The principal occupation of the inhabitants is in breeding neat cattle, sheep, and pigs, as also sheep of the country, or llamas. Here are many vicuñas, vizcachas, deer, cuyes, partridges, and water fowl of the lake; from which also there is a good supply of fish, both for this and the other provinces situate on its shore. The natives make voyages to the other provinces of the coast to carry chunos, dressed hides, and thread, and to take in exchange wines, brandies, and other productions. From the wools of the cattle the Indians fabricate their clothes, dying them of various colours.

The capital of this province was the settlement of the same name, and afterwards, from the population of this having declined, it was that of Huancane, until the discovery of the mines of Laicacota, when the latter asiento became the chief town; and after that, and at the present day, the town of Puno.

This province has various other rich mines in the mountains of Cancharani and of San Joseph, which have been worked with great benefit; particularly the former. On the n. of the aforesaid mountains is the mountain called Del Azogue (quicksilver), as having veins of this metal, and which in the time of the viceroy, the Count de Alva de Liste, was worked to such advantage as to excel both in the quality and quantity of its metal the mine of Guancavelica: for motives, however, of higher consideration, its further working was prohibited by the government; but since that time large proportions of silver have still been extracted from those mountains, and from that of Cancharani not less than 50,000 marks annually.

The Indians of some settlements of this province, who breed cattle, have a traffic of carrying to the mineral engines and mills much cow-dung, which they call taquia, and which they use for heating the metal instead of wood and coal, these articles being extremely dear. This practice is also adopted in the other provinces of the same temperature.

It had a repartimiento of 102,880 dollars, and it paid an alcavala of 832 dollars annually. Its inhabitants consists of more than 26,000 souls, divided into the following settlements :

VOL. IV.

.

PAUCARCOLLA, a settlement of this province, which, as we have observed, was the capital, until that having greatly fallen off in population it resigned this title in favour of the settlement of Huancane. It is situate on the shore of the lake Titicaca. Its natives became voluntarily subject to Iloque Yupanqui third emperor of Peru. It is inhabited by some Spanish families, and is of an healthy but cold climate.

PAUCARPATĂ, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Arequipa in Peru.

PAUCARTAMBO, a province and corregimiento of Peru; bounded n. w. and w. by that of Calca and Lares, n. e. and e. by the frontier of the infidel Indians, and s. by that of Quispicanchi. Its length is 26 leagues from n. to s. and from six to seven in width. Its temperature is cold on the heights, but in the low parts moderately warm. It produces a good quantity of wheat, barley, maize, papas, seeds, and other fruits. It is a ravine or large valley terminating in the mountains of the Andes, in which different fruit trees grow, such as papayas, lemons, watermelons, some cotton, and coca in abundance. The trees here are of excellent wood, and amongst the rest are fine cedars. Also here are parrots of different kinds, monkeys, tigers, and venomous reptiles.

Through this province passes a river, which comes from the lakes of the cordillera of Vilcanota, which, augmented by the waters of various small rivers and streams, forms a considerable body of water, in which they catch soles, dories, olive-fish, and other fish; this river bearing the name of the province.

Towards the frontiers of the infidel Indians it is not remembered that any conversions having been made; but, in 1767, a Dominican priest of the province of Quito, who arrived here whilst on the charitable commission of collecting funds for the building of the church of his convent, visited the mountain, and brought back with him some 300 barbarian Indians who, notwithstanding their inconstancy and rudeness, give grounds of expectation of a numerous conversion.

In the mountains of this province are clear in

L

dications of mines both of silver and gold, since the Indians, in some of the streams, pick up little lumps of these metals. There are no mines, however, that are worked, although there is evidently one of quicksilver. Its corregidor had a repartimiento of 59,600, dollars, and it paid an alcabala of 467 dollars annually. The inhabitants should amount to about 8000. The capital is the settlement of the same name, situate on the e. shore of the river of its name, 33 miles e. n. e. of the city of Cuzco, in lat. 13° 28′ s. and the settlements of its jurisdiction are,

Paucartambo, Calle, Colquepata,

Challabamba, Catca, Catcay,

Huayác, Huancana,

Cedros,

Chimor,

Amparaez.

