dians; and is five leagues from its head settle

ment.

[TANSA, a branch of the river Mobile. Three leagues below the Alabama Branch.]

TANTAMAYO, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Huamalies in Peru; annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Chavin de Pariarca.

TANTIMA, S. JUAN DE, a principal and head settlement of the district of the alcaldía mayor of Tampico in Nueva España. It is of a hot temperature, situate amongst some rough serranías; contains 583 families of Indians, who occupy themselves in the cultivation of sugarcanes, of which they make honey and loaf-sugar; and in the above number are included the Indians of the four small wards of its district. Fifteen leagues e. of its head settlement.

TANTOYUCA, a settlement and capital of the same alcaldía mayor as the former. It is of a hot and dry temperature, its population being composed of 306 families of Mexicanos and Guastecos Indians, and 150 of Spaniards; whose commerce consisted in salt, which was brought in vessels from Campeche to the port of Tampico, and which they immediately exchanged with the other jurisdictions for other necessaries. This traffic has, however, fallen away completely, from the great increase in the price of salt; and thus the settlement as well as the district has fallen greatly into decay, the inhabitants having, for their livelihood, put into work some sugarengines, cultivating the sugar-cane and some grains. It has a good convent of Augustins, and to these the curacy belonged before the arrival of the clergy. Šixty leagues n. e. by n. of

Mexico.

TANZITARO Y PIZANDARO, an alcaldía mayor of the province and bishopric of Mechoacán. It is 35 leagues long from e. to w. and 32 wide from n. to s. The temperature is generally cold, although there are some mild and hot parts. It abounds very much in waters, which although they render the territory fertile, are the cause of great sickness. It produces many kinds of grain, especially rice, with which it supplies the other jurisdictions; and also honey, fruit, and some cattle.

TANZITARO Y PIZANDARO, the capital, is situate on the highest part of the sierra of Mechoacán; on which account it is extremely cold, snow constantly falling here when it rains in other parts; and this snow lasts on the ground till the return of summer. It enjoys a very pure and salutary air, and has abundance of the most de

Paraquaro,

Santa Ana Tetlama,

San Juan de los Plá- Santiago Thomatlán,
tanos,
Alina,
Tepalcatepec.

Sta. Ana Amatlán, TANZOZOB, a settlement of the head settlement of the district of Tamazunchale, and alcaldía mayor of Valles in Nueva España; situate in the craggy part of the sierra, where the soil produces nothing. It is situate in the limits dividing this alcaldía from that of Cadreita; and is 20 leagues from its head settlement.

[TÃOO, the most s. of the Friendly Islands, in the S. Pacific Ocean, is about 10 leagues in circuit, and so elevated as to be seen at the distance of 12 leagues.]

[TAOS, a town of the province of Nuevo Mexico; which Humboldt states to be placed in the old maps 62 leagues too far n. under lat. 40°. Population 8900.]

[TAOS Village, is situate on the e. side of the grand river Del Norte, about 67 miles n. of Santa Fé, capital of Nuevo Mexico. It is believed at New Mexico that the river which rises to the n. e. of this village, and receives the river Mora, is the same which in Louisiana is called the Red River. This last, joining the Oxen and Black River, falls into the Mississippi below Fort Adams. This village is in lat. 37° 19′ n. and long. 104° 36' w.]

[TAOUKA, an island in the S. Pacific Ocean, one of the Society Islands. Lat. 14° 29′s. Long. 144° 59' w.

TAPACARI, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Cochabamba in Peru.

TAPACRIC, a large and ancient settlement of Peru, the capital of a province of the same name, which extended itself from the lake Titicaca to the source of the river Chopare, for more than 40 leagues. It had its peculiar princes, the last of whom was named Cari, and who delivered himself up with all his vassals to Capac-Yupanqui, fifth monarch of the Incas. It is now a miserable village; situate near the source of the river Condorillo. [In lat. 18° 10' s.]

TAPACROYA, a settlement of the province and captainship of Rey in Brazil; situate on the s. coast of the Bay of Tapicú.

TAPACURES, a barbarous nation of Indians but little known, of the province and government of Moxos in the kingdom of Quito. They dwell on the e. side of the river Sara, and on the n. of the nation of the Chiquitos and of Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

TAPACURES, a very lofty mountain of the province of Charcas in the kingdom of Peru.

