'At least [written] compiled with integrity. 'Faults which many tongues [were desirous] would have made haste to publish.

'But though he [had not] could not boast of much critical knowledge.

'He [used] waited for no felicities of fancy. 'Or had ever elated his [mind] views born to that ideal perfection which every [mind] genius born to excel is condemned always to pursue and never overtake.

"The [first great] fundamental principle of wisdom and of virtue.'

Various Readings in the Life of PHILIPS. 'His dreadful [rival] antagonist Pope. 'They [have not often much] are not loaded with thought.

'In his translation from Pindar, he [will not be denied to have reached] found the art of reaching all the obscurity of the Theban bard.'

Various Readings in the Life of CONGREVE. Congreve's conversation must surely have been at least equally pleasing with his writings. 'It apparently [requires] presupposes a familiar knowledge of many characters.

'Reciprocation of [similes] conceits.

'The dialogue is quick and [various] sparkling. 'Love for love; a comedy [more drawn from life] of nearer alliance to life.

'The general character of his miscellanies is, that they show little wit and [no] little virtue. [Perhaps] certainly he had not the fire requisite for the higher species of lyric poetry.'

Various Readings in the Life of TICKELL. "[Longed] long wished to peruse it. 'At the [accession] arrival of King George. Fiction [unnaturally] unskilfully compounded of Grecian deities and Gothic fairies.

Various Readings in the Life of AKENSIDE. 'For [another] a different purpose. '[A furious] an unnecessary and outrageous zeal.

"[Something which] what he called and thought liberty.

'[A favourer of innovation] lover of contradiction.

'Warburton's [censure] objections.

'His rage [for liberty] of patriotism.

'Mr. Dyson with [a zeal] an ardour of friendship.'

In the Life of Lyttelton, Johnson seems to have been not favourably disposed towards that nobleman. Mrs. Thrale suggests that he was offended by Molly Aston's preference of his Lordship to him.1 I can by no means join in the

1 Let not my readers smile to think of Johnson's being a candidate for female favour. Mr. Peter Garrick assured me, that he was told by a lady, that in her opinion Johnson was a very seducing man.' Disad

censure bestowed by Johnson on his Lordship, whom he calls 'poor Lyttelton,' for returning thanks to the Critical Reviewers, for having 'kindly commended' his Dialogues of the Dead. Such acknowledgments,' says my friend, 'never can be proper, since they must be paid either for flattery or for justice.' In my opinion, the most upright man, who has been tried on a false accusation, may, when he is acquitted, make a bow to his jury. And when those who are so much the arbiters of literary merit, as in a considerable degree to influence the public opinion, review an author's work placido lumine, when I am afraid mankind in general are better pleased with severity, he may surely express a grateful sense of their civility.

Various Readings in the Life of LYTTELTON. 'He solaced [himself] his grief by writing a long poem to her memory.

'The production rather [of a mind that means well than thinks vigorously] as it seems of leisure than of study, rather effusions than compositions.

'His last literary [work] production.
"[Found the way] undertook to persuade.'

As the introduction to his critical examination of the genius and writings of Young, he did Mr. Herbert Croft, then a barrister of Lincoln's Inn,

vantages of person and manner may be forgotten, where intellectual pleasure is communicated to a susceptible mind; and that Johnson was capable of feeling the most delicate and disinterested attachment, appears from the following letter which is published by Mrs. Thrale, with some others to the same person, of which the excellence is not so apparent:

'TO MISS BOOTHBY.

'January 1775. 'DEAREST MADAM,-Though I am afraid your illness leaves you little leisure for the reception of airy civilities, yet I cannot forbear to pay you my congratulations on the new year; and to declare my wishes that your years to come may be many and happy. In this wish, indeed, I include myself, who have none but you on whom my heart reposes; yet surely I wish your good, even though your situation were such as should permit you to communicate no gratifications to, dearest, dearest madam, your, etc. 'SAM. JOHNSON.'

