considered, is the best for us. On the second side, or the exercises of the will or inclination, are the particulars of 1. submission to the will of God; 2 calmness and composedness; 3. cheerfulness in bearing the worst events; 4. hope of the timely removal or alleviation of affliction; 5. yielding to no faintness or languishing; 6. endeavors against becoming weary of our condition; 7. meekness and pliancy of temper; 8. kindness; 9. freedom from solicitude and anxiety. On the third side, or particulars of outward practice and endeavor, are 1. suppression of unseemly expressions; 2. forbearing complaint or murmuring; 3. declarations of satisfaction with the allotments of providence; 4. abstaining from improper attempts to remove or remedy our crosses; 5. discharge of our duties with alacrity; 6. fair and kind behavior towards the instruments or abettors of our adversity. This description, it will be remarked, is susceptible of being pictured as a single although complex object before the mind. It has unity; it has method; it has completeness.

§ 93. It is essential to the completeness of the description that the survey of the object be also complete; that no side, as it were, of the field, be left out of view, or be imperfectly represented.

In the definition given of Municipal Law from Blackstone, if any part, as for instance, the phrase, "prescribed by the supreme power of a state," or, "forbidding what is wrong," had been omitted, the description would have been incomplete. One side of the survey would have been omitted.

CHAPTER IV.

OF ANALYSIS.

§ 94. THE ANALYTIC PROCESS of expianation consists in the resolving or separating of the theme into its component parts and the successive enumeration of these parts.

§ 95. THE SUBJECTS appropriate to this process are all themes which can be regarded as composed of parts. Both events and operations of causes, as well as objects conceived of under the relations of space or irrespectively of time, provided they may be regarded as consisting of parts, are accordingly embraced in the themes appropriate to this process.

This process differs essentially from narration and description in this respect, that in the two latter processes, the object whether regarded in time or space, is viewed as one undivided whole; while in analysis it is viewed in its parts. In regard to outward sensible objects the distinction is generally wide and obvious. In the discussion of abstract or spiritual themes, the processes will often be the same whether regulated by the laws of narration or division; of description or partition.

course.

§ 96. Analysis is frequently combined with the processes of narration and description in the same disIt is, however, distinct from them for the most part, and precedes those processes, observing its own laws. The theme is thus first analysed; and then the processes of narration and description are applied to the parts as they are successively presented; or if it occur in the course of the narration or description, it

is applied to some subordinate part of the explanation which is then, under this analysis, narrated or described. The particular parts are narrated or described, moreover, in analysis, in reference to the entire effect of the representation of the one theme analysed; and not exactly as they would be narrated or described if represented separately and for their own sake.

The explanation of the theme may be, to a certain degree, complete even when the process stops with the analysis and enumeration of the parts. The anatomist may thus properly regard his work as completed, if he analyse the body into its constituent parts, and then exhibit the parts one by one in order. He may, however, carry the explanation still farther. He may describe singly each part as it is presented to view in a process of pure description. Or again, as a physiologist, he may narrate the development and growth of each particular part presented.

He must, however, first analyse; and his description or narration of each particular part must, obviously, be made in reference to the combined effect of the whole explanation. Otherwise he would not only fall into useless and tedious repetitions, but his explanation would be multiform, irregu lar and out of proportion. It would rather be a collection of independent and unrelated explanations than one continued and entire, although complex, process of explanation.

§ 97. Analysis embraces two distinct specific processes which rest ultimately on the distinctive natures of narration and description. They are division and partition.

§ 98. In DIVISION the theme is regarded as composed of similar parts; and the analysis is into genera, species, varieties.

Thus the analytic explanation of the theme "animal" by division would be effected by the successive enumeration of the different genera which it embraces, as fish, fowl, beast, &c., or, if the process were carried farther, of the species and varieties under these respective genera or classes.

The relation of division to narration is seen in this, that both involve an ultimate reference to a cause. Since that similarity in different individuals or species which enables us to classify them into species or genera, we necessarily regard as the effect of the same or a similar cause.

99. IN PARTITION, the theme is regarded as made up of parts lying in juxta-position merely, without reference to any similarity in their nature.

In partition, thus, "animal" would be analysed into head, body, limbs, and the like. In this kind of analysis, no reference is had to the similarity of structure in the analysis; but merely to the juxta-position of the parts.

The affinity of this process to description is obvious from the very terms which we find it necessary to employ in order to explain it. Both processes regard objects in space. The one, description, regards them as individual wholes, the boundaries or outlines of which are to be marked out in order to explain them. The other, partition, contemplates them as filling a certain extent of space; and enumerates successively the portions that occupy it. We describe "a tree" by delineating its form and shape. represented as composed of trunk and limbs and foliage; its various shades and hues are exhibited. In description, the object is represented by the lines that bound it-by its periphery; in partition, by the parts that compose it-by its segments.

In partition, it is

§ 100. THE UNITY IN DIVISION Consists in the

singleness of the class which is to be divided into its species and varieties and in the singleness of the principle of division.

That the theme must be but one whole to be divided is too palpable a truth to need any proof or illustration. There is little danger that this more general unity will be violated by any one who has any conception whatever of unity in discourse.

But mere unity in the theme, or in the general process of explaining it is not enough. It is necessary in this process of explication that there be but one principle of division; that is, that the species into which the whole is divided all stand in the same generic relation to the whole. Every ge

neric or "common

"term may be distributed into diverse series of species. "Man," thus, may be distributed into one set of species in reference to color; into another, in reference to place of habitation or to lineage; into a third in reference to sex or condition, &c. Unity forbids the distribution into different sets of such species.

This, at least, is the strictest unity in division. If for any purpose, it is necessary to represent the theme in respect to several sets of species, that is, adopt more than one principle of division, the two divisions should be kept carefully distinct; and the discourse must find its principle of unity in some higher point than the division.

In abstract subjects, especially in the explication of truths or propositions, there is a peculiar liability to a neglect of unity in division. It becomes necessary in order to avoid this fault to seize firmly the particular principle of division that is adopted in the case and carefully inquire, in the analysis into the several species, whether each one is determined by that principle or belongs to that set of species which the adopted principle of division will furnish.