mats and carpets for the more commodious entertainment of company. As this area or quadrangle is always allotted for the reception of large parties, it undoubtedly was the place where Jesus in the midst of the Pharisees and doctors of the

law, was delivering his instructions. Now in the summer season, and on all occasions when a large company is to be received, this court is commonly sheltered from the heat or inclemency of the weather by an umbrella or veil, which, being expanded on ropes from one side of the parapet wall to the other, may be folded or unfolded at pleasure. The court also is usually surrounded with a cloister or colonnade, over which, when the house has one or more stories, there is a gallery erected, of the same dimensions with the cloister, having a ballustrade, or a piece of latticed work going round it, to prevent persons falling from it into the area. paralytic might be easily conveyed over the terraces of the neighbouring houses to such a gallery, when the veil was drawn away, he could as easily be let down through the opening, into the midst of the court, before Jesus.

Dr. SHAW. p. 208.

As the

Bib. Research. vol. ii.

5013. [Luke v. 39.] It was, till lately, the custom in Germany to bury earthen vessels filled with wine, at the birth of every child, not to be taken up till its marriage. WINCKELMAN's Herculaneum, p. 69.

of

5014. [Luke vi. 1.] GROTIUS conceives that when any the solemn yearly feasts fell on the sabbath-day, that sabbath had a special respect paid to it, and was called mega or sabbaton proton (Grk.). Now of these first sabbaths there were three in the year, at the passover, at pentecost, and at the feast of tabernacles. The first of them, that is, when the first day of the feast of passover fell on the sabbath-day, was called protoproton sabbaton, or the first prime sabbath. The second, that is, when the day of pentecost fell on the sabbath, was called deuteroproton, which he apprehends was the sabbath here intended.

5010. [Luke v. 36.] The new maketh a rent in the garment it is taken from.

5011. [39.] The old is the fermented, the intoxieating wine: the new is the unintoxicating sweet-wine, or must. - From the most early ages wine is mentioned by the historians and poets, and seems to be almost coeval with the first productions from vegetables: grapes became, at first, a useful part of their aliment, and the recent expressed juices a cooling drink. These, by a spontaneous fermentation, soon acquiring a vinous quality, supplied them with a more grateful liquor, which strengthened and exhilarated their spirits after labor. The Indians, in the same manner, discovered similar virtues in the palm-trees; they first made incisions in the bark, with a view of drinking the cooling liquor which distilled from them; but soon found, that, by being kept in vessels, it acquired different and more agreeable qualities.

BARRY'S Observations, &c. on Wines, p. 27.

5015 Sabbato deuteroproto (Grk.), the SECOND-first sabbath. See Lev. xxiii. 39. — It should be translated, on the first sabbath of the second half year; that is, on the first day of the feast of tabernacles, which commenced on the first appearance of full moon at the autumnal equinox.

As the Jews computed their sabbaths from the feast of the Pass-over, the first and the seventh or last days of which were equally great festivals, they called the latter or last day of the Pass-over sabbath shenireshon (Hebr.), the second prime sabbath.

5016. [

See Jos. SCALIGER, De Emend. Temp. lib. vi. Or Univer. Hist. vol. iii. p. 168.

12.] Such Proseuchæ used to be out of cities, as the synagogues were within them. See LE MOYNE on Polycarp's Epistle, p. 76.

5012.

Palm-wine is drinkable till the third day after it has been drawn from the tree, but then it grows heady ; and there is danger in being intoxicated with it. After that time it turns into bad vinegar, which soon contracts an abominable smell. I always observed, says ADAMSON, that it is delicious when new, and the newer the better. It has every good quality when first extracted, which cannot be expected twelve hours after. Voy. to Senegal, Pinkerton's Coll. part lxvii. p. 642.

5019. [Luke vi. 35. Hoping for nothing again] that is, for no discount. In India, when money-changers conclude any bargain with each other, it is ratified by an oath before the door of some temple, and in view of the idol; and in such cases (the obligation being religious) they seldom or never deduct any thing for the payment. BARTOLOMEO, by Forster, p. 88.

5020. [48.] Even in Judea, though the returns of rain in the winter are not extremely frequent, yet when it does rain, the water pours down with great violence three or four days and nights together, enough to drown the whole country. JACOBUS de Vitriaco, Gesta Dei, p. 1098.

5021. [Luke vii. 15.] In Egypt the corpse, covered with a piece of coarse linen, is carried in procession, in a coffin without a lid. HASSELQUIST'S Levant, p. 60.