There is still a slight mistake in the text. It was not Molly Aston, but Hill Boothby, for whose affections Johnson and Lord Lyttelton were rival candidates. Miss Hill Boothby, who was the only daughter of Brook Boothby, Esq., and his wife Elizabeth Fitzherbert, was somewhat older than Johnson. She was born October 27, 1708, and died January 16, 1756. Six letters addressed to her by Johnson in the year 1755, are printed in Mrs. Piozzi's Collection; and a Prayer composed by him on her death may be found in his Prayers and Meditations. His affection for her induced him to preserve and bind up in a volume thirty-three of her letters, which were purchased from the widow of his servant, Francis Barber, and published by R Phillips, in 1805.-Dr. Johnson's Letters.—MALONE

now a clergyman, the honour to adopt a Life of Young written by that gentleman, who was the friend of Dr. Young's son, and wished to vindicate him from some very erroneous remarks to his prejudice. Mr. Croft's performance was subjected to the revision of Dr. Johnson, as appears from the following note to Mr. John Nichols :

'This Life of Dr. Young was written by a friend of his son. What is crossed with black is expunged by the author; what is crossed with red is expunged by me. If you find anything more that can be well omitted, I shall not be sorry to see it yet shorter.'

It has always appeared to me to have a considerable share of merit, and to display a pretty successful imitation of Johnson's style. When I mentioned this to a very eminent literary character,' he opposed me vehemently, exclaiming, 'No, no, it is not a good imitation of Johnson; it has all his pomp without his force; it has all the nodosities of the oak without its strength.' This was an image so happy, that one might have thought he would have been satisfied with it; but he was not. And setting his mind again to work, he added, with exquisite felicity, 'It has all the contortions of the sibyl, without the inspiration.'

Mr. Croft very properly guards us against supposing that Young was a gloomy man; and mentions that his parish was indebted to the goodhumour of the author of The Night Thoughts for an assembly and a bowling-green.' A letter from a noble foreigner is quoted, in which he is said to have been very pleasant in conversation.'

Mr. Langton, who frequently visited him, informs me that there was an air of benevolence in his manner, but that he could obtain from him less information than he had hoped to receive from one who had lived so much in intercourse with the brightest men of what has been called the Augustan age of England; and that he showed a degree of eager curiosity concerning the common occurrences that were then passing, which appeared somewhat remarkable in a man of such intellectual stores, of such an advanced age, and who had retired from life with declared disappointment in his expectations.

An instance at once of his pensive turn of mind, and his cheerfulness of temper, appeared in a little story which he himself told to Mr. Langton, when they were walking in his garden : 'Here,' said he, 'I had put a handsome sun-dial, with this inscription, Eheu fugaces which (speaking with a smile) was sadly verified, for by the next morning my dial had been carried

1 off!'2

The late Mr. Burke.- MALONE.

The late Mr. James Ralph told Lord Macartney, that he passed an evening with Dr. Young, at Lord Melcombe's (then Mr. Doddington), at Hammersmith. The Doctor happening to go out into the garden, Mr.

It gives me much pleasure to observe, that however Johnson may have casually talked, yet when he sits as 'an ardent judge zealous to his trust, giving sentence' upon the excellent works of Young, he allows them the high praise to which they are justly entitled. 'The Universal Passion (says he) is indeed a very great performance, his distichs have the weight of solid sentiment, and his points the sharpness of resistless truth.'

But I was most anxious concerning Johnson's decision upon Night Thoughts, which I esteem as a mass of the grandest and richest poetry that human genius has ever produced; and was delighted to find this character of that work: 'In his Night Thoughts, he has exhibited a very wide display of original poetry, variegated with deep reflection and striking allusions: a wilderness of thought, in which the fertility of fancy scatters flowers of every hue and of every odour. This is one of the few poems in which blank verse could not be changed for rhyme but with disadvantage.' And afterwards: 'Particular lines are not to be regarded; the power is in the whole; and in the whole there is a magnificence like that ascribed to Chinese plantation, the magnificence of vast extent and endless diversity.'

But there is in this poem not only all that Johnson so well brings in view, but a power of the pathetic beyond almost any example that I have scen. He who does not feel his nerves shaken and his heart pierced by many passages in this extraordinary work, particularly by that most affecting one which describes the gradual torment suffered by the contemplation of an object of affectionate attachment visibly and certainly decaying into dissolution, must be of a hard and obstinate frame.

