-

ductors of heat, are likewise good conductors of electricity. The conducting power of fluids arises from two distinct sources: the one is the same as in solids, namely, a gradual progress of the heat from particle to particle, exclusive of any motion of the particles themselves; the other arises from the internal motion of the particles of the fluid, by which the extremes of hot and cold are perpetually brought into contact, and the heat is thus diffused with great celerity. DALTON'S Chem. Philos. part i. pp. 100, 101.

5153. [John ii. 20. Forty and six years has this Temple been in building] That is, forty and six years, since it began to be repaired by Herod, had elapsed at this first passover after Christ when the Jews were objecting this to him. (See USHER, sub. A. M. 3987.) — It continued to be repaired till the beginning of the Jewish war under Gellius Florus.

JOSEPHUS, Antiq. l. xx. c. 8.

Though it was, from the commencement of its re-building in the 21st year of Herod's reign, made fit for divine worship in nine years and a half; and though forty-six years had been now actually spent in repairing it, yet at the time the Jews spoke the above words many workmen were still employed on its out-buildings, and continued to be so even for years after our Lord's crucifixion.

5154. [

See WELLS' Continuation of the Jewish Hist. (vol. ii. of his Bible), p. 103.

22.] The Scripture here referred to is probably Matt. xii. 40, where we find Jesus predicting his death and resurrection, as they actually took place in the 36th year of his age. As Matthew is said to have made his Gospel public in the very same year in which his Master suffered, it is a strong presumption that he and the other Evangelists. had kept regular journals daily, of what JESUS CHRIST both said and did; as Patriarchs, Moses and the Prophets, had previously registered in a regular series all that had been spoken and visibly effected by the SHECHINAH of the Old Testament.

See Modern Dictionary of Arts and Sciences,
Articles Jesus Christ and St. Matthew.
Also JOSEPHUS, Contra Apion, b. i. § 6.

5155. [John iii. 5. Except a man be born out of water &c.] The fetus then, that hath never breathed, cannot enter heaven. See SWEDENBORG's Principia, in the Appendix to Paragraph xiii.

· 5159. [— 23. Salim] Hence Melchizedek, king of Salem, was king of Jerusalem which, as to its pristine name, is called Salem in Ps. lxxvi. 2. See No. 433, &c.

Enon was about eight miles south of Scythopolis; Salim in the neighbourhood of it was the same with the Salem of the Old Testament, where Melchizedek was king, and where some of the ruins of his palace were still to be seen in Jerome's time.

See Univer. Hist. vol. ii. p. 408, and vol. x.
P. 305.

5160. [29.] As to "the friend of the bridegroom," there were two at each wedding one waited on the bride, the other on the bridegroom: their business was to serve them, to distribute to them gifts, to continue with them during the seven days of the marriage, to keep the marriage-contract, and afterwards to reconcile differences between husband and wife when any took place.

See Dr. A. CLARKE'S Notes on John iii. See also BURDER's Oriental Customs, vol. i. p. 326.

5161. [ 33.] The seals of the Hebrews were their

names cut in a stone, which having dipped in bistre, or some other kind of ink, they then, by way of their subscription, printed at the bottom of what they meant to testify. Smith's MICHAELIS, vol. i. p. 491. See No. 1226, 1240, 1243, 1200, 1311, 1091, 1236, 1354.

5166. [John iv. 11.] Many of the Guzerat wells have steps leading down to the surface of the water, others have not; nor do I recollect, says FORBES, any furnished with buckets and ropes for the convenience of a stranger; most travellers are therefore provided with them, and halcarras and religious pilgrims frequently carry a small brass pot, affixed to a long string for this purpose. Oriental Memoirs, vol. ii. p. 332.

5162. [John iv. 4.] It was absolutely necessary for those that went quickly to Jerusalem, to pass through Samaria; for in that road you may, in three days' time, go from Galilee to Jerusalem. JOSEPH. Life, § 52.

