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1935.22. Shall re-demand] In those days, when a person became a slave, he was stripped of all his ornaments and even clothing. Nothing was left him but a simple When however he girdle, for his ordinary attire at labor. went to worship, or had recovered his freedom, he was allowed to appear in full dress. Moses, though he had planned the deliverance of the Israelites, only asked leave to worship. The women, in consequence, asked and obtained their dresses and ornaments.

See No. 678, 679, 683.

See 1 Sam. xxx. 22.

1936. [Exod. iv. 22.] Israel was First-born of the eldest line. The First-born of the eldest of his son Judah's line, was the Patriarch; and the First-born of the eldest of Joseph's line, we suppose, had (as Priest) the chief right of sacrificing. Eating the typical Passover, and drinking a cup of the blood of the grape, disabled the destroyer (the Antichrist in hades) from touching the First-born of the Israelites. But if the First-born of Israel had not offered this sacrifice, eaten, &c. without doubt they would have been destroyed. Whilst the defect of sprinkling that blood and eating that (sacramental) flesh, &c. suffered the destroyer (from hades) to slay all the first-born of Egypt, who had a right to offer; through faith Moses kept the Passover and the sprinkling of blood, lest he that destroyed the first-born should touch them, Heb. xi. 23.

HUTCHINSON'S Use of Reason recovered, pp. 308, 309.

1937. [ 25.] Before the Europeans, under the direction of Columbus, went to the West Indies, the savage Indians used, we are told, instead of knives, sharp pieces of flint or quartz, auy hard kind of stone, a sharp shell, or a piece of bone sharpened.

1938. A bloody husband] Chaton (Hebr.) signifies, not a husband, but a son-in-law. A person thus related is a son initiated into a family by alliauce or adoption. It is in this view of initiation, that Zipporah says to her son, a bloody chaton art thou to me; that is, I have initiated thee into the church by the bloody rite of circumcision. See the learned JOSEPH MEDE, Diss. xiv. p. 52.

1939. [Exod. iv. 26.] Had circumcision been practised, as some suppose, in Jethro's family, or among his people the Midianites, it is not likely that Zipporah, on that account, would have left her husband till he returned from Egypt, when, it appears, Jethro and his family were converted to the worship of the One living and true God. See Exod. xviii.

1940. [Exod. v. 1.] The word chag (Hebr.) denotes dancing in circles. All nations had this service, and it was so annexed to every feast, that it is in the Scriptures frequently used for the whole service of a feast; see Deut. xvi. 16.By this name the Arabians called their bracelets, ear-rings, &c. (ornaments probably indispensable in this kind of dance).

Whilst moving in circles, each dancer turned round, like the celestial orbs, by a motion that was at once circular and progressive. (See HUTCHINSON's Principia, part ii. p. 256. And his Sine Principio, Introduc. p. ccxliv). — How strikingly does this prove, that the religious in the earliest ages, probably from revelation, knew the true motion of the planets!

1941. [ 3.] All along the coasts of the Persian gulph, a very dangerous wind prevails, which the natives call the Sameyel, still more dreadful and burning than that of Egypt, and attended with instant and fatal effects. This terrible blast, which was, perhaps, the pestilence of the Antients, instantly kills all those that it involves in its passage. What its malignity consists in, none can tell, as none have ever survived its effects, to give information. It frequently, as I am told, assumes a visible form; and darts, in a kind of bluish vapor, along the surface of the country.

GOLDSMITH'S Hist. of the Earth, &c. vol. i. p. 358.

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1944. [Exod. v. 7] A sun-dried brick of this description brought from the site of antient Babylon, may now be seen in the British Museum. It is of a friable nature, intermixed Such bricks are every where with pieces of broken reeds. found, in the dry and hot climates of the East. Egyptian pyramid of unburnt brick seems to be made of the earth brought by the Nile, being a sandy black earth, with some pebbles and shells in it: it is mixed up with chopped straw, in order to bind the clay together. (PocoCKE's Observations on Egypt, p. 53.) - The Chinese have great occasion for straw in making bricks, as they put thin layers of straw between them, without which they would, as they dried, run or adhere together.

MACARTNEY's Emb. p. 269.

Four miles to the south of Saccara stands a pyramid built of unburnt bricks. This is in a very mouldering state. The bricks contain shells, gravel, and chopped straw: they are of the same nature as the unburnt bricks in modern use in Egypt.

Dr. EDWARD DANIEL CLARKE.

1945. [ 12.] KALM, in his observations on the maize-fields near Philadelphia, appears to have clearly pointed out the distinction here referred to, hetween stubble and straw. The stalks of maize, he says, were in some fields cut a little below the ear, dried, and put up in narrow stacks in order to keep them as a food, or straw, for the cattle in winter. The lower part of the stalk, the stubble, had likewise leaves; but as these, whilst drying on the stalks in the open air, lose nearly all their virtue and flavor, the people, he adds, do not like to feed the cattle with them. This was undoubtedly, the kind of stubble gathered by the Israelites.The straw of rice is said to be excellent food for cattle; and in general they eat it very greedily.

See his Trav. in Pinkerton's Coll. part hii. pp. 428, 466.

