in the Advanced Fusion Concept category (Reversed Field Pinch and Compact Toroids) would constitute an important investment. Additional funding for Advanced Fusion Concepts would facilitate the study of their confinement properties at more reactor-relevant conditions. Two Advanced Fusion Concept projects, designed to achieve this goal, are currently underway. The effect of the proposed $50M reduction in the FY1987 MFE budget translates into a very tight budget situation for the Advanced Fusion Concepts category. Without a funding increase for this category, the requirements to build these new projects will cause a serious reduction in the Advanced Fusion Concept research staff.

In an era of tight (declining) program budgets, the use of more compact, less costly confinement cores, including compact Tokamaks and compact Advanced Fusion Concepts, may be the only way to continue the development of fusion.

SUMMARY

The President's FY1987 budget provides support for our basic research programs at a level that enables us to strengthen our current contributions by allowing several important new initiatives while maintaining a level of effort in most of the important existing activities. The budget levels in the prior fiscal years, FY1985 and FY1986 (including the Gramm-Rudman-Hollings effect), had squeezed us to a critical size in most areas of basic research and eliminated the start of several important new initiatives. The impact on the Laboratory as a whole of the proposed FY1987 funding level for basic research is very postive. This level requires no major reductions in staff or programs that would decrease our ability to be at the forefront of science which we feel is so important to our long-range defense mission.

However, the situation in the energy R & D area, particularly Alternative Energy Sources, is much different. The total reduction in staff required by the President's FY1987 budget for the AES program is 44 FTES. Some of these may be absorbed by defense programs but certainly it will not be totally possible to match skills with requirements. In the Magnetic Fusion Energy area, the new Advanced Fusion Concepts projects are being pursued with an extremely tight budget which could reduce their staff by up to 40 FTEs. This is very dependent on contributions to the project that might be made by industry.

The impact of the FY1987 budget for LANSCE on the Laboratory as a whole is very positive. LANSCE has the potential to be a world-class facility for materials science and FY1987 is the first major step in this direction. Funding for the experimental hall project in FY1987 is crucial to develop the momentum required to implement a national user program by FY1989.

I would like to thank the Subcommittee for inviting me to testify here today. The contributions of the basic research programs to the Nation's economy and defense cannot be overlooked if we are to develop long-term strength and stability for our country. We hope that the Committee can support a strong science budget for FY1987 in these difficult times.

Mr. FUQUA. Thank you very much, Dr. Browne.

Dr. Shirley.

STATEMENT OF DR. DAVID A. SHIRLEY, DIRECTOR, LAWRENCE BERKELEY LABORATORY, BERKELEY, CA

Dr. SHIRLEY. Mr. Chairman, I am pleased to testify today on the Department of Energy budget request for fiscal year 1987.

I will first describe a new construction start proposed for Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and then the construction progress of the laboratory buildings in our Center for Advanced Materials.

I have a longer statement for the record that discusses the fiscal year 1987 budget and how a freeze at fiscal year 1986 levels or a 10 percent cut would affect LBL.

The fiscal year 1987 DOE budget proposes a scientific facilities upgrade plan that would provide initial funding leading to the construction of four needed new scientific facilities at the DOE national laboratories during the next decade.

As you face the targets of the new Budget Deficit Reduction Act, a simplistic approach to the problem would be to delay these projects. The consequences of such a strategy for the national investment in basic research would be tragic.

The achievements of science in the 20th century and their implications for industry and national security have been the result of a supportive relationship between the scientific visions of our scientists and the instrumentation available to probe the natural world.

For instance, lasers, first developed as demonstrations of phenomena predicted by quantum theory, have become powerful tools for industry, medicine, and science itself. The new facilities proposed by DOE are similar investments in our future.

Each new facility will make possible the exploration of new questions and ultimately the discovery of the new innovations that keep industry on the competitive edge.

An investment in these facilities also addresses critical questions that have been asked by your Science Policy Task Force. You have sought ways to sharpen the missions of the Federal laboratories and to foster stronger industrial and university collaborations. The Department of Energy addresses these issues in this budget propos

al.

These proposed new facilities build on proven capabilities at the laboratories and address basic research needs implicit in DOE's mission. They have all been critically reviewed and recommended by national committees of industrial and university scientists, and their construction will build on the investments in basic research made by other Federal agencies and the private sector.

The facility proposed for construction at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in the fiscal year 1987 budget is the 1-2 GeV synchrotron radiation source. It is the first of a new generation of accelerators that will broadly extend the frontiers of academic and industrial research and technology.

When completed in 1992, it will operate as a national user facility, providing experimental opportunities to investigators from universities and national laboratories. It will also provide American

industry new research capabilities that will help keep them competitive in an increasingly sophisticated technological world.

