vessel upon the lungs, and a year after was ordered to winter at Torquay. Here it was that two years later her favorite brother, who seems to have been worthy of his sister, was drowned in sight of the house, and the body never recovered. This tragedy nearly killed her, and having conceived a horror of Torquay she was, as soon as her condition made the change possible, moved back to Gloucester Place in an invalid carriage. She spent the next six years in a darkened room reading and annotating her Greek and Italian books, as well as her Hebrew Bible, having had her Plato bound like a novel in order to deceive her doctor. In 1845 she met Mr. Browning, through the agency of their mutual friend Mr. Kenyon; literary gossip insisting that the meeting was due to the graceful compliment paid to Browning's poetry in Lady Geraldine's Courtship. In 1846 she was married to Mr. Browning at St. Marylebone parish church. For this marriage her father never forgave her, although his objections to it had no better foundation than an unreasonable monomania that during his life he ought to be the sole object of his daughters' care, and that none of them should marry. After the marriage Mr. and Mrs. Browning settled at Florence, where Mrs. Browning spent the remainder of her life, and where in 1849 her son Robert Barrett Browning, the present sculptor and painter, was born. During her residence at Florence she took a keen interest in contemporary Italian politics, which furnished the subjects for many of her later poems. She published Essay on Mind, 1827; Prometheus Bound, and Miscellaneous Poems, 1833; The Seraphim and other Poems, 1838; The Romaunt of the Page, 1839; A Drama of Exile and Lady Geraldine's Courtship were contained in a collected edition of her poems, 1844; Sonnets from the Portuguese, 1850; Casa Guidi Windows, 1851; Aurora Leigh, 1856; Poems before Congress, 1860; Last Poems (published posthumously), 1862.

* BROWNING, Robert, LL.D. (1812). Born at Camberwell, Surrey, and son of a bank-clerk, who was however a good classic. He attended a private school at Peckham till he was near fourteen, and then had a private tutor and attended lectures at the University College. In 1832 he made a tour on the Continent, where he spent considerable time in Italy studying the medieval

b

history, literature, and life of that country. On his return he mingled with the literary society of that day, and seems to have been undecided for a while whether he should turn his attention to poetry, music, or sculpture. In 1834 he spent some time in Russia, and three years later his tragedy Strafford, which he had written for Macready, who assumed the chief part in it, was produced at Covent Garden. In 1846 he married Miss Elizabeth Barrett, and resided at Florence until his wife's death in 1861. He then brought his boy to London and settled at 19 Warwick Crescent, W., in order that his son might have the benefit of the care of his wife's sister, Miss Arabella Barrett. In 1879 Cambridge conferred upon him the degree of LL.D., and in 1881 the "Browning Society" was founded, the object of which, as expressed in its programme, was to gather together some at least of the many admirers of Robert Browning, for the study and discussion of his works, and the publication of papers on them. The Society will also encourage the formation of Browning Reading Clubs, the acting of Browning's dramas by amateur companies, the writing of a Browning Primer, the compilation of a Browning Concordance or Lexicon, and, generally, the extension of the study and influence of the poet." The Society numbers at present some two hundred members, and has led to the formation of several similar societies in England, America, and Australia.

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The following Browning bibliography is compiled from Mr. Arthur Symons's Introduction to the Study of Browning: Pauline; a Fragment of a Confession, 1833; Paracelsus (Drama), 1835; Strafford (Drama), 1837; Sordello, 1840; Bells and Pomegranates: No. I. Pippa Passes (Drama), 1841; No. II. King Victor and King Charles (Drama), 1842; No. III. Dramatic Lyrics, 1842; No. IV. The Return of the Druses (Drama), 1843; No. V. A Blot in the 'Scutcheon (Drama), 1843; No. VI. Colombe's Birthday (Drama), 1844; No. VII. Dramatic Romances and Lyrics, 1845; No. VIII. Luria, and A Soul's Tragedy (Dramas), 1846; Christmas-Eve and Easter-Day, 1850; Two Poems by E. B. B. and R. B., 1854; Men and Women, 1855; Dramatis Personae, 1864; The Ring and the Book, Vols. I. and II., 1868; Vols. III. and IV., 1869; Balaustion's Adventure, 1871; Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau, Saviour of Society, 1871; Fifine

at the Fair, 1872; Red-Cotton Night-Cap Country, or Turf and Towers, 1873; Aristophanes' Apology, 1875; The Inn Album, 1875; Pacchiarotto, and how he worked in Distemper, 1876; The Agamemnon of Æschylus (Translation), 1877; La Saisiaz; The Two Poets of Croisic, 1878; Dramatic Idyls, 1879: Dramatic Idyls, Second Series, 1880; Jocoseria, 1883; Ferishtah's Fancies, 1884. Of editions of collected poems the following may be noticed: Poems by Robert Browning, 2 vols., 1849; The Poetical Works of Robert Browning, third edition, 3 vols., 1863; The Poetical Works of Robert Browning, 6 vols., 1868.

