[that, which, previous to the recent changes, used to be exported to the mother-country; a considerable quantity of inferior tobacco is annually sent to the African coast, for which they receive various articles in return.

Tobacco, Brazil wood, and the produce of the gold and diamond mines were wholly monopolized by the crown; and from the probable estimates given by different writers on the subject of Portuguese finance, the revenue they derived from these articles was very considerable. So carefully, however, was this subject guarded from all inquiry that it was impossible to attain a knowledge of the exact amount.

Though the trade of Todos Santos is not equal to that of Rio de Janeiro, it is nevertheless considerable; which, however, is rather imputable to its local advantages than to the industry of the inhabitants. Before the irruption of the French into Portugal, its principal trade was carried on directly with Lisbon and Oporto. Above fifty large vessels were employed in this trade, which supplied the colony with European manufactures, as well as various other commodities, such as wine, flour, butter, cheese, &c. In return they were freighted with tobacco, lignum vitæ, mahogany, and various other woods, both for useful and ornamental works; coffee, sugar, cotton, a variety of medicinal roots, gums, and balsams, dyeing woods, and an ardent spirit distilled from the juice of the cane mixed with molasses, but different in flavour from rum. The shops in Rio de Janeyro are filled with Manchester fabrics of different kinds; several of these are likewise to be found at St. Salvador; but the printed cottons most commonly in use here are extremely coarse, and and chiefly of Lisbon manufacture.

The colonial trade of Todos Santos is also very considerable. A great number of vessels of about two hundred and fifty tons burden are employed in it. They are loaded at Bahia with rum, sugar, earthenware, British,, and German goods, salt, &c. These cargoes are mostly disposed of in a contraband traffic with the Spaniards of Maldonado and Montevideo, and for which they are paid in silver. They bring home with them salt beef and hides. The beef, on their return, is sold by retail at about two vintims a pound to the poorer class of the inhabitants, as well as for the use of the slaves, and for victualling the shipping.

The inland trade, notwithstanding the indolence of the colonists, is also very considerable. Near a thousand launches, as Alcedo observes, and other small craft, are constantly arriving in

the bay with the various productions of the interior of their own and the adjoining captainships. These chiefly consist of tobacco, cotton, and drugs of various kinds, from Cachoiera, rum and oil from Itaporica, wood of different kinds from the province of Ilheos, salt fish from Porto Seguro; cotton, maize, sugar, fire-wood, &c. from the adjacent woods and rivers; and vegetables from the more immediate confines of the bay.

The cotton, which here forms an important staple of trade, after being landed, is deposited in a warehouse appropriated to the purpose, where it is sorted, weighed, and made up into bales for exportation. The different qualities are marked on the outside of these packages; and they remain in the warehouse till they are disposed of.

Foreigners of all nations were expressly prohibited from any kind of participation in the trade of Brazil: they were not even allowed to ship colonial produce in Portuguese bottoms. Such unjust and impolitic restrictions and monopolies, while they deadened industry, and shackled the fair trader, opened a wide field for smuggling. Hence a great quantity of British commodities were poured into Bahia and the other parts of Brazil by the Lisbon traders; which even the severe laws, inflicting a heavy fine upon the captain engaged in such trade, and transportation to Africa for three years, could not wholly prevent.

Notwithstanding the large quantity of specie in circulation, a great part of their commerce is conducted by barter. The people of Todos Santos are accused by some writers of practising a mean and knavish cunning in their mercantile dealings, especially with strangers, from whom, it is affirmed, they frequently ask double the price they will take; while, on the other hand, they endeavour to undervalue, by every artifice in their power, the articles offered to them in exchange. In a word, they are represented as being, with a few exceptions, wholly devoid of the feelings of honour, and destitute of that common sense of rectitude which ought to regulate every transaction between man and man.

Except tanning of leather, manufactures of every kind were expressly prohibited; and so strictly was this absurd law enforced, that a few years ago a cotton-spinner, who lately attempted to establish one near St. Salvador, was sent to Europe, and his machinery destroyed.

The coast round Todos Santos abounds with whales; only a few large boats are, however, employed in this fishery; and the oil procured]

[from those which are thus caught is by no means equal to the consumption; consequently it bears a high price.