5163. [— 5.] Sychar, which signifies drunkard, was a term of contempt given by Judah after the revolt of the Ten Tribes to Shechem, a strong place by nature, situated about forty miles from Jerusalemn it was the metropolis of Jeroboam's kingdom till the building of Samaria by Omri, and resumed that dignity a second time as soon as Samaria was destroyed by the Assyriaus. It stood about forty miles from Jerusalem, fifty-two from Jericho, and ten from Shiloh, near to Jacob's well.

Univer. Hist. vol. iv. p. 19, and vol. x. p. 308.

5164.[ 6.] The Asiatics attached nobility only to places rendered illustrious by virtue. An aged tree, a well, a rock, objects of stability, appeared to them as alone adapted to perpetuate the memory of what was worthy of being remembered. There is scarcely all over Asia an acre of land but what is dignified by a monument. The Greeks and Romans who issued out of it as did all the other Nations of the World, and who did not remove far from it, imitated in part the customs of our first Fathers. But the other Nations who scattered themselves over the rest of Europe, where they were long in an erratic state, and who withdrew from those antient monuments of virtue, chose rather to look for them in the posterity of their great men, and to see the living images of them in their children. This is the reason probably, why the Asiatics, comparatively, have no Noblesse, and the Europeans no monuments.

St. PIERRE'S Studies of Nature, vol. ii. p. 127.

3167. [12. Our father Jacob] The Samaritans might claim Jacob for their father by adoption, but not by lineal descent. When they saw the Jews in prosperity, JOSEPHUS says, they pretended to be allied to them, deducing the series of their own descent from the Patriarch Joseph, and his sons Ephraim and Manasseh; but when the Jews were depressed and in a low condition, he tells us, they then disclaimed all relationship and affinity with them, professing themselves to be, as they really were, originally Medes and Persians.

See Antiq. b. ix. ch xiv. § 3; b. x. ch. ix. §7; b. xi. ch. viii. § 6 ; and b. xii. ch. v. § 5.

5168. [ 14.] When a portion of carbonic acid, sulphuretted hydrogen, or nitrous oxyde gas, is thrown up into a eudiometer tube of three-tenths of an inch diameter over water; the water ascends and absorbs the gas with considerable speed if a small portion of common air be suddenly thrown up, it ascends to the other, and is commonly separated by a fine film of water for a time. That instant the two airs come into the above situation, the water suddenly ceases to ascend in the tube, but the film of water runs up with great speed, enlarging the space below, and proportionally diminishing that above, till it finally bursts.-This seems to shew that the film is a kind of sieve through which those gases can easily pass but not common air.

DALTON'S Chem. Phil. part i. p. 203.

5169. "During the exercise of thought," says SWEDENBORG, Whose spiritual sight was open for twenty-nine years, "the material ideas of such thought have appeared as it were (floating) in the midst of a kind of wave; and it was observed that this wave was nothing else but such things as were adjoined to that subject in the memory; and that thereby the full thought appears to spirits: but that, on such occasion, nothing else comes to man's apprehension than what is in the midst, and appeared as material. I. likened that surrounding wave to spiritual wings, by which the thing thought of is elevated out of the memory.-The spiritual speak sonorously, injecting the all of their thought into speech. Hence their thought, in order to be known, must be collected from their expressions. But the celestial do not so. What is of their will folds itself by somewhat of

thought into what is like a wave, affecting and moving the will of another according to the state of the subject." Arcana, un. 6200, 8733

5170. [John iv. 20.] There was a temple built on Gerizim long before the time of Alexander. Probably, say the authors of Univer. Hist., when the Jews had incurred the displeasure of Ochus, the Samaritans might then so far ingratiate themselves into the favor of that exasperated prince, as to obtain from him a grant to build themselves this temple.

See vol. ix. p. 558. At the foot of mount Gerizim Abraham offered his first sacrifice in the land of promise. See Deut. xi. 29.

5171. [ 21.] They who respect GOD in their lives and do no evil to their neighbour, love to be taught. SWEDENBORG, on Divine Providence, n. 253.