CLOUGH, ARTHUR HUGH (1819-1861). Born at Liverpool, and second son of a cotton merchant in that city. In 1823 the family removed to Charleston, South Carolina, where they stayed for five years, and on their return to England Clough went to school at Chester, from which he was removed to Rugby in the following year, where he came under the influence of Dr. Arnold, and with whom he earnestly strove to raise the character of the school. He was also editor, at one time, of The Rugby Magazine. In 1836 he entered Oxford, having gained the Balliol scholarship the previous year. His entrance at Oxford was synchronous with the temporary victory of the Tractarians over the Broad Church party, and the height of Dr. (subsequently Cardinal) Newman's popularity as preacher at St. Mary's. Over Clough the "Oxford Movement" exercised a great influence, and to the unquiet spirit inspired in him by it, many of his friends attributed his failure to obtain the Balliol fellowship in 1841. The following year he was elected fellow and tutor of Oriel College, but resigned his tutorship in 1848. The year previous to his resignation he had had a reading party in Glen Urquhart, about two miles north from Loch Ness, which furnished some of the incidents and characters in The Bothie. After leaving Oxford he spent a short time in Paris with Emerson, whose acquaintance he had made in 1847; and in 1849, he visited Rome, where he was present at the siege by the French. In October of the same year he entered on the headship of University Hall, London, and three years later came to America and settled at Cambridge, Mass. This second residence in America lasted less than a year, when he returned to England, having accepted a position as Examiner

under the Education Department, which he held until his death. Clough is the subject of Matthew Arnold's Monody Thyrsis.

He published The Bothie of Toper-na-Fuosich, changed in a subsequent revision to The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich, 1848; and in conjunction with his friend Thomas Burbridge, Ambarvalia, 1849. In 1869 a volume of his poems edited by his wife was published.

CRAIK, DINAH MARIA MULOCK (1826-1887). Born at Stokeupon-Trent, and daughter of a clergyman, a man of wide knowledge, who superintended her education. Her first novel, The Ogilvies, was published in 1849, and in 1856, John Halifax, Gentleman, by which she made her reputation. She has published in all about twenty-four novels, exclusive of several books for children. In 1864 she was granted a literary pension of £60 per annum, and in 1865 she was married to Mr. George Lillie Craik. She has published two volumes of Poems, since revised in one volume under the title of Thirty Years.

CROSS, MARY ANN EVANS (1819-1880). Born at South Farm in Warwickshire, and early in life changed her name to Marian Evans. Her father commenced life as a carpenter, and was afterwards a forester and then a land-agent. Marian was a daughter by a second marriage, by which there were also two other children, Christiana and Isaac, the latter of whom forms one of the subjects in the series of autobiographical sonnets, Brother and Sister. When Marian was still a baby the family removed to Griff House, and when twelve years old she was sent to a boarding-school at Nuneaton. In 1841, five years after his wife's death, Mr. Evans removed to Foleshill near Coventry, and it was at this place that Marian made the acquaintance of Charles Bray and his wife, to whose influence her change from ardent Evangelicism to scepticism has been attributed. In 1843 she commenced her translation of Strauss's Leben Jesu, which was published three years later, and in 1849, shortly after the death of her father, she spent several months in the neighborhood of Geneva. On her return to England she became allied to Dr. Chapman in the editorship of The Westminster Review, and it was at Dr. Chapman's house in 1851 that she first met

George Henry Lewes, whose wife she subsequently became in every sense but the legal one, circumstances preventing the union from receiving the 'social sanction.' In 1856 she began her career as a novelist, the suggestion that she should write fiction coming from Lewes. Her first novel was Scenes from Clerical Life, which appeared first as a serial in Blackwood, and was afterward published in book form under the pseudonym of George Eliot. This was followed in 1857 by Adam Bede, which was an immediate and unprecedented success. From that time her reputation was assured and her novels brought her not only fame but money. For the serial right of Scenes from Clerical Life Blackwood paid her £50, for that of Romola, seven years later, she received £7,000 from the publishers of Cornhill Magazine, and corresponding prices were paid for her other works. In 1876 she purchased the beautiful country mansion known as the Heights of Willey, and in 1878 Lewes died. Two years later she was married to Mr. G. W. Cross, an old and valued friend of Lewes. She died at No. 4 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, and is buried beside Lewes in the cemetery at Highgate.

She published two volumes of poems: The Spanish Gypsy, 1868; The Legend of Jubal, 1874.

* DE VERE, AUBREY THOMAS (1814). Third son of Sir Aubrey de Vere, Baronet, of County Limerick, the author of the drama Mary Tudor. He was educated at Trinity College, and in addition to his various poetical works, is the author of several works on political and historical subjects. In 1878 he edited a correspondence on religion and philosophical subjects, under the title of Proteus and Amadeus. He has published The Waldenses, or the Fall of Rova, 1842; The Search after Proserpine, Recollections of Greece, and other Poems, 1843; Poems, Miscellaneous and Sacred, 1853; May Carols, 1857; The Sisters, Inisfail, and other Poems, 1861; The Infant Bridal, and other Poems, 1864; Irish Odes, and other Poems, 1869; The Legends of St. Patrick, 1872; Alexander the Great, a Dramatic Poem, 1874; St. Thomas of Canterbury, a Dramatic Poem, 1876; Legends of the Saxon Saints, 1879; May Carols, new edition, 1881; The Foray of Queen Meane, 1882.

Dobell, Sidney (1824-1874). Born at Cranbrook, Kent, and educated at home, as his parents were strongly opposed to all