The military establishment in this province is on the same footing as in Rio de Janeyro, and the other captainships of Brazil. The government is particularly strict, especially in St. Salvador and the other cities, in having all the young men enrolled either to serve in the regulars or in the militia. No rank, however high, is deemed sufficient to exempt them; even the Portuguese, as soon as they land, are liable to the same law while they remain in the colony, though they may be already enrolled to serve in the mother-country. Being a member of the holy office does not even appear to afford a sufficient protection. The capital of the bay and captainship of Todos Santos is San Salvador, which see. The bay lies in lat. 12° 42' s. and long. 38° 42' w.]

TODOS SANTOS, a settlement of the same name, of the province and corregimiento of Carangas in Peru, belonging to the archbishopric of Charcas, and annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Huachacalla.

TODOS SANTOS, another, of the head settlement of the district of Tlacotepec and alcaldía mayor of Tepeaca in Nueva España, containing 16 families of Spaniards and Mustees, and 67 of Indians two leagues from its head settlement. TODOS SANTOS, another, of the province and corregimiento of Angaraes in Peru, annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Acobamba.

TODOS SANTOs, another, of the head settlement of the district and alcaldía mayor of Cholula in Nueva España. It contains 17 families of Indians, and lies half a league to the n. of its capital.

TOES, a settlement, of the province and government of Popayán in the new kingdom of Granada.

TOGOBATCHE, a settlement of the province and colony of S. Carolina, situate on the shore and at the source of the river Albama.

TOGOSAHATCHEE, a small river of the province and government of Georgia in the United States of America, which runs s. e. and enters the Ocmulgi.

TOHIKON, an Indian settlement of Pennsylvania, on an arm of the Susquehannah.

TOICA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Huanta in Peru; annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Julcarmarca in the province of Angaraes.

TOJOQUA, a bay on the coast of the king

dom of Brazil, in the province and captainship of the Rio Janeyro.

TOJUCAS, a settlement of the province and captainship of Rey in the same kingdom as the former bay; situate on the shore of the river Tebiquari, near the coast.

TOLA, a settlement and port of the province and government of Esmeraldas in the kingdom of Quito; situate in an island on the shore of the river Bogotá.

TOLCAYUCA, a settlement of the jurisdiction and alcaldía mayor of Pachuca in Nueva España; annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Texayuca. It contains 105 families of Indians.

TOLD, a settlement of the island of Barbadoes, in the district of the parish of St. George. TOLEDO, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Paria and archbishopric of Charcas in Peru. It has a sanctuary of our Lady of Candelaria, much frequented by the Indians.

TOLIMAN, a settlement of the head settlement of the district and alcaldía mayor of Chilapa in Nueva España, belonging to the bishopric of Puebla de los Angeles. It contains no families of Indians, and is seven leagues to the w. of its capital.

TOLIMAN, another settlement, with the dedicatory title of San Pedro, in the head settlement of the district of Tuzcacuezco and alcaldía mayor of Amula in the same kingdom. It contains 38 families of Indians, who cultivate melons, which they sell to the other settlements. It is two leagues s. of its head settlement.

TOLIMANEJO, a ttlement of the head settlement of the district of Ixcateopan and alcaldía mayor of Tlapa in the same kingdom as the former. It is of a hot temperature, and contains only 11 families of Indians: two leagues n. e. of its capital.

[TOLLAND, a county of Connecticut, bounded n. by the state of Massachusetts, s. by New London county, e. by Windham, and w. by Hartford county. It is subdivided into nine townships, and contains 13,106 inhabitants, including 47 slaves. A great proportion of the county is hilly, but the soil is generally strong, and good for grazing.]

[TOLLAND, the chief town of the above county, was incorporated in 1715, and is about 12 miles n. e. of Hartford. It has a Congregational church, court-house, gaol, and 20 or 30 houses, compactly built, in the centre of the town.]

TOLONTA, a mountain of the kingdom of Quito to the w. n. w. of the city; where there is

an excellent quarry of marble resembling the Grecian, which was worked for some time, but is now abandoned.

TOLOUROU, islands in the N. Sea, and near the coast of the county of the Amazonas, at the entrance of the river of this name.

