death. Dr. Priestley and others sued the county, and gained compensation for their losses. The malice of party now became outrageous; some accused the civil power of conniving at the proceedings of the rioters against individuals suspected of want of attachment to government: others, with equal justice, affirmed that the dissenters and their friends merited these insults, for presuming to express their joy at the triumphs of the French revolutionists.

On the 29th of September, this year, the Duke of York married the Princess Charlotte Ulrica, eldest daughter of the late King of Prussia, by his first consort. This marriage was first solemnized at Berlin, and afterwards at St. James's. On the following day the Queen held an extraordinary drawing-room, for the purpose of publicly receiving the Duchess of York.

In Poland, the King and States cordially agreed in adopting a new constitution; but this proceeding excited the jealousy of the neighbouring powers. The war between Russia and Turkey was concluded by the peace of Galatz. The Indian war against Tippoo was carried on vigorously by Lord Cornwallis, but the plans for his subjugation were not yet ripe for execution.

SECTION XVI.

Treaty of Pilnitz-French Invasion of Flanders-The Jacobin Club The Duke of Brunswick's unfortunate Invasion of France -Successes of General Dumourier at Jemappe, &c.-Brissotines and Girondines-French Fraternal Decree-Loyal Associations in England-Opinions of Mr. Fox and Mr. Burke-The Militia ordered out-Success of Earl Cornwallis in India: Capture of Tippoo's Capital-Review at Bagshot-Anecdote of the King. -1793. Decapitation of the French King-Dismissal of M, Chauvelin-Debates in the Lords and Commons-French Declaration of War against England and Holland-Increase of the Naval and Military Force-March of the Guards-Promotion of the Duke of York-Supplies-Mercantile FailuresThe Board of Agriculture-Breda taken-Various Engagements-Defection of Dumourier-Prince Adolphus-Valen

ciennes and Condé-Defeat of the Duke of York at DunkirkAdvantages gained by the Allies in Germany-The Spaniards invade France-Toulon occupied-Overthrow of the Brissotines -Death of Marat-Charlotte Corday-Fouche-Massacre at Lyons-Beheading of the Queen-Destruction of the Ships, &c. at Toulon-Tobago and Pondicherry taken.

1792.-THE celebrated Earl of Bute died on the 10th of March this year. Though he had long withdrawn from the ostensible management of affairs, he was, nevertheless, considered as the clandestine director of the cabinet, and on that account continued to be the subject of odium and invective in many publications, though he was the patron of the arts and of learned men. Mr. Dutens, the confidant of the Bute family, used to assert, that the intercourse of the King with Lord Bute, after he became minister, was a political fable for nearly twenty years they never saw each

other.

The Austrian and Prussian Governments, in consequence of arrangements made at Pilnitz the preceding autumn with the French Princes, prepared to make some military movements in support of the Royal Authority in France; but they were anticipated by a declaration of war on the part of France against Francis II. who had succeeded his brother Leopold as King of Hungary and Bohemia. The French troops in consequence invaded Flanders, but were foiled, and forced to retreat. The democratic party in Paris now openly aimed at a republic, and by means of the Jacobin Club, which had affiliated societies all over France, they excited endless commotions. On the 20th of June, a mob armed with pikes broke into the Thuilleries, and insulted the King. Shortly after this, the combined Austrian and Prussian armies under the Duke of Brunswick entered France, declaring that their object was to re-establish order and the royal authority. The Jacobins now inflamed the populace, and at length produced the fatal insurrection of the 10th of August, when the King's Swiss guards were murdered, and himself in fact deposed, as he and his family were from that time placed in a state of confinement; and on the 20th of Sep

tember the Republic was established. The Duke of Brunswick's expedition proved most unfortunate. He had advanced into Champagne, where he found he had not a faction, but a nation to contend against. He also degraded himself by a violent and absurd manifesto, which greatly injured the cause he intended to support. The Duke, though master of the high road to Paris, was obliged, from sickness in his army, and other obstacles, to abandon the country he had invaded; and by the close of October his army had wholly evacuated the French territory. Among other professions of extraordinary virtue, the French Convention had solemnly renounced making any conquést whatsoever; but the moment they had an opportunity they invaded Savoy, the Circle of the Upper Rhine and the Austrian Netherlands and their successes in every direction were astonishing. The chief were those of General Dumourier, who, after gaining the bloody battle of Jemappe, on the 6th of November, entered Brussels on the 14th, and was master of all the Netherlands, except Luxembourg, by the end of the year. The republican party in possession of power at Paris now split into two factions, those of Brissot, and of Robespierre; the former known by the name of the Girondines, the latter by that of the Mountain. Both concurred in bringing Louis XVI. to trial; but it was supposed that the Girondins meant to spare his life. Both agreed also in the monstrous decree of the 19th of November, which offered fraternity to the people of every country disposed to revolt from their government.

These transactions excited great indignation in England. The British Ambassador was withdrawn from Paris; the French Envoy was told that he could no longer be recognized: these acts of the Government were supported by the feeling of the great majority of the nation, which was particularly testified in the formation of Loyal Associations "for preserving liberty and property against Republicans and Levellers;" and these societies may truly be said to have saved England from internal commotions, perhaps from all the horrors of a bloody revolution. In this state of things par

liament met at an earlier day than had previously been fixed.

Mr. Fox and his friends wished to avert a war, by treating with the people in power; but his motions were lost. In the mean while, to guard against the machinations of the French, the Alien Bill passed. M. Chauvelin, the French Envoy, remonstrated against this, as encroaching on the lawful freedom of the French in England: but Lord Grenville replied, that it only authorized such precautions as the French themselves had adopted, and that no remonstrance from him could be attended to, as his credentials from the Republic were not acknowledged.

During the debate upon this bill, Mr. Burke, in reprobating the opinions and conduct of Mr. Fox, pulled out a dagger, the sample of 3000 said to have been ordered at Birmingham. Throwing the weapon upon the floor, he said-" This is what you will gain by fraternizing with France." From this time several of Mr. Fox's friends deserted him. In fact, the trial of the French King was pending when the British parliament was hastily summoned. The conduct of some of our democratical societies, and the application of their members to the French National Assembly, had justly alarmed the British Cabinet; and, besides, the spirit of disorder had shewn itself in the tone of the Opposition newspapers, and in several acts nearly approaching to open insurrection. The militia was therefore ordered to be embodied.

The war that raged in India was now happily terminated. Earl Cornwallis tock Bangalore, and joined the cavalry of the Nizam. Being determined to make an expedition to Seringapatam, Tippoo's capital, he drove the enemy to the walls of the town, but did not attack the place till some weeks after, when he had been reinforced by the arrival of the long-expected Indian auxiliaries. As soon as the season was favourable for the siege, the grand army commenced their operations. Earl Cornwallis and General Medows led the two divisions to attack the camp, which Tippoo had fortified with uncommon care, while Colonel Maxwell