Whose manners still our tardy apish nation
Limps after in base imitation.

Where doth the world thrust forth a vanity,
(So it be new, there's no respect how vile,)
That is not quickly buzz'd into his ears?
Then all too late comes counsel to be heard,
Where will doth mutiny with wit's regard.
Direct not him, whose way himself will choose;

'Tis breath thou lack'st, and that breath wilt thou lose.
Gaunt. Methinks I am a prophet new inspir'd;

And thus, expiring, do foretell of him:
His rash fierce blaze of riot cannot last;

For violent fires soon burn out themselves;

Small showers last long, but sudden storms are short;
He tires betimes, that spurs too fast betimes;
With eager feeding food doth choke the feeder:
Light vanity, insatiate cormorant,
Consuming means, soon preys upon itself.
This royal throne of kings, this scepter'd isle,
This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,
This other Eden, demi-paradise;
This fortress, built by nature for herself,
Against infestiona and the hand of war;

In 'England's Parnassus'
Farmer suggested the sub-

a Infestion. All the ancient copies read infection. (1600), where the passage is quoted, we read intestion. stitution of infestion, which Malone has adopted, and which we think right to follow. Infection, in Shakspere's time, was used, as it is now, to express the taint of some pernicious quality; and was more particularly applied to that frightful disease, the plague, to whose ravages London was annually subject. For Shakspere, therefore, to call England

"This fortress, built by nature for herself,
Against infection,"

would sound very unreasonable to an audience who were constantly witnesses of the ravages of infection.

"The silver sea,

Which serves it in the office of a wall,"

was then unavailing to keep out "the pestilence which walketh in darkness." But, on the other hand, England had been long free from foreign invasion. Infestion is taken, by Malone, to be an abbreviation of infestation, in the same way that, in Bishop Hall, acception is used for acceptation. Infestation appears to have designated those violent incursions of an enemy-those annoying, joy-depriving (infestus) ravages-to which an unprotected frontier is peculiarly exposed; and from which the sea, as a moat defensive to a house," shut out "this scepter'd isle."

This happy breed of men, this little world;
This precious stone set in the silver sea,
Which serves it in the office of a wall,
Or as a moat defensive to a house,

Against the envy of less happier lands;

This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England,
This nurse, this teeming womb of royal kings,
Fear'd by their breed, and famous for their birth,
Renowned for their deeds as far from home,
(For Christian service, and true chivalry,)
As is the sepulchre in stubborn Jewry
Of the world's ransom, blessed Mary's son:
This land of such dear souls, this dear dear land,
Dear for her reputation through the world,
Is now leas'd out, (I die pronouncing it,)
Like to a tenement, or peltinga farm:
England, bound in with the triumphant sea,
Whose rocky shore beats back the envious siege
Of watery Neptune, is now bound in with shame,
With inky blots, and rotten parchment bonds;
That England, that was wont to conquer others,
Hath made a shameful conquest of itself:

Still, infection, being a word of which there can be no doubt of the meaning, is to be preferred, if we can be content to receive the idea in a limited sense-that the sea in some sort kept out pestilence, though not absolutely.

a

Pelting. Whatever doubts there may be as to the origin of this word, its application is perfectly clear. It invariably means something petty-of little worth. The "pelting farm" in this passage, and " the poor pelting villages" of Lear, would leave no doubt as to its use, even if we had not "a pelting little town," and " а pelting village of barbarous people," in North's 'Plutarch.' The epithet was not confined to inanimate things. In 'Measure for Measure' we have the famous pas. sage,

"Could great men thunder

As Jove himself does, Jove would ne'er be quiet,

For every pelting, petty officer

Would use his heaven for thunder."

Gabriel Harvey, it seems, wrote the word paulting; and as palt is the Teutonic word for a scrap-a rag-some say that paulting, pelting, and paltry, are the same. Pelt, as is well known, is a skin. The fur trade is still called the peltry trade. But skins-peltries—in former times might have been considered comparatively worthless. A dead fowl thrown to a hawk was, according to Grose, a pelt. Thus pelting may have been derived directly from pelt, although it may have had some original affinity with paltry.

Ah, would the scandal vanish with my life,
How happy then were my ensuing death!

Enter KING RICHARD and QUEEN; AUMERLE, BUSHY,
GREEN, BAGOT, Ross, and WILLOUGHBY.