PAUCARTAMBO, a settlement and asiento of mines of the former capital.

PAUCARTAMBO, another, of the province and corregimiento of Tarma in the same kingdom; where a fort has been built to restrain the incursions of the infidel Indians, the Chunchos inhabiting the mountains.

PAUCARTAMBO, a river of the province and corregimiento of its name, which rises near the capital, runs n. and joining itself with the Vilcomayo, the Vilcobamba, and afterwards the Apurimac, runs many leagues with various windings through the territory of the missions of Caxamarquilla, and reaches the Marañon or Amazon with the name of Ucayale, with a much enlarged stream.

PAUCAS, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Conchucos in Peru; annexed to the curacy of Uco.

PAUCHUTLA, a settlement of the head settlement of the district and alcaldía mayor of Zochiacatlán in Nueva España: of an hot temperature, and containing 50 families of Indians. Two leagues n. of its capital.

PAUCURA, a large and extensive valley of the province and government of Autoquia, in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada; bounded by the valley of Picará.

PAUHANAM, a river of the province and colony of Virginia in N. America.

PAUJI, a settlement of the province and government of Venezuela in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, on the coast.

[PAUKATUCK, a small river which empties into Stonington harbour, and forms a part of the division line between Connecticut and Rhode Island.]

[PAUL'S BAY, Sr. on the n. w. shore of the river St. Lawrence, in N. America, is about six leagues below Cape Torment, where a chain of mountains of 400 leagues in length terminate from the w.]

[PAUL'S BAY, ST. on the n. w. coast of Newfoundland Island. Lat. 49° 50′n. long.57°45′w.] [PAUL'S ISLAND, ST. an island in the strait between Newfoundland and Cape Breton islands. It is about 15 miles n. e. of North Cape, in Cape Breton. Lat. 47° 10' n. long. 60° 2′. w.]

[PAUL, ST. a town of N. America, in New Mexico, situated at the confluence of the two main head branches of the Rio Bravo.]

[PAUL, ST. the most s. of the Pearl islands, in the gulf of Panama, S. America. In the n. side is a safe channel; where, if necessary, there is a place for careening ships.]

[PAUL'S, ST. a parish in Charlestown district, S. Carolina, containing 3433 inhabitants; of whom 276 are whites, and 3202 slaves.]

[PAULINGSTOWN, or PAWLING, a township in Duchess county, New York, lying on the w. boundary of Connecticut, and has South and East Town on the s. In 1790, it contained 4330 inhabitants, of whom 42 were slaves; in 1796, there were 560 of the inhabitants qualified electors.]

[PAULIN'S KILL. See SUSSEX COUNTY, New Jersey.]

PAULO, S. or S. PABLO, a city of the province and captainship of S. Vicente, in the kingdom of Brazil, the capital of a small republic, separate from the government of the Portuguese, having its own laws, but tributary to this crown. It had its origin from some Mamelucs, a people composed of desperate banditti of all nations and colours, who, not conforming to the customs of more civilized life, and alike averse to all law, retired to the mountainous parts of the country, the same, however, not being deficient in natural fertility, and even in gold-mines. Here their numbers daily increased, till they became so formidable and independent as to call themselves the Paulistas, or inhabitants of the city of S. Paulo. This was the capital of their territory, and great was the zeal and skill they have manifested in its defence, and in the maintenance of their self-established rights: they were, however, at last overcome, and rendered so far tributary to the Portuguese monarch, that they were to pay to him the fifth part of what they extracted from their mines. These mines are exceedingly rich, and to work at them they are sedulous in their endeavours to entrap Spaniards, Portu

guese, and Indians. They have no religion whatever, but some dealings with the Spaniards and Portuguese of Paraguay.

The city is situate on an eminence, surrounded by the most craggy and inaccessible mountains, on the s. shore of the river Harihambú, or Tiete, in 46° 38′ w. long. 23° 32′ lat. s.

