are allayed by cool and refreshing breezes from the sea. The rivers and bays swarm with fish, to the amount of more than 70 different kinds ; the markets are alive with them. Oysters, lobsters, and other shell-fish, abound in Narraganset Bay. Travellers are generally agreed, that Newport is the best fish-market in the world. This state produces corn, rye, barley, oats, and in some parts wheats, sufficient for home consumption; and the various kinds of grasses, fruits, and culinary roots and plants in great abundance, and in perfection; cider is made for exportation.

The n. w. parts of the state are but thinly inhabited, and are more rocky and barren than the other parts. The tract of land lying between .N. and S. Kingston on the e. and Connecticut on the to. called Shannock Country, or Purchase, is excellent grazing land, and is inhabited by a number of wealthy farmers, who raise some of the finest neat cattle in New England, weighing from 1600 to 1800 weight. They keep large dairies, and make butter and cheese of the best quality, and in large quantities for exportation. Iron ore is found in great plenty in several parts of the state. The iron works on Patuxent River, 12 miles from Providence, are supplied with ore from a bed 44 miles distant, which lies in a valley, through which runs a brook. The brook is turned into a new channel, and the ore pits are cleared of water by a steam engine. At this orebed are a variety of ores, curious stones, and

ochres.

In the township of Cumberland is a coppermine mixed with iron, strongly impregnated with load-stone, of which some large pieces have been found in the neighbourhood. No method has yet been discovered to work it to advantage. Abundance of lime-stone is found in this state, particularly in the county of Providence; of which large quantities of lime are made and exported. This lime-stone is of different colours, and is the true marble of the white, plain, and variegated kind. It takes as fine a polish as any stone in America. There are several mineral springs in this state; to one of which, near Providence, many people resort to bathe and drink the

water.

Newport and Providence are the chief towns of this state. The town of Bristol carries on a considerable trade to Africa, the W. Indies, and to different parts of the United States. But by far the greatest part of the commerce of Rhode Island, is at present carried on by the inhabitants of the flourishing town of Providence, which had,

in 1791, 129 sail of vessels, containing 11,942 tons.

The exports from the state are flax-seed, lumber, horses, cattle, beef, pork, fish, poultry, onions, butter, cheese, barley, grain, spirits, cotton and linen goods. The imports consist of European and W. India goods, and logwood from the Bay of Honduras. Upwards of 600 vessels enter and clear annually at the different ports in the state. The amount of exports from this state to foreign countries, for one year, ending September 30, 1791, was 407,131 dollars, 9 cents; in 1792, 698,084; in 1793, 616,416; and in 1794, 954,573 dollars. The inhabitants of this state are progressing rapidly in manufactures. A cotton manufactory has been erected at Providence. Jeans, fustians, denims, thicksetts, velvets, &c. &c. are here manufactured and sent to the S. States. Large quantities of linen and tow cloth are made in different parts of this state for exportation. But the most considerable manufactures in this state are those of iron ; such as bar and sheet iron, steel, nail-rods, and nails, implements of husbandry, stoves, pots, and other household utensils, the iron-work of shipping, anchors, bells, &c.

The constitution of this state is founded on the charter granted by Charles II. in 1663; and the frame of government was not essentially altered by the revolution. The legislature of the state consists of two branches; a senate or upper house, composed of 10 members, besides the governor and deputy-governor, called in the charter, assistants, and a house of representatives, composed of deputies from the several towns. The members of the legislature are chosen twice a year; and there are two sessions of this body annually, viz. on the first Wednesday in May, and the last Wednesday in October.

This state was first settled from Massachusetts. Mr. Roger Williams, a minister, who came over to New England in 1631, was charged with holding a variety of errors, and was on that account forced to leave his house, land, wife, and children, at Salem, in the dead of winter, and to seek a residence without the limits of Massachusetts. Governor Winthrop advised him to pursue his course to Nehiganset, or Narraganset Bay, which he did, and fixed himself at Secunk, or Seekhonk, now Rehoboth. But that place being within the bounds of Plymouth Colony, Governor Winslow, in a friendly manner, advised him to remove to the other side of the river, where the lands were not covered by any patent. Accordingly, in 1636, Mr. Williams and

four others, crossed Seekhonk River, and landed among the Indians, by whom they were hospitably received, and thus laid the foundation of a town, which, from a sense of God's merciful providence to him, he called Providence. Here he was soon after joined by a number of others, and though they were secured from the Indians by the terror of the English, yet they, for a considerable time, suffered much from fatigue and want; but they enjoyed liberty of conscience, which has ever since been inviolably maintained in this state. So little has the civil authority to do with religion here, that no contract between a minister and a society (unless incorporated for that purpose) is of any force. It is probably for these reasons, that so many different sects have ever been found here; and that the Sabbath and all religious institutions, have been more neglected in this, than in any other of the New England states.

