Thus far Holinshed on the Watling-street way. The gravel bank discovered in Eastcheap, was therefore, as we have said, no part of the Watling-street, but from the direction in which it ran, north-east, probably debouched into the country at Aldgate. One circumstance connected with this way is worthy of particular observation,-it was not paved, whereas in recently making a sewer in the line of that part of the city which retains the name of Watling-street, the old Watling-street way became evident at 20 feet depth, having a substratum of chalk, and being paved with flint. S The same appearance of a paved way at the same depth, presented itself also in Upper Thames-street. And Sir Christopher Wren, on sinking the foundation of Bow Church, found a paved causeway, which he considered the boundary of the Roman colony, from the marshy nature of the ground to the northward. All these circumstances seem to demonstrate that the Celtic colony at London lay between Wallbrook and Ludgate-hill, that this was afterwards occupied by the Romans, its streets paved, and might in the earliest times be strictly considered the city. From it diverged many ways, for the formation of which the fine Transverse + Section of ROADWAY in EASTCHEAP. shewing the relative position of THE ROMAN WAY. A. B. The frontage line of modern houses; C. The Roman wall; D. D. The layers of Roman tile; E. E. The Kentish rag. 1833.] REVIEW.-History of St. Michael's, Crooked-lane. gravel site afforded every facility; along these roads were placed temples, sepulchres, houses, and suburban villas, the whole forming populous suburbs. In Bishopsgate-street, but a short time since, twenty feet below the surface, a gravel way was found, from which were thrown up fragments of amphoræ, &c.; and within these few days, in lowering the road for the new street to be formed from the north end of London Bridge, in the direction of St. Mary Woolnoth Church, a second line of Roman wall has been discovered running parallel with the northern flanking wall of the Roman way at Eastcheap. The two walls are distant four feet asunder. In the fourth century the whole of the extended colony was surrounded by a somewhat irregular wall. The numerous admixture of sepulchral remains, with other Roman vestiges, found near the site of St. Michael's, Crooked-lane,* shew that this spot originally was placed without the city. The successive embankments of the Thames are noticed, p. 14, the account of which agrees with the details previously given in our Magazine, vol. ci. pt. i. p. 387. Examples of the Roman pottery, and the horns of animals, found on the Roman level at St. Michael's Church, are delineated. On those at p. 8 we observe, that the two vessels, figures 7 and 8, are made up; the only portion of these vessels which remained, and which we ourselves saw, were the necks and handles. They were amphora, and had they been correctly restored, the bottoms would have had the pointed form. The stamps on the Samian ware, p. 30, should be corrected AQVITANTS. OF. PAZZENI. The ancient sandal found in the mud of the marsh within the old embankment, is of an elegant form, and affords excellent authority to the historical painter for antique chaussure. We pass on with our author to Eastcheap, in the Saxon times. "The origin of forming the docks and keys here, and at other parts of the river, can only be ascribed to the Saxons." This "is testified by their being all spoken of as the Sokes (a Saxon word signifying liberties of different Saxon owners); and where they were not so named, they bore other appellations indiP. 191. See Archæologia, vol. xxiv. 423 cating a coeval origin. Edred's hythe was afterwards called the Queen's hithe; Baynard's castle, with its wharf, was the soke of Robert Fitzwalter; the Staël hoff or Steel-yard of the Hanse merchants was their soke. One of these Saxon wharfs is also described to have stood at this very spot, the head of London-bridge, and was given by Edward the Confessor to Westminster Abbey."-p. 37. The very appellation East Cheap, stamps this a market in the Saxon times, and that it was a place of busy traffic in the Roman, the discoveries of numerous hand-mortars, crucibles, &c. bore ample testimony. The ancient arrangement of Eastcheap market was as follows: "On the north, and facing the cookery, were the butchers' shambles. These occupied the present street, called Eastcheap, and continued to do so for ages afterward. The butchers had residences, with stalls outside, ranged along the nearly St. Clement's-lane, for which they whole line of street from Bridge-street to paid a yearly rent of two shillings to the Sheriff of London. In the reign of Edward II. eighteen of these butchers, 'carnifices de Estchepe,' complained of the Sheriffs' agent for exacting an additional rent for such stalls, which he pretended they had been subject to from the reign of King John-no bad proof of the antiquity of the market here. The west of the market remained mostly open, and was occupied as pasture by the butchers. The records of St. Giles's Hospital in the Fields, mention two plots here, 2 Edward I. in the tenure of persons in bounded by other plots of land, showing that trade, and they are said to have been the then unbuilt state of that part of the metropolis."