3. PLANE OF THE INFERIOR Its The Plane of the Inferior is the plane of the debasing. range is through an arc of forty to fifty degrees below the Plane of Equality. Gestures putting down the bad, the low, the vile, or the contemptible culminate in this plane. Malevolence, hate, revenge, gloom, despair, horror, and aversion are enforced by gestures that conclude in this plane. Sentences illustrating the Plane of the Inferior. (1) Out of my sight, thou demon of bad news. -Aldrich. (2) I'll force out his last drachma. O, I'll not rest until I've had revenge. — Halm. (3) O, what a rash and bloody deed is this ! - Shakespeare. (4) Down, therefore, and beg mercy of the Duke.— Shakespeare. Selection illustrating the Planes of Gesture. NOTE. Analyze the following selection and apply gesture in accordance with the reasons set forth for the use of the different Planes. GALILEO EDWARD EVERETT There is much in every way in the city of Florence to excite the curiosity, kindle the imagination, and gratify the taste; but among all its fascinations, addressed to the sense, the memory, and the heart, there was none to which I more frequently gave a meditative hour during a year's residence, than to the spot where Galileo Galilei sleeps beneath the marble floor of Santa Croce ; no building on which I gazed with greater reverence than I did upon that modest mansion of Arceti: villa once, and prison, in which that venerable sage, by the command of the Inquisition, passed the sad, closing years of his life. Of all the wonders of ancient and modern art, statues and paintings, jewels and manuscripts, the admiration and delight of ages, there is nothing I beheld with more affectionate awe than that poor little spyglass through which the human eye first pierced the clouds of visual error, which from the creation of the world had involved the system of the universe. There are occasions in life in which a great mind lives years of rapt enjoyment in a moment. I can fancy the emotions of Galileo, when, first raising the newly constructed telescope to the heavens, he saw fulfilled the grand prophecy of Copernicus, and beheld the planet Venus crescent like the moon. It was such another moment as that when the immortal printers of Mentz and Strasburg received the first copy of the Bible into their hands, the work of their divine art; like that when Columbus, through the gray dawn of the 12th of October, 1492, beheld the shores of San Salvador; like that when the law of gravitation first revealed itself to the intellect of Newton; like that when Franklin saw, by the stiffening fibers of the hempen cord of his kite, that he held the lightning in his grasp; like that when Leverrier received back from Berlin the tidings that the predicted planet was found. Yes, noble Galileo, thou art right, "it does move." Bigots may make thee recant it, but it moves, nevertheless. Yes, the earth moves, and the planets move, and the mighty waters move, and the great sweeping tides of air move, and the empires of men move, and the world of thought moves, ever onward and upward, to higher facts and bolder theories. The Inquisition may seal thy lips, but they can no more stop the progress of the great truth propounded by Copernicus and demonstrated by thee, than they can stop the revolving earth. Close, now, venerable sage, that sightless, tearful eye; it has seen what man never before saw; it has seen enough. Hang up that poor little spyglass; it has done its work. Not Herschel nor Rosse have, comparatively, done more. Franciscans and Dominicans deride thy discoveries now, but the time will come when from two hundred observatories in Europe and America, the glo. rious artillery of science shall nightly assault the skies; but they shall gain no conquests in those glittering fields before which thine shall be forgotten. Rest in peace, great Columbus of the heavens - like him scorned, persecuted, broken-hearted! In other ages, in distant hemispheres, when the votaries of science, with solemn acts of consecration, shall dedicate their stately edifices to the cause of knowledge and truth, thy name shall be mentioned with honor. SECTION V. THE LEGS With reference to the Triune Nature the Leg is divided as follows: 1. The Foot and Ankle belong to the Mental zone of the leg. The foot taps the floor in impatience or irritation, twists about in confused thinking, picks the steps, finds the path, and gives direction to the punt of a ball. cance. 2. The Lower Leg and Knee are Emotive in general signifiThe knee bends in prayer or supplication, bows in submission, and shakes in strong emotion. The weak-kneed person lacks moral strength. 3. The Upper Leg and Hip correspond to the Vital nature. While the foot gives direction, the heavy muscles of the thigh give strength to the punt of a ball, to walking, running, or leaping. SECTION VI. POSITIONS AND ATTITUDES Viewed from the standpoint of the Triune Nature, the Positions and Attitudes are classified as follows: NOTE. We shall treat only those positions and attitudes which are essential to public speaking and most used on the rostrum. 1. FIRST POSITION In the First Position either foot may be advanced if the right, it is called First Position Right; if the left, First Position Left. The heels are separated from three to six inches. The forward foot is directed from the heel of the back foot. The angle between the feet is about 75°. The legs are straight. The weight is placed most strongly upon the ball of the backward or "strong" foot and the body is poised on the forward foot without being thrown forward from an erect, easy position (see Figs. 20 and 21).1 The First Position is more used than any other. It is the normal position. Its significance is that of ordinary mentality when the speaker is not moved by strong emotion. It is appropriate then in ordinary discourse, argumentation, narration, description, didactic thought, and in the gentle emotions. The First Right and the First Left are used interchangeably in expression to avoid fatigue. 1 In all the cuts used to illustrate positions and attitudes those parts of the tracks which are most heavily shaded show where the greatest weight is placed. Selection illustrating the First Position. NOTE. The First Position may very properly be maintained throughout the following short speech. Variety may be had by a few changes from the First Position Right to the First Position Left, and vice versa. COMMERCIAL EXPANSION WILLIAM MCKINLEY The period of exclusiveness is past. The expansion of our trade and commerce is the pressing problem. Commercial wars are unprofitable. A policy of good will and friendly trade relations will prevent reprisals. Reciprocity treaties are in harmony with the spirit of the times; measures of retaliation are not. If perchance some of our tariffs are no longer needed for revenue or to encourage and protect our industries at home, why should they not be employed to extend and promote our markets abroad? Then, too, we have inadequate steamship service. New lines of steamers have already been put in commission between the Pacific coast ports of the United States and those on the western coasts of Mexico and Central and South America. These should be followed up with direct steamship lines between the eastern coast of the United States and South American ports. One of the needs of the times is direct commercial lines from our vast fields of production to the fields of consumption that we have but barely touched. Next in advantage to having the thing to sell is to have the convenience to carry it to the buyer. We must encourage our merchant marine. We must have more ships. They must be under the American flag, built and manned and owned by Americans. These will not be profitable in a commercial sense; they will be messengers of peace and amity wherever they go. 2. SECOND POSITION In the Second Position either foot may be advanced if the right, it is called Second Position Right; if the left, the Second Position Left. The foot is set forward about its length from the First Position. The weight is on the forward foot. The |