(USRO), and head of the Political Section of the U.S. Delegation to NATO. He was integrated into the United States Foreign Service in March of 1962.

From 1960 to 1962, Mr. Farley was Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for Atomic Energy and Outer Space. As Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for Disarmament and Atomic Energy, 1957-60, he was principal staff officer for backstopping disarmament and nuclear test negotiations, the development of disarmament policy, and inter-agency coordination. He also coordinated outer space matters in the Department of State after the establishment of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). He held the position of Deputy Special Assistant to the Secretary for Atomic Energy, Department of State, from 1954 to 1957.

Mr. Farley was born in Berkeley, California, on August 6, 1916. He attended San Jose State College, San Jose, California, and the University of California (Berkeley), the latter institution awarding him B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees during the period 1935-41.

Entering the U.S. Army Air Force in 1943, he participated in the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, 1944-46, and was an Intelligence Analyst, Air Force Intelligence, 1946-47. He was appointed Recording Secretary and Assistant Secretary, Atomic Energy Commission, in 1947, a position which he held until 1952 when he became Chief, Policy Analysis Staff, Office of the General Manager, Atomic Energy Commission.

Mr. Farley is married to the formed Mildred P. Bowling. They have three children, Kenneth, Paul, and Katherine.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF PAUL H. NITZE, SENIOR MEMBER, U.S. DELEGATION, STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKS

Paul H. Nitze is currently Chairman of the Advisory Council, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, Washington, D.C.

Mr. Nitze served as Deputy Secretary of Defense from July 2, 1967, to January, 1969, succeeding Cyrus R. Vance. On October 14, 1963, the late President Kennedy nominated him to be Secretary of the Navy, a position he assumed in November of 1963 and held until 1967. He was Assistant Secretary of Defense (International Security Affairs), 1961–63.

Born at Amherst, Massachusetts, on January 17, 1907, Mr. Nitze was graduated "cum laude" from Harvard University in 1928, and subsequently joined the New York investment banking firm of Dillon Read and Company. In 1941, he left his position as Vice President of that firm to become financial director of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs.

In 1942-43, he was Chief of the Metals and Minerals Branch of the Board of Economic Warfare, until named as Director of Foreign Procurement and Development for the Foreign Economic Administration.

During the period 1944-46, he was Vice Chairman of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey. He was awarded the Medal of Merit by President Truman for service to the Nation in that capacity.

For the next seven years, he served with the Department of State, beginning in the position of Deputy Director of the Office of International Trade Policy. In 1948, he was named Deputy to the Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs. In August, 1949, he became Deputy Director of the Policy Planning Staff, Department of State, and Director the following year.

Mr. Nitze left the Federal Government in 1953 to become President of the Foreign Service Educational Foundation in Washington, D.C., a position he held until January, 1961.

Mr. Nitze is married to the former Phyllis Pratt. They have four children: Heidi, Peter, William and Anina.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF DR. HAROLD BROWN, SENIOR MEMBER, U.S. DELEGATION, STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKS

Dr. Harold Brown, president of the California Institute of Technology, is a member of the General Advisory Committee of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.

Dr. Brown served as Secretary of the Air Force from October 1, 1965, to February 14, 1969. He was previously Director of Defense Research and Engineering for the Department of Defense from May 3, 1961, to September 30, 1965.

As Senior Scientific Advisor to the United States Delegation to the Conference on Discontinuance of Nuclear Weapons Tests, a consultant and later member of the President's Science Advisory Committee, and member of the Scientific Advisory Committee on Ballistic Missiles to the Secretary of Defense (those positions being variously held 1958-61), he furthered his research interests in nuclear explosive design, application of nuclear explosives to military and nonmilitary purposes, controlled release of thermonuclear energy, nuclear reactors of advanced design, and weapons systems of numerous kinds. Dr. Brown also has conducted research and analysis involving problems of detecting nuclear explosions in various environments and has participated in a number of studies in the area of arms limitation and control.

In 1963, Dr. Brown was awarded the Columbia Medal of Excellence and in 1961 the Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award.

Born in New York City on September 19, 1927, he received a B.A. degree in 1945, an M.A. degree in 1946, and a Ph. D. in 1949, all from Columbia University. He has been awarded several honorary degrees, and in 1967 was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering.

During the period 1947 to 1952, Dr. Brown was a member of the scientific staff at Columbia University and lectured in physics at Columbia and Stevens Institute of Technology. He later joined the University of California Radiation Laboratory at Berkeley as a research scientist.

In 1952, when the Livermore, California, site of the E. O. Lawrence Radiation Laboratory was established, Dr. Brown became a staff member there. In July, 1960, he became Director of the Laboratory at Livermore.

From 1956 to 1957, he was a Consultant to the Air Force Scientific Advisory Board; and he was a member of the Board from 1958 to 1961.

