desired to be placed in a posture most advantageous for the operation, in which he remained, without flinching, until it was over. Three weeks after he arrived at Bevis Mount, where he received the countess, who is said to have behaved towards him with much tenderness. Although his sufferings were great, he received and conversed with crowds of persons, who came from Southampton to visit him. His recovery appearing more than doubtful, he began to dwell upon subjects of a solemn nature; but such was the restlessness of his spirit, that although assured of his incapacity to bear the fatigues of a voyage, he determined on embarking, with the countess, for Lisbon; the climate of which, he faintly hoped would restore him to health. He, however, died during the passage, on the 25th of October, 1745. His remains were brought to England, and buried at Turvey, in Bedfordshire. He had two sons by his first wife, neither of whom survived him. They were both depraved, and appear to have partaken of that slight taint of insanity, with which their father, as well as his immediate predecessors in the title, were evidently afflicted.

The earl was of a tall and graceful figure, and had strikingly the look of a nobleman, although so thin that Swift called him a skeleton. Even his

peculiarities, says Walpole, were becoming in him, as he had a natural ease that immediately adopted and saved them from the air of affectation. A fine portrait of him was painted by Kneller.

In politics he had no fixed principles, having changed sides as often as the Vicar of Bray. His romantic courage has procured him a lofty reputation as a commander, to which he does not appear to have been justly entitled. Active, enterprising, and Quixotic, he delighted in difficulties, and never, says one of his panegyrists, employed a hundred men on any expedition, without accompanying them himself. He frequently arrived at great ends by inadequate means; and professed those qualities which, as a partisan, would have rendered him almost without an equal. But he displayed none of the calm judgment and severe prudence necessary for the command of a large army. It is true that, while in Spain, he was, on the whole, successful; but the most brilliant of his exploits have, with great felicity of expression, been designated as "happy temerities."

His conduct at Barcelona was truly chivalrous; and he did all in his power to cultivate a high feeling of honour among his troops; any aggression against whom, on the other hand, he punished, whenever it was possible, with conspicuous rigour. On one occasion, he hung a Spaniard, who had killed a British officer, at the knocker of his own door. Though frugal of the public purse, he liberally expended his own money for the benefit of his troops; and when, through the trickery of some Spanish functionaries, he had been despoiled of his baggage, worth about £8,000, he refused to accept any private compensation for the loss, but insisted on being furnished with corn sufficient to maintain his forces for several months.

His love of glory and military renown was tarnished by an affectation of vulgar popularity, which he endeavoured to gain by frequenting coffee-houses, and public places. He was once mistaken by the mob for the Duke of Marlborough, at a time when his grace was very unpopular, but saved himself from rough usage, with which he was threatened, by the following pithy address: "Gentlemen, I can convince