TAPACURO, a small river of the province and captainship of Pernambuco in Brazil. It rises near the coast, runs e. and enters the sea close to Cape San Agustin.

TAPADO, a small river of the province and captainship of Tamaraca in Brazil, which rises near the coast, runs e. and enters the sea between the river Doce and the town of Olinda.

TAPAHANOCK, a settlement of the province and colony of Virginia in N. America, and of King and Queen's County, on the shore of the river Rapahanock, near where this enters the

sea.

TAPAIRIHUA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Aimaraez in Peru; annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Acobamba. TAPAJOCOS. See TOPAYOS.

TAPALAGA, a settlement of the province and alcaldía mayor of Los Zoques in the kingdom of Guatemala.

TAPANACA, a settlement of the province and government of Darien and kingdom of Tierra Firme, near the coast of the N. Sea, and on the shore of the river Tarena.

TAPANATEPEC, a settlement of the province and alcaldía mayor of Chiapa in the kingdom of Guatemala; situate at the foot of the mountains of Quelenes, and in the interior of a bay of the S. Sea, according to the description given by the Fr. Thomas Gage. It is one of the most pleasant and delightful settlements in that country, abounding in flesh, fowl, fruits, and fish, and the latter from being near to a river and to the sea; nor is it without excellent pastures, wherein are large breeds of cattle; nor without groves of oranges, lemons, citrons, figs, and other fruits.

TAPANZAQUECO, a settlement of the alcaldía mayor of Villalta in Nueva España. It is of a cold temperature, contains 52 families of Indians, and is 12 leagues w. by s. of its capital. TAPAOY, a settlement of the head settlement of the district of Amatlán and alcaldía mayor of Guauchinango in Nueva España.

TAPAQUIRE, a settlement of the province and government of Spanish Guayana or Nueva Andalucía; [situate about 12 miles s. of the river

Orinoco, and about 41 s. w. of St. Tome, and e. of the city of real Corona.]

TAPAQUIRE, a small river of the province and government of Guayana or Nueva Andalucía, which runs n. and enters the Orinoco; on which the former settlement is situate.

TAPARI, BARRA DE, a sand-bank near the coast of the province and captainship of Marañan in Brazil, on the side of the large shoal of Coroa.

TAPARICA, a large island of the Bay of Todos Santos or Bahia in Brazil; the largest, most populous, and fertile of all those in that bay. As it has the continent on the e. side, this island defends the entrance of the bay, the dis tance between the island and the main-land that is between this island and Point St. Antonio, being 74 miles. Upon the point or extremity is the fort of San Antonio, and a settlement called La Ciudad Vieja, in lat. 13° s.

TAPAY, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Collahuas in Peru; annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Madrigal.

TAPAYA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Chancay, in the same kingdom as the former; annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Sayán.

[TAPAYOS, or TAPAJOS. See TAPOYAES.] TAPAYULA, SAN FRANCISCO DE, a settlement of the head settlement of the district of Za

potitlan, and alcaldía mayor of Zacatlan in Nueva España. Two leagues from its head settlement. TAPE. See GUAIRA.

TAPE. Some mountains of the province and government of Paraguay, between the river Teboropi, and the Rio Grande of the captainship of Rey in Brazil.

TAPERADAS BOCAS, a settlement of the province and captainship of Pará in Brazil, on the shore of the river of Las Amazonas, and in the arm formed by the island of Marayo.

TAPES, a settlement of the province and captainship of Rey in Brazil, on the shore of the river Tebiquari.

TAPIA, a settlement of the province and government of Cartagena, in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, on the shore of one of the arms of the river Cauca.

TAPIA, another settlement, in the province and government of Tucumán and kingdom of Peru, in the district and jurisdiction of the capital, on the shore of the river Choromoros.

TAPIA, another, of the province and government of Guayana or Nueva Andalucía; situate on the shore of the river Arvi.

TAPIA, another, of the kingdom of Chile, which runs n. n. w. and enters the Valdivia.

TAPICU, Bay of, on the coast of the province and captainship of Rey in Brazil; between the Bay of Tajay and the island of Bepitanga.