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1948. [Exod. vi. 3] If the name Jehovah were the common appellation of the God of the Patriarchs, Moses's question, Exod. iii. 15, was needless, was impertinent: for God had before told him, v. 6, that He was "the God of his (Moses's) fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob." It is clear then that Moses, by asking what was the name of this same God of his fathers, knew not that he had any particular name; and that particular name Jehovah is now for the first time made known as the PECULIAR GOD of the Israelitish nation. It is granted, that the name Jehovah, once become the peculiar name of the God of the Hebrews, is indeed, by the writer of Genesis, often substituted for the more antient and more general name Elohim, or Shaddai, even in addresses to the Deity, or in relations concerning Him. But who scruples in this way, to say proleptically that the excellent Prelections on Hebrew Poesy were written by Bishop Lowth; although we know he was no bishop when he composed that work? Or that Pope Benedict XIV was the author of a celebrated work De Canonisatione Sanctorum; although he was only Cardinal Lambertini, when he wrote it?

See Dr. GEDDES' Critical Remarks, pp. 175 — 179.

In the four grand Revelations which have been successively made of God in Paradise, to Noah after the flood, to the Hebrews, and to Christians, - His first name is Elohim; His second, Shaddai or Adonai (the Beautiful, in allusion to the rain-bow around Him in the cloud Gen ix. 13); His third, Jehovah; and His fourth, Jesus the Christ, who also is represented as encompassed with a rain-bow of glory, Rev. See No. 681.

iv. 3.

1949. The land of Egypt] What we call Cairo in Egypt, does not in that country bear the name of El-Kahira, given it by its founder: the Arabs know it only by that of Masr; which has no known signification, but which seems to have been the antient Eastern name of the Lower Egypt. It is observable that this name Masr has the same consonants with that of Misr-im, used by the Hebrews; which, on account of its plural form, seems properly to denote the inhabitants of the Delta; while those of the Thebais are called Beni Kous, children of Kous (or Cush). VOLNEY'S Trav. vol. i. p. 233. And SHAW's Trav. p. 340, folio edit. note.

N. B. The town to the south of Cairo, called Mizr-elAttik or Old Mizr, is doubtless the Mizr of Holy Writ.

1950. [Exod. vii. 11.] The most extraordinary performance of the Indian jugglers, says TAVERNIER, consists of planting in the earth, in the view of the spectators, a branch

ened on the fourth, commenced on the fifth and continued till the seventh. Ibid. ix. 18-32.

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1955. The waters were turned into blood, and continued so for seven days; i. e. from the eighteenth to the 24th inclusive, of the sixth month altered to the twelfth in the year following. Exod. vii. 25.

2. The plague of frogs began on the 25th and ended on the 26th of the said month. Ibid. viii. 10.

3. The plague of lice [ticks] began and ended on the 27th. Ibid. viii. 17.

4. The flies appeared on the 29th, and disappeared, on the 30th. Ibid. viii. 24, 29.

5. The murrain of cattle, threatened on the 1st of Abib, commenced and ended on the 2d of that month. Ibid. ix. 3, 5, 6.

6. The boils appeared on the third.

Ibid. ix. 8, &c.

7. The thunder, rain, and hail mixed with fire, threat

8. The locusts, threatened on the seventh, appeared on Ibid. x. 4- 19. the eighth, and were removed on the ninth. 9. The three days' darkness commenced on the 10th, which was on a Thursday this year, answering to the thirtieth of our April. Ibid. xii. 3- 21.

10. The first-born, the priests, were smitten on the 14th, answering to our Monday, May 4th, in the evening. See USHER'S Annals, p. 14.

At the ending of this 14th day was celebrated the feast of the passover aud sweet-bread.

Univer. Hist.vol. ii. p. 521.

See No. 685, 690, 692, 697, 699, 695, 700, 698, 693, 694.

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1958. [22.] Under the Divine Government, what may be called the Egyptian fly appears to have been made occasionally an instrument of corrective punishment to man, in dispersing or even banishing into distant parts his flocks and herds. — This insect, the pest of all the countries from the mountains of Abyssinia northward, to the confluence of the Nile, has not been described by any naturalist. It is in size, very little larger thau a bee, of a thicker proportion, and its wings which are broader than those of a bee, placed separate like those of a fiy; they are of pure gauze, without color or spot on them; the head is large, the upper jaw or lip is sharp, and has at the end of it a strong-pointed hair, of about a quarter of an inch long; the lower jaw has two of these pointed hairs; and this pencil of hairs, when joined together, makes a resistance to the finger, nearly equal to that of a strong hog's bristle. Its legs are serrated in the inside, and the whole covered with brown hair or down. As soon as this plague appears, and its jarring humming buz is heard, all the cattle, even the camel, the elephant and rhinoceros, forsake their food, roll themselves in mud and mire, or run wildly about the plain till they die, worn out with fatigue, fright, and hunger. No remedy remains but to leave the black earth, and hasten down to the sands of Athara; and there they remain while the rains daring to pursue them further. land of Goshen or Geshen, the

last, this crucl enemy never It is well known that the possession of the Israelites,

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