To all the other excellences of Night Thoughts let me add the great and peculiar one, that they contain not only the noblest sentiments of virtue, and contemplations on immortality, but the Christian Sacrifice, the Divine Propitiation, with all its interesting circumstances, and consolations to a wounded spirit,' solemnly and poetically displayed in such imagery and language as cannot fail to exalt, animate, and soothe the truly pious. No book whatever can be recommended to young persons, with better hopes of seasoning their minds with vital religion, than Young's Night Thoughts.

In the Life of Swift, it appears to me that Johnson had a certain degree of prejudice against that extraordinary man, of which I have elsewhere had occasion to speak. Mr. Thomas Sheridan imputed it to a supposed apprehension in Johnson, that Swift had not been sufficiently

active in obtaining for him an Irish degree when it was solicited; but of this there was not sufficient evidence; and let me not presume to charge Johnson with injustice, because he did not think so highly of the writings of this author as I have done from my youth upwards. Yet, that he had an unfavourable bias is evident, were it only from that passage in which he speaks of Swift's practice of saving as 'first ridiculous and at last detestable :' and yet, after some examination of circumstances, finds himself obliged to own, that 'it will perhaps appear that he only liked one mode of expense better than another, and saved merely that he might have something to give.'

One observation which Johnson makes in Swift's Life should be often inculcated: 'It may be justly supposed, that there was in his conversation what appears so frequently in his letters, an affectation of familiarity with the great, an ambition of momentary equality, sought and enjoyed by the neglect of those ceremonies which custom has established as the barriers between one order of society and another. This transgression of regularity was by himself and his admirers termed greatness of soul; but a great mind disdains to hold any thing by courtesy, and therefore never usurps what a lawful claimant may take away. He that encroaches on another's dignity, puts himself in his power; he is either repelled with helpless indignity, or endured by clemency and condescension,'

Various Readings in the Life of SWIFT. 'Charity may be persuaded to think that it might be written by a man of a peculiar [opinions] character, without ill intention.

'He did not [disown] deny it.

[To] by whose kindness it is not unlikely that he was [indebted for] advanced to his benefices.

'By the [omission] neglect of those ceremonies.

"That their merits filled the world [and] or that there was no [room for] hope of more.'

I have not confined myself to the order of the Lives in making my few remarks. Indeed, a different order is observed in the original publication, and in the collection of Johnson's Works. And should it be objected that many of my various readings are inconsiderable, those who make an objection will be pleased to consider, that such small particulars are intended for those who are nicely critical in composition, to whom they will be an acceptable selection.

Spence's Anecdotes, which are frequently quoted and referred to in Johnson's Lives of the Poets, are in a manuscript collection, made by the Rev. Mr. Joseph Spence,' containing a number of particulars concerning eminent men. To each anecdote is marked the name of the person on whose authority it is mentioned. This valuable collection is the property of the Duke of Newcastle, who, upon the application of Sir Lucas Pepys, was pleased to permit it to be put into the hands of Dr. Johnson, who I am sorry to think made but an awkward return. 'Great assistance,' says he, has been given me by Mr. Spence's Collection, of which I consider the communication as a favour worthy of public acknowledgment:' but he has not owned to whom he was obliged; so that the acknowledgment is unappropriated to his Grace.

While the world in general was filled with admiration of Johnson's Lives of the Poets, there were narrow circles in which prejudice and resentment were fostered, and from which attacks of different sorts issued against him." By some violent Whigs he was arraigned of injustice to Milton; by some Cambridge men of depreciating Gray; and his expressing with a dignified freedom what he really thought of

'Sharpe, whom he [represents] describes as "the harmless tool of others' hate."

'Harley was slow because he was [irresolute] doubtful.

'When [readers were not many] we were not yet a nation of readers.

'[Every man who] he that could say he knew him.

'Every man of known influence has so many [more] petitions [than] which he [can] cannot grant, that he must necessarily offend more than he [can gratify] gratifies.

'Ecclesiastical [preferments] benefices. 'Swift [procured] contrived an interview. '[As a writer] In his works he has given very different specimens.

'On all common occasi ns he habitually [assumes] affects a style of [superiority] arroyance.

of the friends of that nobleman, and particularly produced a declaration of war against him from Mrs. Montagu, the ingenious essayist on Shakspeare, between whom and his Lordship a commerce of reciprocal compliments had long been carried on. In this war the smaller powers in alliance with him were of course led

1 The Reverend Joseph Spence, A.M., rector of Great Harwood, in Buckinghamshire, and Prebendary of Durham, died at Byfleet, in Surrey, August 20, 1768. He was a Fellow of New College, in Oxford, and held the office of Professor of Poetry in that University from 1728 to 1738.-MALONE.