TAPICU, a river of the province and captainship of Marañon in Brazil. It runs n. between the rivers Mejari and Masseita, and enters the sea in the Bay of Marañan.

TAPICURO, a settlement of the province and captainship of Todos Santos in Brazil; situate on the shore of the river of its name, near its mouth.

TAPICURO. This river rises near the coast, runs nearly due e. and enters the sea between the Ponica and Cape Color.

TAPICURU, a river of the same kingdom as the former. It rises in the mountains of the interior, runs n. forming a curve, and enters the sea in the captainship of Marañan, opposite the island of San Luis.

TAPILULA, a settlement of the alcaldía mayor of Los Zoques in the kingdom of Guatemala. TAPION, a settlement of the island of St. Domingo in the French part; situate between the Petit Goave and Trou de Juan Roger.

TAPIROZA, ESTRECHO DE, a strait or channel formed in the middle of the Bay of Marañan, by the island San Luis with the continent, and defended by the castle and fort of Santa Maria.

TAPISI, a large and abundant river of the kingdom of Peru, which rises from the mountains of Cocamas, or Conomamas, to the s. runs n. for more than 25 leagues, and then forms a lake which is known by the same name. It afterwards pursues from a n. to a n. w. course, and enters the Ucayale in lat. 5° 13' s.

TAPITAY, a settlement of the province of Gairá and government of Paraguay in Peru; situate on the shore of the river Paraná, and on the skirt of the sierra of Maracayu.

TAPO, a rapid river, called also Tarma, in Peru, as being on the confines of this province, on the e. part. It is only passable in the part called El Balzadero de Chancha-Mayu in balsas, or rafts, made of reeds.

TAPOANA, a river of the province and captainship of Rio Janeiro in Brazil. It runs e. and enters the sea between the settlement of Paraiba of the s. and the Irutiba.

TAPOCALMA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Itata in the kingdom of

VOL. IV.

TAPOCAYA, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Tomina in Peru.

TAPORICA, a small island of the N. Sea, near the coast of Brazil, in the province and captainship of Todos Santos, and in the entrance of the bay.

TAPORO, a settlement of the government of Maracaibo and province of Venezuela, in the Nuevo Reyno de Granada, on the e. coast of the lake of that name, and in the interior of the pro

vince.

TAPOUCHAS, a settlement of Indians of the province and colony of S. Carolina, on the shore of a river.

TAPOYAES, TAPAYOS, TAPOIS, or TAPAJos, a river of the captainship of Matto Grosco. It rises in the country of the Itenes or Ytenese Indians, runs s. s. w. and enters the river Itenes, about 30 miles n. w. of Fort de Principe de Beira.

[This magnificent river, which derives its copious sources, flowing through numerous large branches, from the abovementioned captainship, runs n. between the Madeira and the Chingu for 300 leagues, flowing into the Amazonas, in lat. 2° 27′ s. and long. 54° 36′ w. which is nearly the geographical position of the town of Santarem; situate about 20 miles e. of its mouth, and 350 w. from the city of Para. In some of the plains in which this river rises, are those called Parexis, that is from an Indian nation which inhabits them. These plains occupy a vast space, not level, but formed by undulating heaps of sand and light earth, resembling large waves. The spectator who is in the midst of them ever sees before him a distant and extended mount; he advances towards it by a gentle and long declivity, traverses the plain, and advances by an ascent equally gentle, until he gains imperceptibly the heights he saw; another eminence then presents itself, and he proceeds with the same recurring circumstances. The soil of these wide plains is sandy, and so light that loaded beasts in passing sink into it so much as to impede their progress. The pasturage is poor, consisting of a grass composed of wiry stalks a foot high, and small rough lancet-shaped leaves; the animals in grazing pluck them up with the roots covered with sand; on this account the passage by land is difficult and tedious; though, on finding any of the streams, which abound in these plains, there is grass and other mild herbage, which afford them tolerable pasturage.]