-p. 41. The site of Stocks Market, a little to the north-west, was absolutely at this time a cattle fold. "Near the church of the blessed Mary fold, called Les Stoks, ordained for of Wolcherche hawe, is a certaine cattlebutchers and fishmongers, where the same may sell flesh and fish."-Chronicles of London Bridge, p. 268. 17th of Edward II. soon became a Crooked-lane was built on an ori ginal path, which formerly intersected posite the site of the Monument, to its north-west, at the top of St. Michael's-lane. A palace for Edward the Black Prince was erected at the angle next Fish-street Hill, the site of the stock-fishmongers' stalls. In St. Michael's (Miles's lane), Archbishop Arundel had his inn. The renowned Sir William Walworth's house is traditionally said to have stood in the site of Fishmongers'-hall; that spot was certainly his bequest to their Company, to which he belonged. These are valuable topographical notices. It is remarked by our correspondent Mr. Kempe, in his first paper on the excavations for the city approaches to London Bridge, vol. cr. pt. i. p. 195, that the extravagancies of Prince Henry and his companions in Eastcheap, of which the tradition had reached Shakspeare's days, really took place at the Boar's-head, at that time not improbably a cook's shop, to which, according to the custom of the day, the wine was sent up from the neighbouring cellars or Shades," as an eminent vintner's establishment in that neighbourhood is to this day, from its former subterranean character, termed. The Boar's-head at length became, and till about fifty years since continued to be a tavern. We have ourselves seen a card summoning a fraternity of Freemasons to meet there. The site of the house, two doors from the east corner of Crooked-lane, was in 1831 still distinguished by a boar's head carved in stone, inserted in the wall, bearing the date 1668, a token of respect shown to this right ancient hostel, at its re-building after the great fire. At the time of its final demolition, it was a shop for shooting-tackle, archery geer, curiosities, and antiques. The site is now laid into the public highway-approach to London Bridge. St. Michael's Church was, we suppose, a time-immemorial foundation, See vol. c. pt. i. p. 196. + We have preserved the following card as the last relique of this feast-consecrated spot: "T. B. Turner's Sporting Magazine and Shooting-tackle Warehouse, the Boar's head. Well, I'll go with thee, provide us all things necessary, and meet me at the Boar's-head in Eastcheap. Farewell! Shakspeare. No. 2, Great Eastcheap, two doors from Crooked-lane, Cannon-street." for no notice of its first erection occurs in Mr. Herbert's pages. Walworth's pious foundation of a college of secular priests to pray for the souls of his master Lovekin, the stock -fishmonger, and others his benefactors, is noticed with many curious original particulars. The remains depicted in Mr. Carlos's communication to our Magazine for April 1831, p. 295, appear to be those of the college cloister. The Church-yard of St. Michael's, Crooked-lane, is reported to have been occasionally appropriated in ancient times to the shooting with bows at butts and marks (p. 213). This is another added to the numerous proofs of the estimation in which archery was held by our ancestors. The shooting in St. Michael's Church-yard must have been limited to the length of 30 yards, little more than that of the Church. It could obviously have been only practised at an earth-butt, as any other mode must have endangered the lives of passengers in so populous a neighbourhood. This length, however, would be sufficient for initiating the inhabitants in the great points of archery, drawing and loosing. Either a very short or a very long distance has been an approved mode of practice with experienced archers of every period. The great plague in 1665, swept off 173 persons in St. Michael's parish; an instance is given from the Register of a man losing his wife and his four children, probably all his family, by the disease. St. Michael's parish was the second parish which the flames of the great fire of 1666 assailed; propelled by the east wind, they crossed the then narrow way at Fish-street Hill, and caught the opposite houses; from Hollar's view of London after the fire, the following particulars are deduced : "Glancing amid the ruins northward, as they appear in the above view, we may discern the entrance and remains of Crooked-lane, with what seems to be a huge mass of burnt building at the corner or site of the Black Prince's palace. Beyond appears the skeleton of St. Michael's Church, with the fragments of the houses which adjoin."