2 From this disreputable class I except an ingenious though not satisfactory defence of Hammond, which I did not see till lately, by the favour of its author, my amiable friend, the Rev. Mr. Bevill, who published it without his name. elegantly written, with classical enthusiasm of sentiIt is a juvenile performance, but ment, and yet with a becoming modesty and great respect for Dr. Johnson.-BOSWELL

to engage, at least on the defensive, and thus 1 for one was excluded from the enjoyment of 'A Feast for Reason,' such as Mr. Cumberland has described, with a keen yet just and delicate pen, in his Observer. These minute inconveniences gave not the least disturbance to Johnson. He nobly said, when I talked to him of the feeble though shrill outcry which had been raised, Sir, I considered myself as entrusted with a certain portion of truth. I have given my opinion sincerely; let them show where they think me wrong.'

CHAPTER LIII. 1781.

WHILE my friend is thus contemplated in the splendour derived from his last and perhaps most admirable work, I introduce him with peculiar propriety as the correspondent of Warren Hastings; a man whose regard reflects dignity even upon Johnson; a man, the extent of whose abilities was equal to that of his power; and who, by those who are fortunate enough to know him in private life, is admired for his literature and taste, and beloved for the candour, moderation, and mildness of his character. Were I capable of paying a suitable tribute of admiration to him, I should certainly not withhold it at a moment when it is not possible that I should be suspected of being an interested flatterer. But how weak would be my voice, after that of the millions whom he governed! His condescending and obliging compliance with my solicitation, I with humble gratitude acknowledge; and while by publishing his letter to me, accompanying the valuable com munication, I do eminent honour to my great friend, I shall entirely disregard any invidious suggestions, that as I in some degree participate in the honour, I have, at the same time, the gratification of my own vanity in view.

'TO JAMES BOSWELL, ESQ.

'PARK LANE, Dec. 2, 1790. 'SI,-I have been fortunately spared the troublesome suspense of a long search, to which, in performance of my promise, I had devoted this morning, by lighting upon the objects of it among the first papers that I laid my hands on; my veneration for your great and good friend, Dr. Johnson, and the pride, or I hope something of a better sentiment, which I indulge in possessing such memorials of his goodwill towards me, having induced me to bind them in a parcel containing other select papers, and labelled with the titles appertaining to them. They consist but of three letters, which I believe were all that I ever received from Dr. Johnson. Of these, one, which was written in quadruplicate, under

1 January 1791. Hastings' impeachment was then pending. BoSWELL.

the different dates of its respective despatches, has already been made public, but not from any communication of mine. This, however, I have joined to the rest, and have now the pleasure of sending them to you for the use to which you informed me it was your desire to destine them.

'My promise was pledged with the condition, that if the letters were found to contain anything which should render them improper for the public eye, you would dispense with tho performance of it. You will have the goodness, I am sure, to pardon my recalling this stipula, tion to your recollection, as I shall be loath to appear negligent of that obligation which is always implied in an epistolary confidence. In the reservation of that right I have read them over with the most scrupulous attention, but I have not seen in them the slightest cause on that ground to withhold them from you. But though not on that, yet on another ground, I own I feel a little, yet but a little, reluctance to part with them-I mean on that of my own credit, which I fear will suffer by the information conveyed by them, that I was early in the possession of such valuable instructions for the beneficial employment of the influence of my late station, and (as it may seem) have so little availed myself of them. Whether I could, if it were necessary, defend myself against such an imputation, it little concerns the world to know. I look only to the effect which these relics may produce, considered as evidences of the virtues of their author; and believing that they will be found to display an uncommon warmth of private friendship, and a mind ever attentive to the improvement and extension of useful knowledge, and solicitous for the interests of mankind, I can cheerfully submit to the little sacrifice of my own fame, to contribute to the illustration of so great and venerable a character. They cannot be better applied for that end than by being entrusted to your hands. Allow me, with this offering, to infer from it a proof of the very great esteem with which I have the honour to profess myself, sir, your most obedient and most hunible servant,

'WARREN HASTINGS.

