b. Between Words marking an Ellipsis.

This applies to omitted and understood phrases as well as to elliptical words.

A wise man seeks to shine in himself; a fool in others.

c. Between Clauses.

This is self-evident, since each clause must contain a separate idea or set of ideas.

Berryman Livingstone was a successful man, a very successful man. It spoke in every line of his clean-cut, self-contained face; in every movement of his erect, trim, well-groomed figure; in every detail of his faultless attire; in every tone of his assured, assertive, incisive speech. - Thomas Nelson Page. The Philippines became ours,

ours beyond a doubt, ours Howell.

beyond the possibility of misconstruction. (3) After.

a. After Nominative Phrases.

A Pause may be placed after a single nominative word, especially when that word is a noun of more than ordinary importance: e.g., "Man dies; the nation lives"; but if a phrase stands for the nominative to some predicate it always requires a Pause after it.

A thing of beauty is a joy forever. Keats.

The proposal to annex by force, or purchase, or forcible purchase, those distant, unwilling, and semi-barbarous islands is hailed as a new and glorious departure in American history.

Henry van Dyke.

b. After Words or Phrases used Independently.

From the significance of the term this Pause is self-evident.

Room for the leper! Room! and as he came
The cry passed on.-N. P. Willis.

A dream I had when life was new;

Alas, our dreams they come not true! Nadaud.

c. After Words of Strong Emphasis or Emotion.

As a rule emotional Pauses are longer than the mere sense Pauses, but their varying lengths will depend upon the degrees of emotion, which, as we have seen, will be regulated by the individuality of the speaker. Emphasis may even separate the syllables of a strong word, making what is sometimes called an "Intersyllabic" Pause, as in the word "chastisement" below. Also, in very strong emotion a Pause should come before as well as after the emphatic words.

Brutus. The name of Cassius honors this corruption,
And chastisement doth therefore hide his head.

This is the air-drawn dagger which, you said,

Led you to Duncan. O, these flaws

and starts,

Impostors to true fear, would well become

A woman's story, at a winter's fire,
Authorized by her grandam.

Shame

itself!

- Shakespeare.

(4) Before and After.

a. Transposed Words or Phrases.

This includes all qualifying words which follow the words they qualify, a method so frequently employed in poetic language. In the morning it flourisheth; in the evening it is cut down. - Bible.

Not for its gnarled oaks olden, dark with the mistletoe. - Alice Cary.

b. Before and after Words and Phrases used in Apposition. The appositional words or the chief nouns of the appositional phrases are always in the same case; since one gives an additional idea or explanation of the other, they should be separated by a Pause.

He was the friend of Cicero

Jaffar

the Barmecide,

the orator, a citizen of Rome.

the good vizier,

The poor man's hope, the friend without a peer,

Jaffar was dead, slain by a doom unjust.

c. Before and after Direct Quotations.

- Leigh Hunt.

Direct Quotations on the printed page are generally indicated by quotation marks or capitalized initials, while indirect quotations coming in the body of a sentence are usually introduced by the word "that," already explained.

She said, “O God! protect my child," and died.

Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Thou art permitted to speak for thyself. Then Paul stretched forth the hand, and answered for himself. - Bible.

d. Before and after Parenthetical Expressions.

Since the main sentence would be complete without the additional thought of the parenthesis, it is evident that the parenthetical word or phrase should be separated from the rest of the sentence by Pauses.

He gave to misery all he had
He gained from Heaven,

a tear,

'twas all he wished,

Be noble! and the nobleness that lies
In other men, sleeping but never dead, ▾
Will rise in majesty to meet thine own.

Selection for Phrasing.

Lowell.

a

The grouping of language into its thought phrases by the use of rhetorical Pauses is sometimes called Phrasing, process necessary to the easy understanding of the reader or speaker.

NOTE. In the following selection the student should indicate the Pauses by vertical lines in pencil, subject to the criticism of the instructor. In phrasing any selection the student will frequently find

several reasons for the same Pause; and, naturally enough, the markings of a number of students will differ somewhat, according to the different conceptions. This is especially true when Pauses mark strong emphasis or emotion; but it should be remembered that different conceptions of the lines do not alter the principles governing the use of Pauses, for all conceptions are met in the list of pausing-places given above.

After the Pauses are decided upon and marked the student should read or recite the selection, observing the Pauses by sight or memory. This is the only way in which concert reading—sometimes a necessary evil in overcrowded class rooms - can be successfully conducted; and by it the responsive readings of religious services may be improved. By practice the student will soon learn to recognize the Pauses as clearly as the words, and the habit of correct phrasing without the use of marks will become fixed.

In the following the first paragraph is marked by vertical lines, by way of illustration of the method to be followed throughout the selection.

A CHILD'S DREAM OF A STAR

CHARLES DICKENS

There was once a child, | and he strolled about | a good deal, | and thought of a number of things. | He had a sister | who was a child too, and his constant companion. They wondered at the beauty of flowers; | they wondered at the height and blueness of the sky; they wondered at the depth of the water; they wondered at the goodness and power of God, | who made them lovely. |

They used to say to one another sometimes: Supposing all the children upon earth were to die, would the flowers, and the water, and the sky be sorry? They believed they would be sorry. For, said they, the buds are the children of the flowers, and the little playful streams that gambol down the hillsides are the children of the water, and the smallest bright specks playing at hide and seek in the sky all night must surely be the children of the stars; and they would all be grieved to see their playmates, the children of men, no more.

There was one clear shining star that used to come out in the sky before the rest, near the church spire, above the graves. It

was larger and more beautiful, they thought, than all the others, and every night they watched for it, standing hand-in-hand at a window. Whoever saw it first, cried out, "I see the star." And after that, they cried out both together, knowing so well when it would rise, and where. So they grew to be such friends with it that, before laying down in their bed, they always looked out once again to bid it good night; and when they were turning around to sleep, they used to say, "God bless the star!"

But while she was still very young, O, very young, the sister drooped, and came to be so weak that she could no longer stand in the window at night, and then the child looked sadly out by himself, and, when he saw the star, turned round and said to the patient pale face on the bed, "I see the star!" and then a smile would come upon the face, and a little weak voice used to say, "God bless my brother and the star!"

And so the time came, all too soon, when the child looked out all alone, and when there was no face on the bed, and when there was a grave among the graves, not there before, and when the star made long rays down toward him as he saw it through his

tears.

Now these rays were so bright, and they seemed to make such a shining way from earth to heaven, that when the child went to his solitary bed, he dreamed about the star; and dreamed that, laying where he was, he saw a train of people taken up that sparkling road by angels; and the star, opening, showing him a great world of light, where many more such angels waited to receive them.

All these angels, who were waiting, turned their beaming eyes upon the people who were carried up into the star; and some came out from the long rows in which they stood, and fell upon the people's necks, and kissed them tenderly, and went away with them down avenues of light, and were so happy in their company, that lying in his bed he wept for joy.

But there were many angels who did not go with them, and among them one he knew. The patient face that once had lain upon the bed was glorified and radiant, but his heart found out his sister among all the host.