[RHODE ISLAND Light-house was erected in 1749, in Beaver Tail, at the s. end of Canonnicut Island, for the safety and convenience of vessels sailing into the Narraganset Bay and harbour of Newport. The ground the light-house stands upon is about 12 feet above the surface of the sea at high water. From the ground to the top of the cornice is 58 feet, round which is a gallery, and within that stands the lantern, which is about 11 feet high, and eight feet diameter. High water at full and change, 37' after seven o'clock. Lat. 41° 22′ n. Long. 71° 20′ w.]

[RHODE River, the westernmost water of the n. w. branch of Cape Fear River, in N. Carolina.]

[RHONDE. See RONDE.] DE.

[RHYNBECK, or RHINEBECK, a post-town of New York; situate in Dutchess County, on the e. side of Hudson's River, opposite to Kingston; 15 miles n. of Poughkeepsie; 76 n. of New York, and 137 n. n. e. of Philadelphia. The township contains 3662 inhabitants, of whom 542 are electors, and 421 slaves. It is bounded s. by Clinton, and n. by Beekman. A very curious cavern has been lately discovered at a place in this town, called by the Indians, Sepascot. See DUTCHESS County.]

RIACA, a lake of the province and government of Cumaná; nearly close to the river Huare, communicating with it by the w. side.

RIACHUCO, a small river of the province and government of Buenos Ayres; which runs n. and enters the Plata, opposite the capital.

RIACHUELO, a small river of the same province and government as the former. It runs

w. and enters the Plata, opposite the city of Corrientes.

[RIALEXA, or RIALENO. See REALEJO.] RIAY, a river of the province and government of Paraguay; which runs w. collecting the waters of many others, and enters the Yucay.

RIBACAICO, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Parinacochas in Peru; annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Lampa.

RIBERA, SAN MIGUEL DE, a settlement of Peru; situate in the llanura of Camaná, of the corregimiento of Cuzco. It is of a mild and salutary climate, inhabited by families of distinction.

RIBERO, a settlement of the province and captainship of Paraiba in Brazil; on the coast, between the river Grama and the capital Paraiba.

RIBERO, a creek on the coast of the province and corregimiento of Quillota in the kingdom of Chile; between the river Quillota, and the point of Siete Hermanas, or Seven Sisters.

RICA-VILLA, a city of the province of Marquina in the kingdom of Chile, near the channel or waste-water of the Lake Mallabauquen in the w. part. It is of a cold but healthy temperature. Its territory extends eight leagues towards Imperial, and is bounded by the barbarous nation of the Puelches, has very beautiful and fertile llanuras, and in these are found the celebrated pines of Libanon. It was founded by Pedro de Valdiva in 1551; and was taken and sacked by the Araucanos Indians in 1559. It is inhabited by many illustrious, though poor, families descended from the first conquerors. [Sixty-six miles e. s. e. from the city of Imperial, and the same from the Pacific Sea; 51 from the volcano of Villarica in the cordillera of the Andes, and 66 n. e. of the city of Valdivia, in lat. 39° 9′s. and long. 72° 8' w.]

RICA-VILLA, another town, in the kingdom of Brazil, at the source of the river S. Francisco, near the town Mariana to the w.

RICA-VILLA, an island of the province and country of Las Amazonas, in the territory possessed by the Portuguese. It is in the river Marañon, and formed by this river, the Negro and the Romacucha, which is an arm or wastewater of the second.