TOLOUSE, or TOLOSA, a sea-port formerly called St. Peter, in the Royal Island, or Cape Breton, in N. America, at the entrance of the Strait of Fronsac. It lies in a kind of gulf called Little St. Peter, and the island of this name is in front of that of Maurepas.

TOLOUSE, a fort built by the French in the province and colony of S. Carolina; situate on the shore of the river Albama, which name it also has. It is just at the confluence of the Albama with the Cousa, and is 50 miles from La Movila, and, by the navigation of the river, 180.

TOLPAN, a river of the island of Laxa, in the kingdom of Chile, which runs w. and enters the Vergara.

TOLTEN, a river of the kingdom of Chile, which rises from the lake Mallabauquen, laves Villa-Rica, runs n. and enters the Pacific Sea, after collecting the waters of several other rivers, seven leagues to the w. of the port of Imperial, and forms a bay in lat. 39° 11's.

TOLTEN, Some lakes of the same kingdom, forming an arm, or waste-water, of the former river.

TOLU, SANTIAGO DE, a town of the province and government of Cartagena in the new kingdom of Granada, founded by Pedro de Heredia in 1534. It is of a very hot temperature, but healthy, and abounding and fertile in grain, especially maize, and some trees, from which is extracted the celebrated balsam of Tolu, so renowned for curing of wounds, and on which account it is a considerable branch of commerce. This town has been several times pillaged by English and French pirates. [It is very near the sea-coast, 55 miles s. of Cartagena, in lat. 9° 32′ n. and long. 75° 30' w.]

TOLU, another settlement, with the additional title of Viejo (Old), of the province and government of the former town; situate 12 miles e. from the former, on the shore of the river Pechelin.

TOLUCA, a jurisdiction and alcaldía mayor of Nueva España. Its district is limited, and its temperature cold; but it is very fertile, and abounding in fruits of this climate, such as maize, and beans, and barley, of which they gather large crops in a certain valley, and carry

VOL. IV.

on a thriving commerce. But the most lucrative of all are its breeds of swine, which are fatted for the supply of Mexico and other provinces. Its population is composed of 17 settlements, so close to each other, that none of them are more than a league and a half apart.

TOLUCA, the capital, is the city of the same name, nicely constructed, with streets well disposed, and handsome squares and buildings. It belongs to the estate of the Marquis of Valle, and contains 412 families of Indians, 618 of Spaniards, Mustees, and Mulattoes, and has four convents of religious, namely, of S. Francisco, La Merced, of bare-footed Carmelites, and S. Juan de Dios, with an hospital. In its parishchurch is venerated an image of Christ crucified, which was brought some few years after it was made to be disposed of by two youths, who demanded for it 33 dollars, and which, whilst the purchaser was gone to fetch the money to pay for it, was left by the said youths, who suddenly disappeared. This circumstance soon reached the ears of the priest, who determined to give it a place in the church, and it is honoured yearly with a grand feast and procession; and it appears that the faith of the inhabitants has been frequently rewarded by miracles of the Divine. mercy, as appears by authenticated testimonies, as related by Don Joseph Villaseñor, and Sanchez in his Teatro Americano.

[Humboldt describes this city as standing at the foot of the porphyry mountain of San Miguel de Tutucuitlalpilco, in a valley abounding with maize and maguey (agave). He calculates its height at 2687 metres, or 8813 feet.

It is 19 miles w. s. w. of Mexico, in lat. 19° 16′ n. and long. 99° 21′ 30′′ w.]

The other settlements of its district are the following:

San Francisco, San Pablo, San Christoval, San Andres, Tecaxic,

Santa Ana, San Juan, San Geronimo, San Pedro, San Mateo, San Lorenzo, San Bartolomé, Capultitlan, Santa Cruz, [TOM's Creek, in New Jersey, which separates the towns of Dover and Shrewsbury.]

S. Buenaventura, San Antonio, Ostotitlán, Cacamoloatlan.

[TOMACO, a large river of Popayán, and Tierra Firme, S. America, about nine miles n. e. of Galla Isle. About a league and a half within the river is an Indian town of the same name,

4 F

and but small, the inhabitants of which commonly supply small vessels with provisions, when they put in here for refreshment.]