-p. 88. Here we close our notices of this interesting addition to the Topography of London, slender in proportion to the very original matter which the volume contains. Mr. Herbert deserves great 1833.] REVIEW.-Madden's applause for the diligence and skill with which he has prosecuted the researches recorded in these pages; nor must the liberality of Thomas Saunders, esq. the restorer of the Lady Chapel, St. Saviour's, at whose expense we understand the work has been undertaken, be passed over without the warmest approbation of this second instance of his public epirit. The Infirmities of Genius illustrated, &c. By R. Madden, Esq. 2 vols. THE object of Mr. Madden's work is to account for many of the eccentricities, weaknesses, and infirmities of men of talent, from some circumstances connected with their habits of life, their constitutions, and their health. In this way he traces the mental aberrations of Cowper, Byron, and others, to a morbid temperament, to disease in the structure of the brain, tendencies to epilepsy, palsy, and apoplexy, induced, or at least increased, by application to study, and by violent excitements of the mind. He pronounces those arts and studies most favourable to health and life, which make the least demand on the nervous system; which are conducted in calmness, temperance, and connected rather with soundness of judgment, and accuracy of observation, than with the higher powers of genius, and the wild and daring flights of fancy. This is illustrated in some ingenious tables, by which it appears that the average years of Natural Philosophers are as 75 Musical Composers 64 62 57 Whatever may be thought of the accuracy of our author's deductions, of the ingenuity of his inferences, and of the general soundness of his system, the field of inquiry into which it leads him, is fertile, of much entertainment and instruction. The lives of many men of eminence pass in review before us; their habits of life are observed, their character scrutinized, their opinions weighed, and their prominent and leading features described. The book of Mr. Madden is written in the manner of Mr. D'Israeli; possessing much of those qualities which render that gentleman's GENT. MAG. November, 1833. works so agreeable to almost all readers; but Mr. Madden is not so accurate in his facts: as when he relates an anecdote of Bolingbroke, which belongs to Pope; and when he makes Porson regret that he could not make an hundred pounds. Porson might say that his attainment, being not in the line of public demand, could not ensure him a hundred pound from any bookseller; but Porson's attainments, had other matters stood right, and had there been no drawbacks from his talents and opinions, would have secured him the command of thousands, and a high situation in the profession he chose to select. We perceive that Mr. Madden is no scholar; indeed his classical quotations are all abortions; and after all, no reliance can be placed upon the conclusions to which he arrives, because the inferences which he draws are so loose and vague, and the premises so illogical. We must say that this is one of the books which we occasionally meet with (raised by the hot-bed of vanity and idleness), which has no direct purpose in view; it is exhausted in fruitless observations, and vague assertions; and when it does approach to truth, it is only fortuitously; besides it swarms so in every page with mistakes, as to make it very unprofitable reading. Sermons. By Francis Skurry, B. D. Vol. II. THE first of these Sermons is on the subject of National Judgments; as the author brings to our remembrance some of the most remarkable visitations of God's anger on the sinful and rebellious nations of the earth, from the earliest times. The only subject which we could wish omitted, is that mentioned at p. 6, simply because we disbelieve the frequency of the guilt, and because we know that general indignation of the most extreme kind invariably attends the knowlege of such acts of depravity. There is no deadness of moral feeling in the community on this