[RICARAS, Indians of N. America, the remains of 10 large tribes of the Panias, who have been reduced by the small-pox, and the Sioux, to the present number. They live in fortified villages, and hunt immediately in their neighbourhood. The country around them, in every direction, for several hundred miles, is entirely

bare of timber, except on the water courses and steep declivities of hills, where it is sheltered from the ravages of fire. The land is tolerably well watered, and lies well for cultivation. The remains of the villages of these people are to be seen on many parts of the Missouri, from the mouth of Tetone River to the Mandans. They claim no land except that on which their villages stand, and the fields which they cultivate. The Tetons claim the country around them. Though they are the oldest inhabitants, they may properly be considered the farmers or tenants at will of that lawless, savage, and rapacious race, the Sioux Teton, who rob them of their horses, plunder their gardens and fields, and sometimes murder them, without opposition. If these people were freed from the oppression of the Tetons, their trade would increase rapidly, and might be extended to a considerable amount. They maintain a partial trade with their oppressors, the Tetons, to whom they barter horses, mules, corn, beans, and a species of tobacco which they cultivate; and receive in return gums, ammunition, kettles, axes, and other articles which the Tetons obtained from the Yanktons of the n. and Sissatones, who trade with Mr. Cammeron, on the river St. Peters. These horses and mules the Ricaras obtain from their western neighbours, who visit them frequently for the purpose of trafcking.]

RICE, a settlement of the island of Barbadoes.

RICH, a settlement of the same island as the former, in the district of the parish of S. Jorge. RICHARDOS, a settlement of the island of Barbadoes, in the district of the parish of S. Joseph, on the w. coast.

[RICHARDSON'S Bay, on the s. e. part of the island of Jamaica. The anchorage within it is between Morant River and Two Mile Wood.] RICHE, a point of the w. coast of Newfound land, at the entrance of the Strait of Bellisle, by the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where, by the treaty of the peace of Utrecht, were established the limits of the cod fishery to the French; the same limits extending as far as the Cape Buena Vista

to the n.

[RICHFIELD, a township of New York; situate in Otsego County, taken from Otsego Township, and incorporated in 1792; 229 of its inhabitants are electors.]

[RICHFORD, the n. easternmost township of Franklin County, Vermont; on Missisconi River.]

RICHIBOUCTOU, a small river of Nova Scotia or Acadia; which runs e. and enters the sea on the coast of this rhumb at the entrance of the strait formed by the island S. Joseph.

RICHILIEU. Some islands of the river St. Lawrence in N. America; 12 leagues from the city of Three Rivers, and where the government of Montreal begins. They are nearly 100, forming a kind of Archipelago, which serves as a retiring place to the Indian savages. It abounds greatly i rame, and especially in foxes, the chase of which animals commences about April: in lat. 42° 22′ n. long. 71° 7′ w.

RICHILIEU, a small fort built by the French on the n. shore of the river Sorrel at its entrance into the St. Lawrence, opposite the island of which we made mention in the former article.

[RICHLAND, a county of S. Carolina, Camden district; bounded s. and s. w. by Congaree and Broad Rivers, and e. and Broad Rivers, and e. by Wateree River, which divides it from Kershaw and Clermont Counties. It contained, in 1792, 3930 inhabitants, of whom 2479 were white, and 1437 were slaves.]

[RICHLAND, a township of Pennsylvania, in Buck's County.]

[RICHLIEU, the French name given formerly to the outlet of Lake Champlain. See SOREL.]

[RICHMAN'S Island, on the coast of Cumberland County, district of Maine, about n. four leagues from Wood Island, and a league w. of Portland. Few vessels put in here, except coasters. There is a sunken ledge s. e. half a mile from the n. e. end of the island, which only shows itself when the wind blows fresh; but you need not go so near the island.]

[RICHMOND, a township on the w. line of the state of Massachusetts, in Berkshire County, 17 miles w. by s. of Lenox, and 101 miles w. of Boston. Iron ore of the first quality is found here, but as it lies deep it is raised at a great expense. Ore of indifferent quality is found in many places. It abounds with lime-stone, coarse, white, and clouded marble. The town was incorporated in 1775, and contains an iron-work, three grist-mills, a fulling-mill, two saw-mills, and 1255 inhabitants.]

[RICHMOND, a township of Cheshire County, New Hampshire; situate on the Massachusett's line, about 11 miles e. of Connecticut River, and 70 w. by s. of Portsmouth. It was incorporated in 1752, and contains 1380 inhabitants.]

[RICHMOND, a township in Washington County, Rhode Island, separated from Hopkinton on the

w. by Ward's River, a branch of Paucatuck River. It is about 19 miles w. of Newport, and contains 1760 inhabitants.]