TOMAHAVE, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Porco in Peru.

[TOMAHAWK Island, on the e. coast of Patagonia, is 24 miles n. e. of Seal's Bay.]

TOMALA, a settlement of the district of Ixtlahuaca and alcaldía mayor of Colima in Nueva España. It is of a hot temperature, situate at the skirt of a mountain, and inhabited by 30 families of Indians: one league to the s. of its head settlement.

TOMALTEPEC, SANTO DOMINGO DE, a settlement of the head settlement of the district of Cuilapa and alcaldía mayor of Quatro Villas, in the same kingdom as the former. It contains 74 families of Indians, who live by the cultivation and commerce of cochineal, seeds, fruits, and coal, and cutting of wood. It is two leagues to the e. of its head settlement.

TOMANGA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Vilcas Huaman in Peru; annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Chuschi.

TOMATLAN, a settlement of the head settlement of the district and alcaldia mayor of the town of La Purificacion in Nueva España; situate four leagues from the coast of the S. Sea and port of Chametlán, the population of which is occupied in watching vessels that may appear off the coast, and are constantly the first to see the galleon which comes from the Philippines. It is eight leagues to the w. of its capital.

TOMATLY, a settlement of Indians of the province and colony of N. Carolina; situate on the shore and at the source of the river Euphasee.

TOMAVELAS, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Chimbo in the kingdom of Quito.

[TOMBA River, on the coast of Peru, is between the port of Hilo and the river of Xuly or Chuly. There is anchorage in this river in 20 fathoms, and clean ground. Lat. 17° 50' s.] [TOMBIGBEE River, is the dividing line between the Creeks and Chactaws. Above the junction of Alabama and Mobile rivers, the latter is called the Tombigbee river, from the fort of Tombigbee, situate on the . side of it, about 96 miles above the town of Mobile. The source of this river is reckoned to be 40 leagues higher up, in the country of the Chickasaws. The fort of Tombigbee was captured by the British, but

abandoned by them in 1767. The river is navigable for sloops and schooners about 35 leagues above the town of Mobile: 130 American families are settled on this river, that have been Spanish 'subjects since 1783.]

[TOME, S. a settlement of Indians of the province and government of Buenos Ayres; situate on the w. bank of the Uruguay, in lat. 28° 32′ 49′′ s. and long. 55° 57′ 43′′ w.] [TOME, S. See ST. THOMAS.]

TOME, a port of the coast of the kingdom of Chile, in the Bay of Concepcion, little frequented and insecure.

TOMEBAMBA, a settlement of the province and government of Popayán, in the new kingdom of Granada.

TOMECBE, a settlement of the province and colony of S. Carolina in N. America.

TOMEPAMPA, a small and poor settlement of Indians of the kingdom of Quito, in the s. part. It was celebrated in former times for the sumptuous edifices it had in it belonging to the Incas, and especially a magnificent temple which they had built and dedicated to the Sun, of which the vestiges still remain.

TOMEPAMPA, another settlement, in the province and corregimiento of Condesuyos of Arequipa in Peru.

TOMEPENDA, a settlement of the province and government of Jaen de Bracamoros in the kingdom of Quito; situate in a beautiful, delightful plain at the junction of three large rivers, namely, the Chachapoyas, Chinchipe, and Maráñon. It is of a warm and moist temperature, but very fertile, abounding in tobacco, cotton, honey, and wild wax, and is surrounded with thick woods. It is in lat. 5° 33′ 12′′′ s.

TOMIAN, a settlement of the missions which were held by the regular company of the Jesuits in the province of Taraumara and kingdom of Nueva Vizcaya; situate 46 leagues to the w. s. w. of the real of mines of Chiguagua.

TOMIDO, a settlement of the province and captainship of S. Vicente in Brazil; situate on the shore and at the source of the river Pez.

TOMINA, a province and corregimiento of the kingdom of Peru; bounded n. by the great valley of Santa Cruz and the province of Mizque, e. by the territories of the infidel Chiriguanos Indians, s. by the province of Pomabamba, and s. w. and w. by that of Yamparaes. It is 24 leagues in length from n. to s. and 70 in circumference. Its temperature is hot, and in some of its valleys excessively so. In it are some sugar

cane estates, the plants of which are accustomed to last thirty years. In its lofty parts are bred large and small cattle, and some horses.

