of happiness; to him who denies that our forms of government are capable of producing exaltation of soul and the passion of true glory; to him who denies that we have contributed anything to the stock of great lessons and great examples; to all these I reply by pointing to Washington!

3. Explosive Form.

The Explosive is that Form in which the Force is applied instantaneously, causing the sound to burst forth in a very abrupt and intense manner. It is heard in the crack of a whip, the stroke of a hammer, the report of a gun, a clap of thunder, a shout of triumph, and in the ringing laughter of children. Explosion implies the action of strong force; hence this Form represents man's Vital nature. It is used to express those intense emotions in which physical vitality is aroused, such as great earnestness, joy, defiance, alarm, terror, violent hate, or rage. To acquire a strong Explosive Form the student should practice on syllables which open with tonic sounds, as all, our, isle, out, and on immutable syllables, which begin with the subtonics b, d, and g, and the atonics p, t, and k, in notes of song and notes of speech, as indicated in the following illustrative figures:

Explosive Form, Note of Song

Explosive Form, Note of Speech

Illustrative Selection.

NOTE. The Explosive Form corresponds to Short Quantity, though it may be appropriately given with longer Quantity, as in the case of an excited call, a cry of joy, or a shout of triumph. The student should remember that, even in sentiments requiring this Form, very few words are to be given in the Explosive. In the following selection such words as Youngmen, ahoy!" ""Beware!" given in Explosive Form would be quite sufficient to convey the intense sentiment of the piece. In all cases the Form should change to express the changing sentiments of the selection.

66

THE POWER OF HABIT

JOHN B. GOUGH

I remember once riding from Buffalo to the Niagara Falls. I said to a gentleman, "What river is that, sir?"

"That," he said, "is Niagara River."

"Well, it is a beautiful stream," said I; "bright and fair and glassy. How far off are the rapids?"

66

Only a mile or two," was the reply.

"Is it possible that only a mile from us we shall find the water in the turbulence which it must show near the falls?"

"You will find it so, sir." And so I did find it; and the first sight of Niagara I shall never forget.

Now launch your bark on that Niagara River; it is bright, smooth, beautiful, and glassy. There is a ripple at the bow; the silver wake you leave behind adds to your enjoyment. Down the stream you glide, oars, sails, and helm in proper trim, and you set out on your pleasure excursion.

Suddenly some one cries out from the bank, "Young men, ahoy!"

"Ha! ha! we have heard of the rapids; but we are not such fools as to get there. If we go too fast, then we shall up with the helm, and steer to the shore; we will set the mast in the socket, hoist the sail, and speed to the land. Then on, boys; don't be alarmed, there is no danger."

"YOUNG MEN, AHOY THERE!"

"What is it?"

"THE RAPIDS ARE BELOW YOU."

"Ha ha! we will laugh and quaff; all things delight us. What care we for the future! No man ever saw it. Sufficient for the day is the evil thereof. We will enjoy life while we may; we will catch pleasure as it flies. This is enjoyment; time enough to steer out of danger when we are sailing swiftly with the current." "YOUNG MEN, AHOY!"

"What is it?"

"BEWARE! BEWARE! THE RAPIDS ARE BELOW YOU!"

Now you see the water foaming all around. See how fast you pass that point! Up with the helm! Now turn! Pull hard! Quick! QUICK! QUICK! pull hard for your lives! pull till the blood starts from your nostrils, and the veins start like whipcords upon your brow! Set the mast in the socket! hoist the sail! ah! ah! it is too late! Shrieking, HOWLING, BLASPHEMING, over they go.

Thousands go over the rapids of intemperance every year through the power of habit, crying all the while, "When I find out that it is injuring me, I will give it up!"

4. Combinations of Form and Quality.

We have now had three vocal elements and can begin to make combinations showing the more delicate shadings of thought and emotion as each Quality is modified by the Form in which it is given. For the special guidance of the student and the teacher, and without entering into a discussion of the philosophy embodied, we subjoin a complete table of the combinations of Form and Quality showing the appropriate class of sentiments for each combination. Because of its importance in the work of analysis, preparatory to expressive reading and speaking, we term this the "Multiplication Table" of Elocution. It should be thoroughly committed to memory for ready use in the analysis of any selection, and faithfully applied in the vocal interpretation of it.

(1) For Effusive Form. Give the continuant tonics, a in ale, a in arm, a in all, e in eve, and o in old with notes of song in all the Qualities admitting of Effusive Form. Repeat with notes of speech in alternate rising and falling inflections.

(2) For Expulsive. Give all the above-named continuant tonics with notes of song in all the Qualities. Give the same and their illustrative words with notes of speech in all the Qualities.

(3) For Explosive. Give the same sounds and the words all, pull, toll, bell, dong, with notes of song in Normal and Orotund Qualities. Give the same with notes of speech.

NOTE. It will be observed that the drills in vocal culture are made up of the elements of expression. It is suggested that the student keep in mind the meaning of these combinations of Forms and Qualities even while he is practicing the exercises, and thus familiarize himself with the "sound and sense" while tuning the vocal organs for the art of expression. To this end he will find the above table of combinations helpful.

Illustrative selection for all Forms.

NOTE. The illustration here used should be analyzed by the student under the direction of the teacher, and the various thoughts and emotions expressed orally in their appropriate Forms.

A HERO OF THE FURNACE ROOM

ANONYMOUS

The duty of the boiler-makers on warships is of the most dangerous nature. In action, between actions, and out of action the repairs that they are called upon at a moment's notice to effect are sufficient to send a chill of fear through the hearts of most men. They will creep right inside a boiler or furnace which had but a few moments before been full of boiling liquid or red-hot coals. They will screw up nuts and fasten bolts or repair leaking pipes or joints in places that other men would consider impossible to approach. While the ship's big guns are making the vessel tremble, and the enemy's shells are bursting in every direction, these men, with positively reckless fearlessness, will venture down into the bowels of the fighting ship, amid roaring machinery, hissing steam, and flaming fires, to rectify an accident which, unrepaired, might send the ship and all her human freight to the bottom more surely and more quickly than shell or shot from the best guns of the enemy. These men are heroes.

The Castine, when she went to work to batter the walls of San Juan, carried on board three of these boiler-makers, Fish, another, and one Huntley, of Norfolk, Virginia. The Castine went into action under full steam, her triple screws revolving at the fullest speed, and her battery of eight guns started her quivering with excitement and the fierce delight of battle. The furnaces were heated almost to white heat, and the forced draught was urging the flames to greater heat, the boiling water to the higher production of steam, the engines to increasing revolutions. Suddenly, without expectation, without warning, far down in the furnace hole, unheard by officer or man, amid the din of battle, the thundering reverberations of exploding gunpowder, there arose a fierce hissing noise right inside one of the furnaces; and those who heard it trembled as no guns or shot or shell had power to make them tremble.

A socket bolt in the back connection at the very farthest interior extremity of the furnace had become loose. A leak had been sprung; the steam was pouring upon the fire, threatening in a few