Dr. Brown is married to the former Colene D. McDowell of San Francisco, California. They have two daughters, Deborah and Ellen.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF AMBASSADOR J. GRAHAM PARSONS, DEPUTY TO THE U.S. REPRESENTATIVE, STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKS

Ambassador James Graham Parsons is a former Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs who also served as American Ambassador to Laos and to Sweden. He acts as Deputy to the United States Representative or to the Alternate Representative in the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks.

A Career Minister since 1958, Ambassador Parsons has a wide-ranging experience in the field of foreign affairs. He began his professional career as private secretary to the American Ambassador to Japan in 1932. He was appointed a Foreign Service Officer in 1936 and assigned to the Consulate in Havana, Cuba, where he served until his appointment to the Consulate at Mukden, Manchuria, in 1938. This was followed by a tour as Third Secretary and Vice Consul at Ottawa, Canada, from 1940 to 1942.

At the end of his Canadian tour, Ambassador Parsons returned to the State Department in Washington first as Canadian Desk Officer and subsequently as Assistant Chief of the Division of British Commonwealth Affairs. In 1946 and early 1947, he also served as the State Department member and secretary of the United States section of the Permanent Joint Board on Defense, United States and Canada.

In April of 1947, he was appointed Assistant to the Personal Representative of the President of the United States to the Pope. From late 1948 to June of 1950, he served as First Secretary and Consul at New Delhi, India, and also at Katmandu, Nepal.

Ambassador Parsons attended the National War College from August of 1950 to June of 1951. He was then appointed Deputy Director, Office of European Regional Affairs at the State Department, and became Acting Director in February of 1952. In April of that same year, he was appointed Counselor and Deputy Chief of Mission at the American Embassy in Tokyo, receiving the personal rank of Minister in that position in 1954.

His first ambassadorial appointment came in 1956 when he was named American Ambassador to the Kingdom of Laos, serving there until 1958. He then returned to the Department of State where he first became Deputy Assistant and then Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs, winning his rank as Career Minister. He remained in that position until 1961, when he was ap

pointed Ambassador to Sweden. He served in Sweden until 1967, after which he became a Senior Foreign Service Inspector. He served in the latter capacity until 1969 when he was assigned as State Department adviser to the Commandant of the Industrial College of the Armed Forces. He was transferred to the United States Delegation in April of 1970.

Ambassador Parsons was born on October 28, 1907, in New York City. He received his B.A. degree from Yale University in 1929 and did further academic work at New York University from 1931 to 1932. He is a member of Phi Beta Карра.

Ambassador Parsons is married to the former Margaret Boulton of Toronto, Canada. They have two daughters, Mrs. Lawrence D. Pearson of Tokyo, Japan, and Mrs. Joseph S. Lyons of Potomac, Maryland, and five grandchildren.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF LT. GEN. ROYAL B. ALLISON, USAF, PRINCIPAL MILITARY MEMBER, U.S. DELEGATION, STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKS

Lieutenant General Royal B. Allison is the Assistant to the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), for Strategic Arms Negotiations. Additionally, by Presidential designation, he is the Principal Military Member on the U.S. Delegation for the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT).

In 1964, he headed the Chairman, JCS, Special Studies Group, a select group of Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine officers which conducted detailed force structure analyses, conceptual studies and strategic assessments for the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

In 1967 he assumed the duties of Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Operations for the Commander in Chief, Pacific Hawaii.

Lieutenant General Allison, a command pilot, has among his decorations the Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Legion of Merit, Distinguished Flying Cross, Soldier's Medal, Air Medal with 13 oak leaf clusters. Air Force Commendation Medal with one oak leaf cluster and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm. Born in Harlan, Oregon, on April 22, 1919, he attended public schools in Portland, Oregon and studied Civil Engineering at Oregon State College. He entered the Air Corps in July 1941 and received his wings and commission as a second lieutenant at the Air Corps Advanced Flying School, Stockton Field, California, in February 1942.

After graduation from pilot training and a nine months stint as a flying instructor, he joined the Twelfth Air Force in North Africa and remained with that unit until the end of World War II, flying 90 combat missions in B-25 aircraft in campaigns in Sicily, Sardinia, Italy, Corsica, Southern France, the Balkans and Southern Central Europe.

After graduating from Command and General Staff School and an assignment as a squadron commander with the Twelfth Air Force, Lieutenant General Allison was ordered to Headquarters U.S. Air Force for duty in the Directorate of Plans and Operations in July 1948. He was transferred to Headquarters U.S. Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) in the fall of 1950 and served in various staff positions in the Directorate of Plans and as a member of a team of officers which negotiated for United States air bases in Morocco. In August 1952 he was assigned as Chief of the Policy Branch, J-3 Division, Headquarters U.S. European Command (USEUCOM).