The rivers which water this province are small, and, united, form one called El Dorado, which runs to the e. It is also traversed and irrigated in some degree by the river Grande, which divides it from the jurisdiction of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, at the e. side of which it gives a turn so as to incorporate itself with the Marmore. In the district of Magocaya are two considerable lakes, and in that of the curacy of Villar many irruptions have been experienced from the Chiriguanos, notwithstanding a bulwark formed by many friendly settlements of Indians, who are in strict alliance, and who consist, at the present time, of Christians to the number of 100, living dispersed in their small estates, and being instructed in their faith by a priest appointed through the vigilance of the diocesan. Before coming to these settlements there is one of Chanaes Indians, who, flying from the servitude of the Chiriguanos, sought permission, in the year 1746, to establish themselves there, offering themselves to become Christians, but which, to the present hour, has never been effected. In one of the estates, called Olopo, of the district of the town of Tomina, the inhabitants are notorious for being of a pigmy race, and all of them are afflicted with tumours in the throat, which causes them to look hideous. The inhabitants of this province amount to 12,000. The capital is the town of its name, about 55 miles e. from Chusiqusaca, or La Plata, and when there was a corregidor, he resided in it, and held a repartimiento of 31,067 dollars, paying an alcavala of 248 annually.

[TOMISCANING, or TOMMISKAMAIN, a lake of N. America, which sends its waters s. e. through Ottawas river into Lake St. Francis, in St. Lawrence river. The line which separates Upper from Lower Canada, runs up to this lake by a line drawn due n. until it strikes the boundary line of Hudson's Bay, or New Britain.]

TOMOCORO, a settlement of the province and government of Maracaibo in the new kingdom of Granada; situate within the lake, on the e. side.

TOMOLA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Chichas and Tarija in Peru, of the district of the former, and annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Calccha.

TOMONIMES, a barbarous and ferocious nation of Indians of Brazil, who dwell near the river Paranayba, and to the w. of the province

and captainship of Espiritu Santo. The Portuguese, on various occasions, have put them to the rout, destroying their villages, but were never able to subject them. They are cruel and treacherous. The principal settlement is called Morogagen.

[TOMPSONTOWN, a village of Pennsylvania, in Mifflin County, containing about_a dozen houses. It is 22 miles from Lewistown.]

TOMULA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Chichas and Tarija in Peru, annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Calccha. TONACATEPEC, a head settlement of the district of the alcaldía mayor of Tepozcolula in Nueva España. It contains 16 families of Indians, who occupy themselves in the cultivation and commerce of cochineal.

TONACATEPEC, another settlement, in the province and alcaldía mayor of Salvador in the kingdom of Guatemala.

TONACUSTLA, a settlement of the head settlement of the district of Huipuxtla and alcaldía mayor of Tepetango in Nueva España. It contains 65 families of Indians.

TONAGUI, a settlement of the head settlement of the district of Tocontepec and alcaldía mayor of Villalta in the same kingdom as the former. It is of a cold temperature, contains 31 families of Indians, and is five leagues to the e. of its capital.

TONALA, a jurisdiction and alcaldía mayor of the kingdom of Nueva Galicia and bishopric of Guadalaxara. Its jurisdiction is very limited and reduced, inasmuch as it comprehends only two head settlements, and it is scantily supplied with productions; these consisting of merely some seeds and fruits of the country. The temperature is cold.

TONALA, the capital, is the settlement of the same name, in which is a convent of the religious of S. Augustine. Its population is composed of 25 or 30 families of Mustees and Mulattoes, and 84 of Indians employed in the cultivation of maize; but its principal commerce is in the making of earthenware, with which it supplies other jurisdictions. It is four leagues from Guadalaxara. The two aforesaid settlements are San Pedro and San Martin.

TONALA, another settlement, the head settlement of the district of the jurisdiction and alcaldía mayor of Guajuapa in Nueva España. It is of a mild temperature, and its population is composed of 20 families of Spaniards, Mustees, and Mulattoes. It has a convent of the religious of S. Domingo. Fifteen settlements of its dis