3 т

[The plains of Parexis form, to a large extent and breadth, the summit of those high mountains of the same name, and are situate on some of the most elevated land in all Brazil. In these plains and mountains are the origins of many very large rivers, which flow down from them on all sides; the Paraguay, as well in its own numerous heads, the principal of which are, the Jauru, the Sypotuba, and the Cuiaba; and the Madeira, which is the largest river that flows into the Amazonas on the s. has some of its sources in these mountains, though its most remote sources are in the mountains to the n. of Potosi in

Peru.

The Tapajos, flowing in a direction contrary to that of the above-named river (the Paraguay) rises in these mountains. Its easternmost branch is the river Arinos, which entwines its sources with those of the Cuiaba at a short distance from those of the Paraguay. The river Arinos has a w. branch, called Rio Negro, from which, to the point where it is navigable, there is a passage of eight leagues over-land to the river Cuiaba, below its upper and greatest falls; and, in like manner, from the Arinos itself the passage to the same part of the river Cuiaba is 12 leagues.

The Arinos is auriferous at its springs, and in

1747 the mines of Santa Isabel were discovered in it, but immediately abandoned, as not answering the expectations created in those fortunate times by the great quantities of gold drawn from the mines of Cuiaba and Matto Grosso. The lands were infested by dangerous tribes of war

like Indians.

The river Sumidouro empties itself on the s. side into the Arinos, and its source being a short distance from that of the Sypotuba, a large w. branch of the Paraguay, there is an easy communication from one river to the other. The famous discoverer, João de Souza Echevedo, in 1746 made this passage: he descended the river Cuiaba, and sailing up the Sypotuba to its very sources, he there passed his canoes over-land into the Sumidouro, which he navigated, following the current, notwithstanding that the river runs for some distance under ground, and thence derives its appellation. After this, he passed into the Arinos, and thence into the Tapajos, where he surmounted the falls, though more difficult than those of the Madeira, and discovered many symptoms of gold in the river of Tres Barras, a w. arm of the Tapajos, 100 leagues below the springs of the Arinos. West of the Sumidouro, and in the plains of Parexis, the river Xacuru

tina has its origin to the n. of the river Jauru: it is famous for a lake, situate in one of its branches, where every year is produced a great quantity of salt, which is a constant cause of war among the Indians. Some navigators make the Xacurutina an arm of the Arinos, and others of the Sumidouro. In these plains of Parexis, terminating to the w. in the high mountains so denominated, which, extending 200 leagues in a n. n. w. direction, front the Guapore at à distance of 15 or 20 leagues, springs the river Juruena, between the heads of the Jauru and the Gua pore, a league w. of the former and two e. of the latter. This river, the largest and westernmost branch of the Tapajos, rises in lat. 14° 42' s. 20 leagues n. n. e. of Villa Bella, and, running n. 120 leagues, flows into the Arinos, and with it forms the bed of the Tapajos.

The Juruena receives on both sides many small rivers, those from the w. affording many practicable communications by short passages overland with the Guapore and its confluent streams. The uppermost of these, which is nearest to Villa Bella, is the Securiu, navigable even there, and almost to its source. This is a league n. of the principal source of the river Sarare, which, a quarter of a league from its head, is three yards deep and five broad. Thus sailing up the Juruena into the Securiu, and making from its source the short land-passage of a league to the Sarare, the navigator may reach Villa Bella in less than eight days, without any other obstacle than that of the fall formed by the Sarare, three leagues below its source, where it precipitates itself from the Parexis mountains on the w. slope: this difficulty may be surmounted in detail, or by at once passing the four leagues, for the Sarare from its fall becomes immediately navigable to the capital of Matto Grosso. A league n. of the source of the Sarare is the first head of the river Galera, the second confluent of the Guapore below Villa Bella; and a league e. of the same head rises the Ema, a w. branch of the Securiu, affording equal facility of communication. The Galera has three other sources n. of the first in the plains of the Parexis, all ample streams; the last and most n. called Sabara, is distant little more than a league from the source of the river Juina, a large w. branch of the Juruena. Thus, by the Juina and the Securiu, with a crossing of five or six leagues, so as to pass the falls of the Galera on the w. scarp of the mountain, the Ju-. ruena may be connected with the Guapore.

