CHAPTER V

RELATION EXPRESSLD THROUGH As

33. Only two* examples occur in which as stands alone without a preceding correlative:

Ne his rotes ne his othere geres, As been his centres and his arguments Frank. T. 549. Make thy rote fro the laste day of Decembere in the maner as I have taught Astr. II. 44:34.

Note. In several sentences similar to the following, as can be regarded as the equivalent of that which, or which, but it is better to regard it as a conjunctive adverb:

Every man dide, right anoon, As to hunting fil to doon Book D. 374. And hoom un-to hir housband is she fare, And tolde him al as ye han herd me sayd Frank. T. 819.

34. As occurs very frequently as the relative correlative of swich:

Hast thou not seyd, . . Swich thing as in the law of love forbode is? Len. a. Sco. 17. for swich maner folk, I gesse, Defamen love, as no-thing of him knowe Tr. & Cr. II. 860.

Note 1. No examples occur in which as is the correlative of same. One example, however, after its equivalent thilke, occurs:

In many places were nightingales, Alpes, finches, and wodewales, That in her swete song delyten In thilke place as they habyten Ro. of R. 660.

*Differences between citations given above and in Schrader are to be explained by differences in texts used.

Note 2. E. A. Kock, p. 53, § 134, B., contends that in the following examples as is used junctive adverb, and not as a relative:

as a con

Nas

at Troye, whan Pirrus brak the wal herd swich tendre weping for pitee As (as that which) in the chambre was for hir departinge Chauc. 479:293.* these be no swiche tydinges As (as those which) I mene of Chauc. 345:1895.† In discussing this point he says: "In these examples a comparison and an ellipsis are easily noticed. And such is not qualitatively indifferent (§ 132 A). It expresses by itself a certain quality or circumstance, which the hearer or reader is supposed to know already, or which will be explained afterwards, but which is not explained in the as-clause." In making this distinction, he goes a step further than J. A. H. Murray, A New English Dictionary, and Mätzner, III. 534, who indicate no difference between the usages mentioned above. Inasmuch as Kock is forced, in his discussion of this point, to the employment of hypothetical sentences to illustrate the distinction, and admits the difficulty of detecting the occurrence of the implied comparison, I do not feel that the point is well taken.

35. As is occasionally replaced by

A. That:

I shal moeve swiche thinges that percen hem-self depe Boe. II. Pr. 3:17.

B. Which:

and iugen that only swiche thinges ben purveyed of god, whiche that temporel welefulnesse commendeth Boe. I. Pr. 4:205.

C. That, with phrasal value:

This ugly sergeant, in the same wyse That he hir doghter caughte Cl. T. 618,

-Skeat's edition, M. of L. T. 195.

+Skeat's edition, H. of F. III. 805.

D. Relative adverbs:

And sithen thou hast wepen many a drope, And seyd swich thing wher-with thy god is plesed Tr. & Cr. I. 942. In swich another place lede, Ther thou shalt here many oon H. of F. III. 825. 36. In the following example, as occurs with phrasal value: But in the same ship as he hir fond, . . . Hir . . . He sholde putte M. of L. T. 701. Examples are rare.

CHAPTER VI

RELATION EXPRESSED THROUGH RELATIVE ADVERBS

37. Relation is frequently expressed in Chaucer by means of relative adverbs. These are often combined with prepositions and are followed by a pleonastic as, or that. As, when thus employed, is always the equivalent of pleonastic that. The following adverbs occur:

A. Wher:

a. Without prepositions:

Ther is, at the west syde of Itaille, ... A lusty playne, Wher many a tour and toun thou

mayst biholde Cl. T. 4.

b. With prepositions:

And made a signe, wher-by that he took That his preyere accepted was that day K. T. 1408.

Crist eterne on lyve is? Mar. T. 408.

b. With prepositions:

C. Why:

He priketh thurgh a fair forest, Ther-inne is many a wilde best Sir T. 44.

a. Without prepositions:

For thou art cause why thy felawe deyth Som. T.

331.

b. With prepositions:

Thy maladye a-wey the bet to dryve, For-why thou semest syk Tr. & Cr. II. 1516.

D. Whan:

At Ester, whan it lyketh me Ro. of R. 6435.

E. Whennes:

a. Without a preposition:

he was wont to seken the causes whennes the souning windes moeven Boe. I. M. 2:12.

b. Preceded by a preposition:

Thou shalt eek considere alle thise causes, fro whennes they been sprongen T. of M. §24. they retornen sone ayein in-to the same thinges fro whennes they ben arraced Boe. III. Pr. 11:110.

F. Whider:

But we that ben heye aboven, siker fro alle tumulte and wode noise, warnestored and enclosed in swich a palis, whider as that chateringe or anoyinge folye ne may nat atayne Boe. I. Pr. 3:56.