[The following particulars relating to this city are extracted from the work of Mr. Mawe, the traveller-St. Paul's, he observes, although on an elevated site, is not observed at any great distance in the road from Todos Santos. In its immediate neighbourhood the river runs parallel to the road, which it sometimes partially overflows, and covers with sand. To his left he observed a large astallage, or inn, where numbers of mules are unloaded, and travellers commonly pass the night. It consists of a very large shed, supported upon upright pieces of timber, with separate divisions for receiving the cargoes or burdens of the mules, each traveller occupying as many as his goods require; and there is a piece of ground, of about a hundred yards in circumference, planted with small upright stakes at ten or fifteen feet distance, to which the bridles of the mules are tied while they are fed, saddled, and loaded. These astallages are common in all parts of Brazil.

On entering the town, he was struck with the neat appearance of its houses, stuccoed in various colours; those in the principal streets were two or three stories high.

St. Paul's is situated on a pleasing eminence of about two miles in extent, surrounded on three sides by low meadow-land, and washed at the base by rivulets, which almost insulate it in rainy weather; it is connected with the high-land by a narrow ridge. The rivulets flow into a pretty large stream called Tieti, which runs within a mile of the town in a s. w. direction. Over them there are several bridges, some of stone and others of wood, built by the late governor. The streets of St. Paul's, owing to its elevation, (about 50 feet above the plain) and the water. which almost surrounds it, are in general remarkably clean; the material with which they are paved is lamillary grit-stone, cemented by oxide of iron, and containing large pebbles of rounded quartz, approximating to the conglomerate. This pavement is an alluvial formation containing gold, many particles of which metal are found in the chinks and hollows after heavy rains, and at such seasons are diligently sought for by the poorer sort of people.

This city was founded by the Jesuits, who were

probably tempted by the gold mines in the vicinity, more than by the salubrity of its air, which however is not excelled by any on the whole continent of South America. The medium of the thermometer here is between 50 and 80 degrees; in a morning Mr. Mawe observed it at 48°, and even lower, though he was not there in the winter months. The rains are by no means heavy or of long continuance, and the thunder-storms are far from being violent. The cold in the evenings was frequently considerable.

Here are several squares, and about thirteen places of religious worship, namely, two convents, three monasteries, and eight churches, the greater part of which, as well as of the whole town, is built of earth. The mode of erecting the walls is as follows: a frame is constructed of six moveable planks placed edge-wise, opposite each other, and secured in this position by crosspieces bolted with moveable pins. Earth is put in by small quantities, which the workmen beat with rammers, and occasionally moisten with water to give it consistency. Having filled the frame or trough, they remove it and continue the same operation till the whole shell of the house is completed, taking care to leave vacancies, and put in the window-frames, door-frames, and beams, as they proceed. The mass, in course of time, becomes indurated, the walls are pared perfectly smooth inside, and take any colour the owner chooses to give them; they are generally enriched with very ingenious devices. This species of structure is durable; some houses thus built have lasted two hundred years, and most of them have several stories. The roofs are made to project two or three feet beyond the wall, in order to throw off the rain to a distance from the base; spouts might be a more effectual preservative against wet, but their use is little known here. They cover their houses with gutter-tiles; but though the country affords excellent clay and plenty of wood, very few bricks are burnt.

The population of this place amounts to full 15,000 souls, perhaps nearer 20,000; the clergy, including all ranks of religious orders, may be ranked at 500. They are in general good members of society, free from that excessive bigotry and illiberality which is the reproach of the neighbouring colonies; and their example has so beneficial an effect on the rest of the inhabitants, that, according to Mr. Mawe's testimony, no stranger will be molested while he acts as a gentleman, and does not insult the established religion.

No endemial diseases at present prevail here.]

[The small-pox formerly, and indeed of late, made great havoc among the inhabitants; but its progress has been checked by the introduction of vaccine innoculation. Professors attended at a large hall belonging to the governor, to which the public were invited, and the operation was performed gratis. It is to be hoped, that the credit of this preventative will make its way among the people here, for they are not competent to enter into the merits of that controversy which injured it in Europe.