[RICHMOND, a county of New York, comprehending all Staten Island, Shooter's Island, and the islands of Meadow, on the w. side thereof. It is divided into the townships of Castletown, Northfield, Southfield, and Westfield. It contains 3835 inhabitants; of whom 488 are electors, and 759 slaves. See STATEN ISLAND.]

RICHMOND, a county of N. Carolina, situate in Fayette district, bounded s. by the state of S. Carolina, and n. by Moore County. It contains 5055 inhabitants, including 583 slaves. Chief town, Rockingham. The court-house, at which a post-office is kept, is 20 miles from Anson court-house, 56 from Fayetteville, and 563 from Philadelphia.]

[RICHMOND, a County of Virginia, bounded n. and n. e. by Westmoreland, and s. and s. w. by Rappahannock River, which separates it from Essex County. It contains 6985 inhabitants, of whom 3984 are slaves. The court-house, where a post-office is kept, is 273 miles from Philadelphia.]

[RICHMOND, the present seat of government of the state of Virginia, is situate in Henrico County, on the n. side of James's River, just at the foot of the falls, and contains between 400 and 500 houses, and nearly 4000 inhabitants. Part of the houses are built on the margin of the river, convenient for business; the rest are upon a hill which overlooks the lower part of the town, and commands an extensive prospect of the river and adjacent country. The new houses are well built. A large state-house, or capitol, has lately been erected on the hill. This city likewise boasts of an elegant statue of the illustrious Washington, which was formed at Paris. The lower part of the town is divided by a creek, over which is a convenient bridge. A bridge between 300 and 400 yards in length has been thrown across James's River, at the foot of the fall, by Colonel Mayo. That part from Man chester to the island is built on 15 boats. From the island to the rocks was formerly a floating bridge of rafts; but the enterprising proprietor has now built it of framed log piers, filled with stones. From the rocks to the landing at Richmond, the bridge is continued on framed piers filled with stones. The bridge connects the city with Manchester; and as the passengers pay toll, it produces a handsome revenue to Colonel Mayo, who is the sole proprietor. The public buildings,

besides the state-house, are an episcopal church, a court-house, gaol, a theatre, and three tobacco warehouses. The falls above the bridge are seven miles in length. A noble canal is cutting, and nearly completed, on the n. side of the river, which is to terminate in a basin of about two acres, in the town of Richmond. From this basin to the wharfs in the river will be a land carriage of about a mile. The expense is estimated at £30,000 Virginia currency. The opening of this canal promises the addition of much wealth to Richmond. Vessels of burden lie at City Point, 20 miles below, to which the goods from Richmond are sent down in boats. It is 626 miles from Boston, 374 from New York, 176 from Baltimore, 278 from Philadelphia, 247 from Fayetteville, 497 from Charleston, and 662 from Savannah. The above distances are in English miles, and include the turnings of the roads. Lat. 37° 36' n. long. 77° 41' w.]

[RICHMOND, a county of the upper district of Georgia, in which is situate the city of Augusta. It is separated from S. Carolina on the e. by Savannah River, and contains 11,317 inhabitants, of whom 4116 are slaves.]

[RICHMOND, a town of the island of St. Vincent's, in the West Indies. It is seated at the head of a deep bay, on the w. side of the island. Chateaubelair River runs on the s. side of the town, which gives name to the bay. Another river empties into the bay on the n. side of the town.]

RICRAN, a settlement of the province and corregimiento of Xauja in Peru, annexed to the curacy of its capital.

RICUDO, a small river of the province and captainship of Portoseguro in Brazil. It rises near the sources of the Paracatus and the Grande de S. Francisco, runs n. n. e., and enters the second of the aforesaid rivers.

RIDEAU, a small river of the province and country of the Iroquees Indians; which runs n. e. between the Mataovachie and the Petite Riviere, and enters the Utaway.

RIDDER, Bay of, or CANAL OF THE COMPANY; in the s. coast of the Strait of Magellan, formed by the island of Luis el Grande and another island which is smaller.

[RIDGEFIELD, a post-town of Connecticut, in Fairfield County, 10 miles s. w. of Danbury, 40 s. w. of Hartford, 46 n. e. of New York, and 113 n. e. of Philadelphia. The township of Ridgefield was called by the Indians Caudotowa, or High Land. It well answers the name, for

though it is 14 miles from the Sound, it affords a good prospect of it, and of Long Island. Of the latter, 40 miles in length is visible, and vessels may be seen as they pass up the Sound. It It was settled in 1709.]

