the research. - 3 Through science and technology transfer, these ideas and people have made contributions in a variety of industries including medical instrumentation and therapy, control and instrumentation of industrial processes, the production of nuclear energy, and many applications of electronic and computer techniques. The High Energy and Nuclear Physics programs are closely related not only in terms of overall goals, but also in the types of facilities and equipment used to reach these goals and the impact that research in one program has on the other. Both seek to contribute to an understanding of the basic constituents of matter and the forces that govern them. Nuclear Physics does so by studying the nucleus; High Energy Physics does so by studying the most fundamental of particles that comprise the nucleus and all other matter. Experiments in both the High Energy and Nuclear Physics programs depend on large experimental facilities that accelerate beams of particles to collide with stationary targets or head-on with other moving particle beams. Studying the results of these collisions helps scientists to learn about the properties of the underlying building blocks and basic forces involved. Although research progress depends on the availability of these forefront accelerator and colliding beam facilities, as well as on the detectors that record the results of the collisions, progress also depends on a continuing interplay of advancements in experiment, theory and technology. Often the range of experiments possible is determined by available technology; and physicists frequently have to invent new equipment and technology to carry out the most important experiments. 4 In the High Energy Physics program, research utilizing accelerators is conducted principally at four accelerator laboratories in the U.S., two in Europe and one in Japan and encompasses more than 150 user groups. The Nuclear Physics program, carried out at seven national facilities, accommodates approximately 70 user groups. The program also utilizes facilities in Canada and Europe. High Energy Physics Progress toward improving our understanding of the fundamental nature of energy and matter and their most elemental transformations has come rapidly in recent years. In developing this knowledge, five U.S.-supported high energy physicists have won or shared in Nobel prizes during the last seven years. The major current objective of high energy physics research is unification of the basic forces into a single theoretical framework; in other words, a single theory that would describe all of the interactions of matter and energy existing in the universe. The electromagnetic force describes how atoms and molecules are formed and is the cornerstone to understanding chemistry, electronic communications and biological processes. The weak nuclear force describes processes such as the radioactive decay of nuclei. The strong nuclear force helps describe how the sun and the stars produce so much energy and holds the nucleus together. Together with the weak nuclear force, it also describes the relative abundance of the chemical elements. The gravitational force, perhaps the most familiar of the forces of nature, explains such things as how objects fall and planets move in their orbits. Results of high energy physics research have led to an increasingly better understanding of the forces of nature and the unifying connections among - 5 them. A part of the recent progress in high energy physics has been the conceptual unification of the weak nuclear and electromagnetic forces into a single "electroweak" framework. In addition, a theory of the strong interaction force has emerged which is consistent with observation. There is increasing anticipation that the unification of the strong nuclear and electroweak forces into one "grand unified" framework may be possible, thus reducing the apparent number of forces in nature to two. The ultimate goal is a "super-grand" unification that would bring all of the forces in nature into a single unified framework. (An example of such a theory, called "superstrings," has recently attracted much attention.) The picture of nature provided in terms of the electroweak and strong forces and the quark and lepton constituents is known as the Standard Model. The most significant recent experimental results all reinforce the predictions of the Standard Model. Experiments are in preparation to use the new capabilities coming into operation in early FY 1987 and the near future to search for phenomena which do not conform to the Standard Model and in particular for phenomena predicted by grand unified theories. Before I discuss the budget request, I would like to report on some of the recent accomplishments in the High Energy Physics program. The Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) Tevatron, the world's first high energy accelerator using superconducting magnets, provided beam for numerous experiments with protons at energies up to 800 billion electron volts (GeV) in 1984 and 1985. The substantial quantity of data recorded in the very productive 1985 run is now being analyzed. The new antiproton source produced a high energy antiproton beam in the Summer of 1985. The first proton-antiproton collisions at 1600 GeV (800 GeV on 800 GeV) were observed with the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) in a test run in the Tevatron - 6 colliding beam mode. In FY 1987 the accelerator is expected to operate at energies near 900 GeV per beam for both fixed target and colliding beam experiments. The Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has the world's highest energy beam of polarized protons and high intensity kaon beams for precision studies of rare kaon decays. Successful development of the Stanford Linear Collider (SLC) at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) will provide an essential demonstration of the technical feasibility of the new linear collider concept, which is a critical step toward future cost-effective extensions of electron-positron reaction energies beyond the maximum energy practical with circular accelerators. It will also permit significant new physics with 50 GeV on 50 GeV electron-positron colliding beams. Good progress is being made on fabrication and installation of components for SLC. Systems tests are scheduled to begin later in FY 1986, and first 50 GeV on 50 GeV colliding beam experiments are planned early in 1987. FY 1987 High Energy Physics Budget Request The FY 1987 request for the High Energy Physics program is $546.7 million, which consists of $427.5 million for Operating Expenses, $77.5 million for Capital Equipment and $41.7 million for Construction (Table 2). A major part of the funding for the program is required to meet the direct needs of the accelerator laboratories to develop, maintain and operate the major accelerator, colliding beam and detector facilities. The high energy particle accelerator and colliding beam facilities to be operated by the Department in FY 1987 include: first operation for research of |