Lastly, the Juruena may be navigated to its upper fall, which is within two leagues of its own]:

[source. The fall is formed by two small leaps, the river being, even in this part, 30 yards broad and of great depth; from hence downwards it flows with great rapidity, yet its falls are not greater, and are more passable, than those of the Arinos. With the same circumstances, and by similar short land-passages, a communication is practicable from the Juruena with the rivers Guapore and Jauru, which are to the e. of it, although these two rivers precipitate themselves from the s. side of the Parexis mountains, where they rise, and immediately form numerous and extensive falls.

From the geographical position of the Tapajos, it is evident that this river facilitates navigation and commerce from the maritime city of Para to the mines of Matto Grosso and Cuiaba, by means of its large branches, the Juruena and Arinos. If the short passages over-land should be found troublesome to drag canoes, the goods may be forwarded immediately on mules. This navigation to Matto Grosso is at least 200 leagues shorter than that performed through the Madeira and Guapore; it is consequently less tedious and expensive, and equally advantageous to the mines of Cuiaba. The navigation of the river Tapajos might lead also to new discoveries in the vast unexplored parts of this river, up to its entrance into the plains of the Parexis, and their products might add to those of the extensive regions on the Amazonas. Besides this, the river is known to be auriferous for a great part of its course it is known also, that, passing from the Juruena into its w. arm, the river Camarare, and the heads of the river Jamary or Das Candeas, which, running in broad streams down the e. side of the Parexis Mountains, enters the Madeira, there are mines which have inspired great hopes, though but lately seen, after a fruitless search of 20 years.-Mawe's Travels.]

TAPOYAES Indians. See TAPUYES.] TAPPAHANNOCK, a post-town and port of entry of Virginia in Essex County, between Dangerfield on the n. and Hoskin's Creek on the s. and on the s. w. bank of Rappahannock River, 45 miles from Richmond, 46 from Williamsburg, and 37 from Fredericksburg. It is also called Hobbes' Hole; which see. It is laid out regularly, on a rich plain, and contains about 100 houses, an episcopal church, a court-house, and gaol; but is rather unhealthy. The exports for one year, ending September 30, 1794, amounted to the value of 160,673 dollars.]

[TAPPAN, a town of New York, in the s. e. part of Orange County, about four miles from

the n. bank of Hudson's River, and at the s. end of the Tappan Sea. Here is a reformed Protestant Dutch church. Major Andre, adjutantgeneral of the British army, suffered here as a spy, October 2, 1780; having been taken on his way to New York, after concerting a plan with Major-general Arnold for delivering up West Point to the British.]

[TAPPAN Sea, or Bay, a dilatation of Hudson's River, in the State of New York, opposite the town of Tappan, and 32 miles n. of New York City; immediately s. of and adjoining Haverstraw Bay. It is 10 miles long and four wide, and has on the n. side fine quarries of a reddish free-stone, used for buildings and grave-stones; which are a source of great wealth to the prietors. See STEEP ROCKS.]

pro

TAPU, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Tarma in Peru; annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Acobamba.

TAPU, another settlement, in this province and kingdom.

TAPUAS, a village of the Portuguese, in the province and captainship of Marañan and kingdom of Brazil; situate on the w. coast of the Bay of Marañan.

TAPUCA, a small river of the province and captainship of Rey in Brazil, which runs e. and enters the sea in the Bay of Tapicú.

TAPUONGA, a river of the province and government of Buenos Ayres, which runs n. n.w. and enters Ayun or Yumeri.

TAPUREGEREN, a settlement of the province of Barcelona and government of Cumaná ; situate n. of the Orinoco.

TAPUREGEREN, a river of the same province and government, which rises s. of the table of Guanipa, runs to that rhumb, and enters the Orinoco.

TAPURU, a small river of the province and government of Cumaná, which rises in the serranía of Imataca, runs s. and enters the Cuyuni by the n. side.

TAPUYAS, a village of the Portuguese, in the province and captainship of Puerto-Seguro in Brazil, on the shore of the river Verde.

TAPUYES, a barbarous nation of Indians, and one of the most numerous in Brazil, spread over a great extent of territory towards the w. It is divided into many tribes, cantons or governments, each having its particular king. They are larger and more robust than any of the Brazilians, and, in some respects, also the most barbarous. They are of an obscure colour, have their hair long and black, flowing over their