'P.S. At some future time, and when you have no further occasion for these papers, I shall be obliged to you if you will return them."

The last of the three letters thus graciously put into my hands, and which has already ap peared in public, belongs to this year; but I shall previously insert the first two in the order of their dates. They altogether form a grand group in my biographical picture :

'TO THE HONOURABLE WARREN HASTINGS, ESQ. 'March 30, 1774. 'SIR,-Though I have had but little personal knowledge of you, I have had enough to make

transactions, it is no misfortune to you to be distant from them.

"That literature is not totally forsaking us, and that your favourite language is not neglected, will appear from the book, which I should have pleased myself more with sending, if I could have presented it bound; but time was wanting. I beg, however, sir, that you will accept it from a man very desirous of your

"That this is my only reason for writing will be too apparent by the uselessness of my letter to any other purpose. I have no questions to ask; not that I want curiosity after either the ancient or present state of regions, in which have been seen all the power and splendour of wide-extended empire; and which, as by some grant of natural superiority, supply the rest of the world with almost all that pride desires and luxury enjoys. But my knowledge of them is too scanty to furnish me with proper topics of inquiry; I can only wish for information: and hope that a mind comprehensive like yours will find leisure, amidst the cares of your important station, to inquire into many subjects of which the European world either thinks not at all, or thinks with deficient intelligence and uncertain conjecture. I shall hope, that he who once intended to increase the learning of his country by the introduction of the Persian language, will examine nicely the traditions and histories of the East; that he will survey the

wonders of its ancient edifices, and trace the vestiges of its ruined cities; and that, at his return, we shall know the arts and opinions of a race of men from whom very little has been hitherto derived.

'You, sir, have no need of being told by me how much may be added by your attention and patronage to experimental knowledge and natural history. There are arts of manufacture practised in the countries in which you preside, which are yet very imperfectly known here, either to artificers or philosophers. Of the natural productions, animate and inanimate, we yet have so little intelligence, that our books are filled, I fear, with conjectures about things which an Indian peasant knows by his senses.

Many of those things my first wish is to see, my second to know, by such accounts as a man like you will be able to give.

'As I have not skill to ask proper questions, I have likewise no such access to great men as can enable me to send you any political information. Of the agitations of an unsettled government, and the struggles of a feeble ministry, care is doubtless taken to give you more exact accounts than I can cbtain. If you are inclined to interest yourself much in public

1 Afterwards Sir Robert Chambers, one of his Majesty's Judges in India.-Boswell.

you by anything more important, you will employ me.

'I am now going to take leave, perhaps a very long leave, of my dear Mr. Chambers. That he is going to live where you govern, may justly alleviate the regret of parting; and the hope of seeing both him and you again, which I am not | willing to mingle with doubt, must at present comfort as it can, sir, your most humble servant, 'SAM. JOHNSON.'

TO THE SAME.

'LONDON, Dec. 20, 1774. 'SIR,-Being informed that, by the departure of a ship, there is now an opportunity of writing to Bengal, I am unwilling to slip out of your memory by my own negligence, and therefore take the liberty of reminding you of my existence, by sending you a book which is not yet made public.

'I have lately visited a region less remote and less illustrious than India, which afforded some occasions for speculation; what has occurred to me I have put into the volume, of which I beg your acceptance.

'Men in your station seldom have presents totally disinterested; my book is received-let me now make my request.

There is, sir, somewhere within your government a young adventurer, one Chauncey Lawrence, whose father is one of my oldest friends. Be pleased to show the young man what countenance is fit, whether he wants to be restrained by your authority or encouraged by your favour. His father is now President of the College of Physicians, a man venerable for his knowledge, and more venerable for his virtue.

'I wish you a prosperous government, a safe return, and a long enjoyment of plenty and tranquillity.-I am, sir, your most obedient and most humble servant, 'SAM. JOHNSON.'

TO THE SAME.

'Jan. 9, 1781.

'SIR,-Amidst the importance and multiplicity of affairs in which your great office engages you, I take the liberty of recalling your attention for a moment to literature, and will not pro

1 Jones' Persian Grammar.-BOSWELL.

2 Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland-Bos

WELL.