5174. [John iv. 25, 26.] The Tribes of Israel are no longer to be enquired after. The Israelites themselves know not with certainty from what families they are descended. Judah was selected as the tribe from which the Messiah should come: and behold, the Jews know not which of them are of the tribe of Judah.- This, against the Jews, is an irrefragable argument that their Messiah is come; and that He cannot now be expected, as His genealogy could not be traced to the stem of David. See Christian Researches in Asia, p. 234.

5172. [——— 23.] In idea abstract space, while you utterly deny a vacuum. Then think of the Divine Love and the Divine Wisdom, that they are the real essence where space is abstracted and a vacuum denied. Again; think of space, and you will perceive that the Divine Spirit, in the greatest and smallest portions of space, is the same; for, in an essence abstracted from space, there is not any degree great or small, but a sameness.

5173.

Ibid. on Divine Love, n. 81.

The Father seeketh such to worship him] in the inward disposition of the soul to all virtue and holiness; and in the lifting up a pure mind in devout addresses to him alone. This is worshipping God in the spirit, and having no confidence in the flesh, that is in any outward ordinances only. Worshipping him in truth is, not only serving him in the substance of all that was shadowed in types and ceremonies; but in the purity and holiness of the mind and conscience. This is worshipping in truth and sincerity; and this is opposed also to that outward discharge even of moral duties which proceeds only from fear, or any undue motive; but is still against the habitual bent and inclination of the soul, and is therefore so far insincere and hypocrital. This is that inward law written not with ink, but with the Spirit of the living God; not in tables of stone, as the moral law was, but in fleshly tables of the heart; our sufficiency for which is of God, and from the inward assistance of his Holy Spirit.

Bp. BROWNE'S Procedure of the Understanding, p. 313.

5176. [

35.] The case here is the same as when one says: In the month of July it is winter in India, while another asserts that at that period it is summer. Both at bottom are right; for on the coast of Coromandel the summer begins in June; but on the coast of Malabar it does not commence till October. During the latter mouth it is winter on the coast of Coromandel, whereas on the coast of Malabar it begins so early as the 15th of June. The one season, therefore, always commences on the east coast at the time when it ends on the western. - So necessary is it to reflect ou time, place and climate, and the particular circumstances under which a traveller or writer lived. Hence travellers assert that, in the course of the year, in India, there are two summers and two winters.

-

Undoubtedly, because the blood of the grapes, poured out at the foot of the altar, ran into it by a covered drain. Consequently, at the time libations of wine were at the altar poured into the subterraneous current, the water in the pool was troubled, or put in commotion by what was thus sent down into it. Compare Ecclus. 1. 15, with Ezek. xlvii. I.

Verse 3.] Waiting for the fermenting of the water. See Gen. ix. 3. i. 2 And the Spirit of God on the surface of the waters, caused a fermentation.

Bethesda] It is a great square profundity, green and uneven at the bottom into which a barren spring doth drill between the stones of the northward wall; and steals away almost undiscovered. The place is for a good depth hewn out of the rock; confined above (or upon that rock) on the north side, with a steep wall, on the west with high buildings, and on the south with the wall of the court of the temple.

SANDYS, Good Friday, 1611.

On the 9th April, 1696, we went to take a view of what is now called the pool of Bethesda, which is 120 paces long, 40 broad, and 8 deep: at the west end are some old arches, now dammed up,, which, though there are but three in number, some will have to be the five porches in which sat the lame, halt and blind.

MAUNDRELL.

Verse 4.] Many things concurred, says the learned GROTIUS, that this should not be thought any natural kind of healing by the water. Omitting other circumstances, “I conceive," says Sir NORTON KNATCHBULL, "this alone to be argument enough, that none was healed but he who first stepped in after the troubling of the waters. If the cure had been by a natural cause, why," he asks,"" were not more healed than one at the same time?"