[RIDLEY, a township in Delaware County, Pennsylvania.]

RIGAUD, a port of the S. Sea, in the island of Cape Breton; between the islands of Heron and of S. Esprit.

[RIGO Island, near the n. w. part of the island of Porto Rico, in the W. Indies, behind which is the principal harbour of the main island.]

RIMAC, a river of the province and corregimiento of Guarochiri in Peru; which rises in the mountains of that province, runs w. and irrigates a delightful llanura, to which it gives name, and on which was founded, on its shore, the city of Lima, the capital of Peru. It has over it a fine bridge, which was built by command of the viceroy, the Marquis of Montesclaros, in 1609. The Indians had here, in the time of their gentilism, a rich temple, dedicated to one of their principal idols. The Rimac flows into the Pacific Sea in lat. 12° 2' s.

RIMACHUMA, a large lake of the province and government of Mainas in the kingdom of Quito, and in the woods to the w. of the river Pastaza or Pastaca. It is 19 miles long from n. to s. and six wide from e. to w. It is entered by the s. by the river Apischi, and by the n. w. by the Chillay. It has a channel of 10 miles long, by which it empties itself on the w. side, into the river Pastaza or Pastaca, in lat. 4° 11's.

RINCAN, a settlement of the kingdom of Chile, in the valley of Linache; where, in 1736, was discovered a tree of the figure of a cross, 22 feet high and 15 wide at the arms; the same bearing upon it, in relievo, the figure of Christ: and it was taken away and placed in the settlement of Renca, where we have made mention of this prodigy.

RINCON, S. MATEO DEL, a principal and head settlement of the district of the alcaldía mayor of Maravatio, in the bishopric of Mechoacán and kingdom of Nueva España. It contains a convent of religious of S. Francisco, 10 families of Spaniards, and 311 of Indians; and is w. of its capital.

RINCON, another settlement, with the dedicatory title of S. Francisco; in the head settlement of the district and alcaldía mayor of Leon. It contains 335 families of Indians, 169 of Spaniards, 43 of Mustees and Mulattoes; produces

wheat, maize, fruit, and seed, and is four leagues s. w. of its capital.

RINCON, another, of the province and government of Cumaná, in Nueva Andalucia; on the w. coast of the Gulf Triste.

RINCON, another, of the province and government of Santa Marta in the same kingdom as the former, and of the district of the Rio del Hacha.

RINCON, another, with the dedicatory title of S. Pedro, in the province and government of Buenos Ayres; where there is a convent of Recoletans of S. Francisco, situate in a ravine.

RINCONADA, a settlement of the head settlement of the district of Cotazta, and alcaldía mayor of Tuxtla in Nueva España. It contains 35 families of Indians, and is in the vicinity of its head settlement.

RINCONADA, another settlement, in the jurisdiction of the town of Pedraza of the Nuevo Reyno de Granada. It is very reduced and poor, as containing only 50 Indians.

RINCONADA, another, of the province and corregimiento of Cercado in Peru, annexed to the curacy of the settlement of Late.

[RINDGE, or RINGE, a town in the county of Cheshire, New Hampshire. It lies upon the Massachusetts' line, about 80 miles w. of Portsmouth, and 70 n. w. of Boston. Was incorporated in 1768. In 1775, it contained 542, and in 1790, 1143 inhabitants. In this township are thirteen natural ponds of water of different sizes, in which are pickerel, perch, trout, eels, &c. In this township, n., is a mine lately discovered, which contains a kind of ochre of a Spanish brown. One half of the water of this town runs to the Merrimack, the other to Connecticut River.]

RINGHAM, a settlement of the province of Massachusetts.

[RINGO'S TOWN, in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, lies about about 15 miles n. w. of Princeton.

RINOGOTE, or RINOCOTTE, Sierra of, in the province of Spanish Guyana and captaincy of Caracas. It runs for many leagues from n. w. to s. e.; and from it rise very many rivers, of the which those in the n. part enter the Carmen, and those of the s. the Coroni.

RIO, S. JUAN DEL, a principal and head settlement of the district of the alcaldía mayor of Queretaro in Nueva España. It contains 593 families of Otomies Indians, and a curate who teaches in this language, with two coadjutors, and 250 families of Spaniards, Mustees, and Mu