5022. [38, 46.] It appears that in the time of HOMER, it was usual both to wash and anoint before meals not the head only, but also the feet. (See Iliad x. 577.) And it is spoken of by ARISTOPHANES as an antient custom, that daughters, having washed the feet of their parents, did afterwards anoint them.

5028. [ 30.] The communications of (spiritual) societies with other (spiritual) societies (and with men) are effected through (intermediate) spirits, whom they send forth (in their united sphere and image); and through whom they speak. These spirits are called subjects. Hence it may be manifest, that the spirits and angels (two, at least, of each), who are attendant on (every) man, are for the sake of communication with societies in hell, and with societies in heaven.

Ibid. Arcana, n. 5856.

See Vesp. p. 473.

5029. [

5023. [—— 42. And when they had nothing to pay] The natural man has not one spiritual affection, nor one true idea.

31.] Certain filthy, contumacious spirits, when driven away into the deep, are tormented there to such a degree, that they cannot but desist from infesting others. Ibid. n. 5722.

5032. [Luke viii. 55.] Her spirit came again; perhaps, by pervasion (from without); like magnetism, or electricity: And probably it leaves the body, in like manner, at the time of its dissolution.

APPLEGARTH.

5033. [Luke ix. 23.] As the eternal hells are in the Southern Hemisphere of our solar system, we may thence expect all the evil influences which cause our daily temptations and trials. See the Diagram. -The grouping of the stars of the first magnitude; some scatterred nebulæ, rivalling in splendour the milky way, and tracks of space remarkable for their extreme blackness, give a peculiar physiognomy to the southern sky. A traveller in those regions without any acquired notions of astronomy, without any acquaintance with the celestial charts of Fiamstead and de la Caille, feels he is not in Europe, when he sees the immense constellation of the ship, or the phosphorescent clouds of Magellan, arise on the horizon. In the sixteenth degree of latitude, we saw distinctly, says HUMBOLDT, the Cross of the South only in the night of the 4th and 5th of July: it was strongly inclined, and appeared from time to time between the clouds. The two great stars which mark the summit and the foot of this Cross having nearly the same right ascension, it follows hence, that the constellation (the form of which recalls the sign of the baptismal covenant) is almost perpendicular at the moment when it passes the meridian. This circumstance is known to every nation that lives beyond the tropics, or in the southern hemisphere. It has been ob served at what hour of the night, in different seasons, the Cross of the South is erect, or inclined. It is a time picce that very regularly advances nearly four minutes a-day, and no other group of stars exhibits to the naked eye, au observation of time so easily made. How often have we heard our guides, adds this enlightened Traveller, exclaim in the savannas of Venezuela, or in the desert extending from Lima to Truxillo, “Midnight is past, the Cross begins to bend,”

See his Travels in South America, translated by
Helen Maria Williams, in 2 vols. 8vo.

The Magellanie clouds, seen in the heavens towards the south pole, are whitish appearances like clouds, that have the same apparent motion as the stars. They are three in number, two of them near each other. The largest lies far from the south pole, but the other two are not many degrees more remote from it than the nearest conspicuous star, that is, about eleven degrees. Mr. Boyle conjectures, that if these clouds were seen through a good telescope, they would to be multitudes of small stars like the milky way.

appear

REES.

5034. [ 34, 35.] The discourses of angels are sometimes represented by clouds, and by their forms, colors,

5038. [5-7.] As we were at table, says DE LA ROQUE (p. 203 ), there came by a stranger, wearing a white turban, who, after having saluted the company, sat himself down to the table, without ceremony; ate with us during some time, and thus went away, repeating several times the name of God. They told us it was some traveller, who, no doubt, stood in need of refreshment, and who had profited by the opportunity, according to the custom of the East, which is to exercise hospitality at all times, and toward all persons. See Gen. xviii.

The white linen turban is only worn by the Hagi, or pilgrims, who have been to Mecca.

SIDNEY SMITH's Letter to his Father John
Smith, Esq.

5039. [21.] The natural man, separate from the spiritual, is sapient only from the world; or not at all from heaven. H who is thus sapient, believes nothing but what the senses comprehend. What also he believes, he believes from the faviacies of the senses, consequently from false (appearances and sensations). Hence it is that spirituals are not any

thing to him he scarcely endures to hear mention made of what is spiritual; he apprehends not what the internal man is, and hence believes not that there is an internal man. Such are insane, when they are kept in a spiritual sphere (above the earth); though while they live in the world, they appear otherwise; either thinking naturally of spiritual things, or turning away the ear in not attending to what they hear.