5179. [John v. 4.] That there is, in the water of LoughNeagh in Ireland, which preserves wood sound and entire for centuries, some peculiarly healing quality, is certain; but whether diffused through all parts, is not known, nor pretended. There is a certain bay in it, called the fishing-bay, which is in great repute for curing the evil, running sores, rheumatism, &c. Many come there, having running sores, and are cured after a little time. Great crowds come there on Midsummer-Eve, of all sorts of sick; even sick cattle are brought, and driven into the water for their cure; and people believe they receive benefit. I know, says FRANCIS NEVILL Esq., it dries up running sores, and cures the rheumatism, but not with once bathing as people now use it, and the drinking the water I am told will stop the flux. Abs. Phil. Trans. of R. S. vol. vi.

p. 68.

5180. [16.] Jesus performed all his miracles, we find, on the sabbath day. In this sense it was true, as the Jews say, that he did them "by the Name Jehovah," which

on that day, according to our diagram, was full upon him, empowering him to speak and to act wholly from God the Creator.

Verse 26, &c.] The Son includes in Himself all the living ideas that by efflux constitute the various objects of creation: the Father interiorly fills and perfects them with an expanding and vital energy.

5181. [John v. 17. My Father works] That is, on the sabbath. The bare suspension of the divine energy but for a moment would cause the instantaneous dissolution of all worlds, and the tumultuous extinction of all, who inhabit them.

Works of Sir W. JONES, vol. iii. p. 38.

5182. [39.] Our Bible is our best book; the only one, that can afford true and solid satisfaction. It satisfies; yet never satiates. The deeper it is searched, the more it pleases. It ever contains new and hid treasures: on the opening of which, there continually springs up in the mind a fresh pleasure, a renewed desire. Reflections on Learning, p. 283.

See No. 1233, 1229.

5183. [John vi. 1] Herod the tetrarch, to testify his gratitude to Tiberius, who honoured him with his friendship, chose out an agreeable place on the borders of the lake called Genesareth, and there he built a city which he called Tiberias.

JOSEPHUS' Antiq. b. xviii. c. 2. §3. When Augustus adopted Tiberius, he solemnly declared on oath, that he was prompted thereto by no other motive than that of the public welfare, and often commended him in his letters as the only stay and support of the Roman people.

Tiberius was of the patrician family of the Claudii, both by the father's side, who was descended from Tiberius Nero, the son of Appius Caccus, and by the mother's, who was the daughter of Appius Pulcher, brother to the said Tiberius Nero. He was also allied to the family of the Livii, by the adoption of his mother's grandfather.

See Univer. Hist. vol. xiii. pp. 382, 402.

6184. [7. Two hundred penny-worth of bread] Our denarius being seven pence three farthings, two hundred would amount to six pounds, nine shillings, and two-pence.

5185. [ 14. That prophet] Like to Moses, particularly in feeding the people miraculously, as Moses did their

5189. [————— 63.] Words in no language can be of any value as sounds: the sun and moon have just the same nature and operation, whatever be the letters and the sounds of their respective names.

After Origen and Jerome, all traces of Hebrew learning perished.

Rev. RICHARD CLARKE,

5190. [ 69.] Some people suppose that faith and believing are synonymous expressions, with one and the same meaning; but I think they are different, and that believing is the act of faith, the same as seeing is the act of sight. I cannot see without sight; God gives me sight, but the

5194. [▬▬▬7. He that is without the sin, let him first cast a stone against her] The Jewish councils or sanhedrims were of two sorts, the inferior consisting of twenty-three, and the greater one of seventy-two persons: the latter being emphatically called the grand sauhedrim. Of the inferior sort there was one in every city, and two at Jerusalem, where there was a greater concourse of people and business. The grand one sat only at Jerusalem, and had a place appropriated to them in the temple.

Univer. Hist. vol. x.

A custom was of old, and still remains, Which life or death by suffrages ordains: White stones and black, within an urn are cast: The first absolve, but fate is in the last. See No. 665, 674.

p. 120.

OVID'S Metamorphoses, b. xv. l. 55.