Here are few manufactures of any consequence; a little coarse cotton is spun by the hand, and woven into cloth, which serves for a variety of wearing apparel, sheets, &c. They make a beautiful kind of net-work for hammocks, which are fringed with lace, and form an elegant piece of furniture, being slung low, so as to answer the purpose of sofas. The ladies are particularly fond of using them, especially when the heat of the weather disposes them to case and indolence. The making of lace is a general employment for females, some of whom excel in it. The shopkeepers here are a numerous class, who, as in most colonial towns, deal in almost every thing, and sometimes make great fortunes. Here are few doctors of medicine, but many apothecaries; some silversmiths, whose articles are equally indifferent both in metal and workmanship; tailors and shoemakers in great numbers; and joiners, who manufacture very beautiful wood, but are not so moderate in their charges as the former classes of tradesmen. In the outskirts of the city live a number of Creolian Indians, who make earthen-ware for culinary purposes, large water-jars, and a variety of other utensils ornamented with some taste. The greatest proportion of the inhabitants consists in farmers and inferior husbandmen, who cultivate small portions of land, on which they breed large stocks of pigs and poultry for sale. With these the market is generally well supplied, and in the fruit season is also stored with pines, grapes, guavas, bananas, a few apples, and an enormous quantity of quinces.

Esculent plants are grown in great profusion and variety. Here is a favourite bulbous root called the cara, which is equal to the best potatoe, and even more farinaceous; it grows to about five inches in diameter, and affords excellent food, either boiled or roasted. Here are fine cabbages, salad-herbs, turnips, cauliflowers, artichokes, and potatoes; the latter, though very good, are little used: the sweet potatoe is in greater request among the natives. Maize, beans,

green-peas, and every species of pulse, flourish amazingly. Fowls are cheap; some are bought at three-pence and six-pence each; small pigs from one to two shillings, and flitches of bacon, cured after the mode of the country, at about two-pence per pound. Turkeys, geese, and ducks, are abundant, and reasonable in price; the latter are of the Muscovy breed, enormously large, some weighing ten or fourteen pounds. Here is a singular breed of cocks; they resemble the common English in plumage and shape, but they crow very loud, and continue their last note for a minute or two. When their voice is good, they are much esteemed, and are sent for as curiosities from all parts of Brazil. The cattle are in general good, considering that so little attention is paid to feeding them; when their pastures are full of grass, they are tolerably fat, but when otherwise, they become lean. A drove may be bought at 24s. or 30s. a head; beef at about a penny or three halfpence per pound. The curriers have a singular method of blackening cowhides and calf-skins: when they have prepared them for that operation, they search for some mud-hole at the bottom of a ferruginous stratum, a ditch for instance; with the mud they cover that side of the skin required to be stained; and they prefer this material to the solution of copperas, probably with reason, as the sulphate of iron formed by the decomposed pyrites acts more mildly in this state than when applied in the

common way.

The horses are very fine, and in general docile; when well trained they make excellent chargers. Their size is from 12 to 14 hands, and they vary in price from £3 to £12. Mules are considered more useful beasts of burden. The breed of sheep is quite unattended to, and mutton is rarely or never eaten. Here is a very fine and large breed of goats, whose milk is generally used for domestic purposes. The dogs are very indifferent, and of no distinct race.

Mr. Mawe, in his walks round the city, had frequent opportunities of examining the singular succession of horizontal strata, that form the eminence on which it stands. They lie in the following order :- first, one of red vegetable earth of variable depth, impregnated with oxide of iron; below that, sand and adventitious matter of different shades of colour, as ochre-red, brown, and dusky yellow, together with many rounded pebbles, which indicate it to be of rather recent formation; it varies in depth from three to six feet, or perhaps to seven, and its lower part is uniformly yellow: under this is a bed of ex-]

[ceedingly fine clay of various colours, but for the the most part purple; the white and yellow is the purest in quality; it is interveined with thin layers of sand in various directions. Then succeeds a stratum of alluvial matter, which is very feruginous; it rests on a half-decomposed substance, apparently migrating from a granite, in which the proportion of feld-spar exceeds that of the quartz and mica. The whole is incumbent on compact granite. The sides of the mount are steep, and in some places nearly perpendicular.