In the sphere of spiritual life, the natural man is seized first with blindness, next with insanity, and at length with anguish. Hence they who are in hell (being all natural men) have no inclination to look to heaven.

SWEDENBORG, Arcana, nn. 9109, 9110.

5040. [Luke x. 23.] That the sight of man depends on his intellectual faculty, is very manifest from this consideration, that his natural affections effigy themselves representatively in the face; whereas the interior affections, which are of the thought, appear in the eyes from a certain flame of life, and consequent evibration of light, which sparkles forth according to the affection in which the thought is. Ibid. n. 4407.

ages, take possession of the minds and bodies of human beings we cannot doubt, if we give any credit to history, sacred or profane; and although the sagacity of the present more enlightened times hath exploded this opinion with contempt and ridicule, yet we see daily instances, which must induce us to believe, that their power is not even now totally at an end. We see some labouring under diseases which the most skilful physicians are unable to account for, or to cure ; others perpetrating the most horrid crimes without provocation, temptation, or advantage: we see the hand of the suicide plunging the dagger into his own breast in contradiction to his reason, his principles, and his corporeal feelings and must we not conclude, that all these unaccountable actions proceed from the directions of some external powers, which the actors are unable to resist ? In madness we plainly perceive two distinct wills operating at the same time, one of which compels a man to commit the most outrageous acts, which the other disapproves, but cannot controul; nay sometimes foresees, for a considerable time, that he shall be so compelled, but is unable to prevent it.

SOAME JENYNS' Works, vol. iv.

p.

194.

5041. [29, 30, &c.] A Jew is of the same family with a Jew; a Samaritan or one of another sect or party, is neighbour to a Jew, or to any that is not of his own fraternity.

5042. [ — 34. To an inn] Pandocheion (Grk.), a receptacle open for all comers. In the East there are no inns any where, but the cities, and commonly the villages, have a large building called a Kane, or Kervanserai, which serves as an asylum for all travellers. These houses of reception are always, built without the precincts of towns, and consist of four wings round a square court, which serves by way of enclosure for the beasts of burden. The lodgings are cells, where you find nothing but bare walls, dust, and sometimes scorpions. The keeper of this Kane gives the traveller a key and a mat; and he provides himself the He must therefore carry with him his bed, his kitchen utensils, and even his provisions; for frequently not even bread is to be found in the villages.

rest.

VOLNEY, vol. ii. p. 419.

See No. 1343, 1084.

certain beasts, which the Turks call ciacals or jacals. They are a sort of wolves somewhat bigger than foxes, but less than common wolves; yet as greedy and devouring as the most ravenous of all wolves or foxes. They go in flocks, and seldom hurt man or beast; but get their food by craft and stealth, more than by open force. Hence it is that the Turks call subtle and crafty persons, especially the Asiatics, by the metaphorical name of ciacals." (See Cant. ii. 15. And Ps. Ixiii. 40.) —“In this," he adds, they are however very ridiculous; they discover themselves by the noise they make. Here probably was the point of our Lord's allusion : "Tell that noisy Shual, he has warned me by his threat, and I shall escape speedily."

5055. [Luke xiii. 33.] The Jewish Sanhedrim could be held nowhere but at Jerusalem, in a place called Liscat Hagazit, the stone conclave (the pavement, John xii. 13), which was a part of the Temple. Here all causes of considerable importance were finally determined.

See PICART's Religious Ceremonies, vol. i. p. 115.

5056. The prophets, says DRUSIUS, could be judged only by the members of the Great Sanhedrim, who had their residence and convocation-court, always in Jerusalem.

See No. 1179.

5057. [Luke xiv. 7-11.] When evils are remitted after repentance, they are removed from the midst to the sides (of the memory); and then that which is in the midst, being directly under inspection, appears as in the light of day, and that which is at the sides, in the shade, and sometimes as it were in the darkness of night. Now, as evils are not separated (in this life), but only removed, that is, put away to the sides; and as a man may be transferred from what is central to things circumferential, it is still possible (in this world), that he may return to his evils, which he believed to be rejected.

See Gen. xliii. 32, 33. 1 Kings x. 5.

SWEDENBORG, on Div. Prov. n. 279.

5054.

At Nice, in Asia, says BUSBEQUIUS (p. 58), I heard at night, "a mighty noise as if it had been of men who jeered and mocked us. Asking what was the matter, I was answered, it was only the howling of

+ As affections and thoughts are mere changes of the state of the forms of the mind, it follows, that memory is nothing else but the permanent state thereof.

SWEDENBORG, on Divine Providence, n. 219.