Lieutenant General Allison returned to the United States in the fall of 1954 and after serving as Commander of the 3615th Flying Training Group, Craig Air Force Base, Alabama, he was ordered, in 1958, to Headquarters U.S. Air Force for duty as Assistant for National Security Council Affairs, Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Programs. In June 1959 he was assigned to duty as Executive Officer to General Thomas D. White, Chief of Staff of the Air Force, and served in that capacity until General White's retirement in June 1961.

In 1963, he became Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations, Headquarters USAFE following a two-year assignment as Director of Plans, Headquarters USAFE.

Lieutenant General Allison is married to the former Liliane Doulcaris of Athens, Greece. They have one son, Michael W.

STATEMENT OF AMBASSADOR GERARD C. SMITH, REPRESENTATIVE, U.S. DELEGATION, STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKS

Ambassador SMITH. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman.

First, I would like to introduce my Deputy. Ambassador Philip Farley, the man who did most of the backstopping for these negotiations in Washington while I was in Helsinki and Vienna.

Mr. Chairman, I am pleased to have this opportunity to appear before your committee to discuss the treaty on the limitation of ABM systems and the interim agreement on the limitation of strategic offensive arms.

I

These two agreements are the result of 22 years of SALT negotiations. They are significant achievements in their own right. They are also first steps in a continuing process of negotiation.

These two agreements represent clear evidence that both sides are moving into an era of negotiations. By this action, both sides are making important investments in cooperation, investments that I think they will want to protect and not risk lightly. Large differences between the two nations persist but these SALT agreements, touching on central security interests of both countries, are recognition that relations can be improved even while differences remain and that the two sides can act in their separate self-interests to bring greater security and stability to a nuclear world.

II

At the start, I would like to place the SALT agreements in perspective. Early in 1969, when this administration entered office, the Soviet Union was engaged in a rapid buildup of its strategic offensive missile launchers. It was clear that a rough balance in strategic offensive forces between the two sides was approaching. The United States was determined to maintain forces adequate to meet its security requirements and second to none. As President Nixon stated in his Foreign Policy Report of February 1970, "Both sides would almost surely commit the necessary resources to maintain a balance." The President had also made it clear in that report that any Soviet attempt to attain large advantage would spark an arms race which would in the end prove pointless.

The question was whether we could through negotiation-rather than competition-achieve a more stable strategic relationship with the Soviet Union and over a period of time create a situation in which both countries could use more of their resources for purposes other than building strategic weapons. SALT was an acceptance by both sides of the opportunity to do just that.

Success was far from sure. Asymmetries in weapon systems and programs resulting from historical and geographical differences were great. And technical complexities involved in seeking limits on strategic weapon systems had never before been faced.

83-066, No. 92-68-72-3

After careful preparations, SALT opened in Helsinki in November 1969. In addition to myself the principal members of the U.S. delegation were:

Philip Farley, Alternate Chairman and Deputy Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency;

Ambassador Graham Parsons, representing the Secretary of

State:

Paul Nitze, former Deputy Secretary of Defense, representing the Secretary of Defense;

Lt. Gen. Royal Allison, USAF, Assistant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for Strategic Arms Negotiations; and Dr. Harold Brown, President of the California Institute of Technology and former Secretary of the Air Force.

I understand later this week you will be hearing from Mr. Nitze and General Allison when they accompany the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs.

Former U.S. Ambassador to the U.S.S.R., Llewelyn Thompson, also served on the U.S. delegation until his death early this year. The delegation was supported by officials of the Department of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Department of States and the Arms Control Agency.

In keeping with the unique nature of these talks, the initial discussions concentrated on exploring strategic principles to determine areas of common thinking and to allow both sides to understand more fully the concerns of the other. A clearer mutual understanding of issues to be faced and the development of an agenda emerged from the first phase of the discussions. The next phases of the talks focused on comprehensive limitation proposals. These reflected the differing views of the two sides as well as certain common approaches.

Through this effort we were able to determine the areas in which early progress seemed possible and the areas in which early progress seemed possible and the areas where agreement would require more

time.

We found that problems existed as to what should be considered strategic systems as well as to finding a basis for limitations of such systems. These problems made it clear that it would be very difficult to negotiate within a reasonably short period a comprehensive agreement. The Soviet response to this situation was to press for an initial agreement limiting only antiballistic missile (ABM) systems. The United States believed that such an agreement would not make as great a contribution to stability as limitations on both offensive and defensive strategic systems and could in fact prejudice prospects for a subsequent comprehensive agreement on offensive arms.

III

On May 20, 1971, the President announced a breakthrough that resolved this impasse. Under the May 20 understanding, the two Governments agreed to work out an agreement limiting deployment of ABM systems and at the same time to agree on certain measures with respect to the limitation of strategic offensive arms. The general problems remaining after the May 20 understanding were how extensive a coverage of offensive arms could be agreed upon, and how to frame in