The fertility of the country around St. Paul's may be inferred from the quantities of produce, with which, as we have stated, its market is supplied. About a century ago, this track abounded with gold; and it was not until they had exhausted it by washing, that the inhabitants thought of employing themselves in husbandry. As they did so more from necessity than from choice, they were tardy in pursuing those improvements which other nations have made in this noble art, and, pining at the disappearance of the precious mineral, considered their new occupation as vile and degrading. Indeed throughout the whole of Brazil, the husbandmen have ever been considered as forming a class greatly inferior in point of respectability to the miners; and this prejudice will in all likelihood subsist until the country shall have been drained of its gold and diamonds, when the people will be compelled to seek in agriculture a constant and inexhaustible source of wealth.

Mr. Mawe thus describes the system of farming which at present prevails in the neighbourhood of St. Paul's. Land, in this extensive empire, is granted in large tracks, on proper application; and we may naturally suppose that the value of these tracts depends more or less on their situation. It therefore becomes the first object of a cultivator, to look out for unoccupied lands as near as possible to a large town; good roads and navigable rivers are the desiderata next in point of consequence which he attends to. When he has made choice of a situation, he applies to the governor of the district, who orders the proper officers to mark out the extent required, generally a league or a league and a half square, sometimes more. The cultivator then purchases as many Negroes as he can, and commences his operations by erecting habitations for them and himself, which are generally miserable sheds, supported by four posts, and commonly called ranchos. His Negroes are then directed to cut down the trees and brushwood growing on the land, to

such an extent as he thinks they will be able to manage. This done, they set fire to all they have cut, as it lies on the ground. Much of the success of his harvest depends on this burning; if the whole be reduced to ashes he expects a great crop ; if, through wet weather, the felled trees remain only half burnt, he prognosticates a bad one. When the ground is cleared, the Negroes dibble it with their hoes, and sow their maize, beans, or other pulse; during the operation they cut down they cut down any thing very much in the way, but never think of working the soil. After sowing as much seed as is thought requisite, they prepare other grounds for planting cassada, here called mandioca, the root of which is generally eaten as bread by all ranks in Brazil. The soil for this purpose is rather better prepared; it is raked up in little round hillocks, not unlike mole-hills, about four feet asunder; into which are stuck cuttings from branches of the plant, about an inch thick, and six or eight long; these soon take root, and put forth leaves, shoots, and buds. When enough has been planted for the entire consumption of the farm, the owner, if he is rich enough, prepares means for growing and manufacturing sugar. He first employs a carpenter to cut wood, and build a mill with wooden rollers for crushing the canes, by means of water if a stream is at hand, if not, by the help of mules. While some of the Negroes are assisting the carpenter, others are employed in preparing ground in the same way as for mandioca. Pieces of cane, containing three or four joints, and in length about six inches, cut from the growing stem, are laid in the earth nearly horizontally, and are covered with soil to the depth of about four inches. They shoot up rapidly, and in three months have a bushy appearance not unlike flags; in 12 or 15 months more they are ready for cutting. In rich virgin soil it is not uncommon to see canes 12 feet high, and astonishingly thick.

The Indian corn and pulse are in general ripe in four months or 18 weeks. The average return is 200 for one; it is a bad harvest when it falls short of 150.

The mandioca is rarely ready to take up in less than 18 or 20 months ; if the land be suitable, it then produces from six to 12 pound weight per plant. They grow very little indigo in this neighbourhood, and what they have is of indifferent quality. Their pumpkins are of enormous size, and sometimes are served up as table-vegetables, but more frequently given as food to the horses. horses. Melons are here scarcely palatable.

In no branch of husbandry are the farmers so]