subject. Secondly, for the preacher to speak with effect, he must speak out, he must speak plainly, he must speak in the thunder of virtuous indignation aroused, and throwing its bolt against the wretched victim, but this the nature of his subject forbids him to do. There are minds that must not be hurt by such allusions; and therefore the pulpit is not the proper place for such disquisitions NOW. When St. Paul wrote, as the author justly says he did, and spake with particular and unshrinking severity against this crime, it must be recollected that it was not then a crime by the laws of the land; consequently, St. Paul found it necessary to arouse them to a sense of their guilt which no legal institutions had denounced; but now the law can vigorously punish what the pulpit could most imperfectly designate. In the same sermon, we find the author also pointing out the irregularities on the surface of the earth, and the discovery of marine substances and fossils in the bowels of the earth, as marks of the Mosaic Deluge. Surely he must know that such an opinion is entirely at variance with the decisions of the latest and most learned geologists, and is in fact exploded. In his fourth sermon, the preacher touches on the subject of the amusements of the Clergy. We think that enough, and more than enough, has been said on this. The amusements of the parochial Clergy are not many, nor diversified, and as far as we have seen them very innocent, and generally we think rather uninviting; if now and then a Vicar or a Curate takes a gun and strolls over his fields; or now and then a Bishop goes to a Lord Mayor's feast, and toasts the Lord Mayor's Lady; but all this is without mischief. We may be sure, that the Clergy will not fall behind the times in which they live, either in learning or conduct. Upon the whole, these Sermons seem to be the production of a person of very pious and devout mind, of charitable and kind feelings, and who looks towards the persons intrusted to his care, with a truly affectionate solicitude for their welfare. We should not suppose him to be a very profound scholar, or gifted with talents of the first order; but he has learning enough, and ability enough, and we are sure great desire to do good in his parish and neighbourhood. We do not wish to see the parochial Clergy striving to be eminent philologists, or even profound philosophers; let the shepherd be suited to his flock; and let the Professor adorn and instruct the University in which he resides. We hope not to be mistaken by those who desire to know nothing of questions but the two extremes; and who shut their eyes to all that lies between them. We wish to see the Clergy sensible, well-informed, and well-mannered; unambitious, inoffensive, and gentle in disposition, and willing to bear cheerfully the privations of a humble, secluded life, for the sake of their flocks. If a man of great abilities appears among them, so much the better; he may do the greater good; but we think the general body of the Clergy is possessed of learning and knowledge quite sufficient for the demands of their situation, and as much as could be profitably employed by them. Deep learning is not to be acquired or maintained without constant thought and unremitting application; but a retired and meditative student in his closet, poring over his beloved volumes, and wiping the dust from his Hebrew manuscripts, and his Greek Commentators, is surely not the active parish Priest that our villages and hamlets demand. We believe that the Bishops may do harm, by pushing up too rigorously their demands on the learning of the persons wishing to be ordained: as it is, if a country Clergyman is a scholar, he has his learning all to himself, for neither the labourer, nor the farmer, nor the apothecary, nor the squire, know any thing about it; and these are the associates of his life; then when beneficed, and as in duty bound he selects the prettiest daughter of a neighbouring yeoman for his wife; and then in due season, a swarm of fine rosy-cheeked brats crowd round the vicarage door; and so with his duties out of doors, and his delights in doors, we do not see much chance of his Platos and his Chrysostoms being taken from their shelves. Besides, there is the weekly sermon to be concocted, and this requires no little time; and the garden and the glebe, and the day-school, and the club-faith the Clergy are as learned as it is necessary or useful for them to be. Sermons intended for Popular Instruc tion. By the Rev. A. Hughes. A VERY excellent volume of parochial Sermons, written in all soundness of doctrine, and earnestness of purpose, in a chaste, scholar-like style, |