The current estimated cost of the project is $90 to $100 million. This range is firmly based on an early estimate certified by DOE design reviews with subsequent adjustment for inflation. The budget provides $1.5 million in title I construction funds, $1.5 million in operating expenses, and $500,000 for capital equipment.

Architectural and engineering work in fiscal year 1987 will more precisely define the project's cost, schedule, and design before beginning actual construction in fiscal year 1988.

The 1-2 GeV facility will take maximum advantage of the recent technological developments for producing synchrotron radiation. When electrons travel around a curved path at speeds approaching that of light, they radiate synchrotron light over a broad portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. When these electrons are forced to oscillate back and forth sideways as they pass through special magnets called wigglers and undulators, they yield light of unprecedented brightness.

The first generation of synchrotron radiation facilities was based largely on parasitic use of existing high energy physics machines. The second generation of so-called dedicated facilities were constructed in response to a 1976 National Academy of Sciences report and were specifically intended to produce synchrotron light.

These first and second generation machines were subsequently upgraded by adding wigglers and undulators to enhance the intensity of their synchrotron light. LBL has played a key role in the development and improvement of these insertion devices.

The next, or third, generation of facilities will involve the construction of new machines specifically designed to maximize the radiation brightness of the wigglers and undulators. Such machines offer brightness increases 50 to 100 times over existing sources. Two new and complementary facilities are being proposed, the 1-2 GeV source and a 6 GeV source to be located at Argonne National Laboratory.

The scientific community has developed an abundance of research ideas for the 1-2 GeV facility. The interest has been particularly strong in the area of small science research as carried out by individuals or small groups of investigators in universities. I will briefly outline some of the research areas to be explored using the facilities. For a more detailed explanation, I am submitting for the record a copy of the report of a November 1985 Users Workshop, which was held at Berkeley.

Exciting applications lie in the field of materials sciences. The high brightness of the machine will make it possible to study chemical and materials reactions and transitions as they occur. The facility will also offer important opportunities for advanced industrial research and technology. Foremost among these is addressing the lithography for 64 megabit and larger semiconductor chips and the development of advanced imaging techniques. Other industrial applications include surface scanning, holography, and polymer characterization and optimization.

In biology and medicine, a most attractive potential capability of the source is unique imaging of small biological specimens. Interesting applications are anticipated in the area of chemical dynam

ics, which encompasses all phenomena in which molecules undergo energetic or chemical transformations.

The recent National Academy of Sciences report, "Opportunities in Chemistry," recognizes and highlights the important wide-ranging applications of synchrotron radiation in chemistry research.

The 1-2 GeV source was first designed in 1982 and proposed in the administration's fiscal year 1984 budget request. During its deliberations on the budget, the Congress requested the Department of Energy to study the synchrotron radiation needs of the broader scientific community. The resulting DOE study was released in March 1984 and had two major conclusions. The first was the need to optimize the utilization of existing facilities. The second was that two new facilities were needed to provide complementary but quite different scientific opportunities and capabilities not available with existing machines. The recommended new facilities were a 6 GeV facility and a 1-2 GeV machine.

The next major review was released in July 1984 by the National Research Council. Their report strongly endorsed the need for both facilities recommended by the DOE report. The most recent review was published by the Department of Energy's Energy Research Advisory Board [ERAB] in June 1985. We heard a report on that this morning in which ERAB examined the National Research Council report for its relevance to and impact on the mission of the Department of Energy.

They concluded that the Council report accurately reflected the needs of both the materials science community and the Department of Energy and that the 6 GeV and the 1-2 GeV facilities were both necessary and appropriate for funding by the Department of Energy.

LBL has worked from the beginning to ensure that the 1-2 GeV design is in accord with the needs of a diverse user community. A 3-day workshop attended by more than 200 scientists and engineers was held at LBL in May 1983 to focus on the science and the technical aspects of the 1-2 GeV source and the then-planned Stanford upgrade.

As a result, the design of two undulators was revised, and the Center for X-ray Optics at LBL was established to develop new materials and designs for beam line components. We have provided a summary history of the project illustrating the ongoing design and research work on the proposed facility.

Subsequent to the 1983 meeting, an Advanced Light Source Users Executive Committee has been a continuing link between LBL and the user community. At its initiative, a users workshop was held November 13 through 15, 1985, at the Berkeley Conference Center. More than 200 physicists, chemists, biologists, and engineers from universities, national laboratories, and industry gathered to discuss the potential uses of a projected 1-2 GeV facility. Last year, the Congress set aside $5 million for preconstruction R&D on both the 1-2 GeV and the 6 GeV facilities. Our portion of these funds is being used to refine the design, to improve the machine's performance, ease its construction and commissioning, identify critical construction R&D issues, examine the proposed site, and prepare for a DOE construction review later this year.