And from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad. Gen. 11:9. Thus did he make for all the boards of the tabernacle. Fifteen cubits upward did the waters prevail. Gen. 7:20. And he put the mitre upon his head; also upon the mitre 8:9. The negative conjunctions neither and nor treated below under the head of Do in negative sentences require do in the inversion just as adverbs at the beginning do. (b) Do-forms in sentences beginning with other elements than subject: The noise of them that sing do I hear. Ex. 32:18. (c) Do-forms in questions. Whenever do is used in questions some adverb or equivalent is present, which necessitates a distribution of the verb: Do ye look on things after the outward appearance? 2 Cor. 10:7. Did ever people hear the voice of God? Deut. 4:33. Why do ye look one upon another? Gen. 42:1. Why dost thou ask Abishag the Shumanite for Adonijah? 1 Kings 2:22. Why didst thou not tell me that she was thy wife? Why saidst thou, she is my sister? Gen. 12:18, 19. If thou sayest, behold, we knew it not; doth not he that * Doth Job fear God for naught? Job 1:9. *Quoted in Smith's Studies in Systax. (d) Do-forms in imperatives. The only kind of imperative sentences in which do is used commonly to effect the inversion is the inhibition. The negative is merely the adverb which produces the demand for the do-form. Here the practice is less regular and operates only in the presence of an object or another adverb, though with certain verbs not at all: Do not sin against the child. Gen. 42:22. Do not drink wine or strong drink. Lev. 10:9. Let not your hearts be faint, fear not, and do not tremble, Do not think that I will accuse you to the Father. In the following command the adverbial phrases require a doform: And do ye abide without the camp seven days. Num. 31:19. (2) Do with certain adverbs. Some adverbs must stand next to the verb and yet will make an awkward sentence if placed between either subject and verb or verb and object. In such a case the verb is split in two by introducing a form of do. The adverb is placed between the do-form and the verb proper. And if the people of the land do anyways hide their eyes against that soul. Lev. 20:4. Therefore is the name of it called Babel because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth. Gen. 11:9. The adverb most commonly used in this fashion is the negative not. Its influence in bringing do into negative sentences is treated below. (3) Do in negative sentences. The negative words, neither, nor, and not, in sentences, call for do-forms on no other ground than as adverbs. As stated above neither or nor at the beginning of a sentence produces inversion and demands a do-form under the same considerations that any sentence element other than the subject, at the beginning of a sentence, does. Likewise not is an adverb which can not well stand either between subject and its verb or betweem verb and its object. For this reason the presence of not in a sentence requires a do-form, so that not may stand between the auxiliary and the main verb and not interfere with the juxtaposition of either subject or object to the verb. Furthermore, it was noticed above that in inversions not operates precisely like any other adverb in bringing do-forms into interrogative and imperative sentences. This would seem to indicate that do was used in negative sentences not for emphasis primarily, but to afford a two-part verb upon which to distribute the relations of the other sentence elements. (a) Do with neither (nor). Neither standing at the head of a sentence was followed by a do-form only when the verb had an object or was modified: Neither did he set his heart to this also. Ex. 7:23. Neither with you only do I make this covenant. Deut. 29:14. Neither did he acknowledge his brethren, nor knew his children. Deut. 33:9. (In the last clause the absence of an expressed subject simplifies matters so that the do-form is unnecessary.) Neither do men light a candle and put it under a bushel. Matt. 5:15. Thy raiment waxed not old upon thee, neither did thy foot swell, these forty years. Deut. 8:4. (b) Do with not. In the majority of negative sentences with do it will be found that the regular verb is already either modified or so fortified before and after by subject and object that the negative cannot get at it. Therefore, in order to enable not to stand next to the verb as it demands, the form of do is introduced and not is placed between the auxiliary and the verb: The Lord did not set his love upon you. Deut. 7:7. For they hated knowledge and did not choose the fear of the Lord. Prov. 1:29. Thou dost not enquire wisely concerning this. Eccl. 7:10. For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war after the flesh. 2 Cor. 10:3. CHAPTER V RELATIVE PRONOUNS That, which, and who. The common relatives of Bible English are that, which, and who. That occurs oftener than which and who both together; while who occurs least frequently of all. No rules, however, can be discovered which governed the use of these pronouns with even an approximate invariability. In fact it is exceedingly doubtful whether the translators themselves could distinguish at all clearly between the three relatives in reference, meaning, or usage. Who, of course, always refers to persons except in the case of whose, which, being the only form of possessive* relative, refers to both persons and things. That and which constantly refer to both persons and things. Though no marked regularity appears in the use of these pronouns certain general principles which were probably the result of unconscious habit, seem to be followed. To point out some of these tendencies, without even attempting to establish any fixed rules for the use of that, which, and who, is the object of the following discussion. The most general line of distinction between the relatives of the Bible is that which separates restrictive from non-restrictive relative pronouns. A restrictive pronoun introduces a clause which simply places a limitation upon a general or generic antecedent without characterizing it particularly: To make a difference between the unclean and the clean, and between the beast that may be eaten and the beast that may not be eaten. Lev. 11:47. A non-restrictive, or progressive, pronoun does not restrict, but rather characterizes its antecedent: * Of which does not occur with possessive significance. |