York. The king is come: deal mildly with his youth; For young hot colts, being rag'd, do rage the more. Queen. How fares our noble uncle, Lancaster?

K. Rich. What comfort, man? How is 't with aged Gaunt?

Gaunt. O, how that name befits my composition!
Old Gaunt, indeed; and gaunt in being old:

Within me grief hath kept a tedious fast t;
And who abstains from meat, that is not gaunt?
For sleeping England long time have I watch'd;
Watching breeds leanness, leanness is all gaunt:
The pleasure that some fathers feed upon

Is my strict fast,-I mean my children's looks;
And, therein fasting, hast thou made me gaunt;
Gaunt am I for the grave, gaunt as a grave,
Whose hollow womb inherits nought but bones.

K. Rich. Can sick men play so nicely with their names?
Gaunt. No, misery makes sport to mock itself:
Since thou dost seek to kill my name in me,

I mock my name, great king, to flatter thee.

K. Rich. Should dying men flatter with those that live? Gaunt. No, no; men living flatter those that die. K. Rich. Thou, now a dying, say'st thou flatterest me. Gaunt. Oh! no; thou diest, though I the sicker be. K. Rich. I am in health, I breathe, and see thee ill. Gaunt. Now, He that made me knows I see thee ill; Ill in myself to see, and in thee seeing ill. Thy death-bed is no lesser than the land Wherein thou liest in reputation sick: And thou, too careless patient as thou art, Committ'st thy anointed body to the cure Of those physicians that first wounded thee. A thousand flatterers sit within thy crown, Whose compass is no bigger than thy head;

And yet, incaged in so small a verge,

The waste is no whit lesser than thy land.
O, had thy grandsire, with a prophet's eye,
Seen how his son's son should destroy his sons,

From forth thy reach he would have laid thy shame,
Deposing thee before thou wert possess'd,

Which art possess'd now to depose thyself.
Why, cousin, wert thou regent of the world,
It were a shame to let this land by lease :
But, for thy world, enjoying but this land,
Is it not more than shame to shame it so?
Landlord of England art thou, and not king:
Thy state of law is bondslave to the law;

And

K. Rich.

b

And thou a lunatic lean-witted fool, Presuming on an ague's privilege,

Dar'st with thy frozen admonition

Make pale our cheek; chasing the royal blood,
With fury, from his native residence.
Now by my seat's right royal majesty,

Wert thou not brother to great Edward's son,

This tongue, that runs so roundly in thy head,

Should run thy head from thy unreverend shoulders.
Gaunt. O, spare me not, my brother Edward's son,
For that I was his father Edward's son;

That blood already, like the pelican,

Hast thou tapp'd out, and drunkenly carous'd:
My brother Gloster, plain well-meaning soul,
(Whom fair befal in heaven 'mongst happy souls!)
May be a precedent and witness good,

That thou respect'st not spilling Edward's blood:
Join with the present sickness that I have;

And thy unkindness be like crooked age,

a Possess'd.

The second possess'd in this sentence is used in the same way in which Maria speaks of Malvolio, in 'Twelfth Night :'—" He is, sure, possessed, madam."

b So the folio. The first quarto reads thus:

"Gaunt. And thou-

c Crooked age.

It has been suggested that age here means Time; and that

To crop at once a too-long wither'd flower.

Live in thy shame, but die not shame with thee!—
These words hereafter thy tormentors be!-
Convey me to my bed, then to my grave:
Love they to live, that love and honour have.

[Exit, borne out by his Attendants.

K. Rich. And let them die, that age and sullens have; For both hast thou, and both become the grave.

а

York. I do beseech your majesty, impute his words a

To wayward sickliness and age in him:

He loves you, on my life, and holds you dear

As Harry duke of Hereford, were he here.

K. Rich. Right; you say true: as Hereford's love, so his:

As theirs, so mine; and all be as it is.

Enter NORTHUMBERLAND.

North. My liege, old Gaunt commends him to your ma

jesty.

K. Rich. What says he?b

North.

Nay, nothing; all is said:

His tongue is now a stringless instrument;

Words, life, and all, old Lancaster hath spent.

York. Be York the next that must be bankrupt so! Though death be poor, it ends a mortal woe.

K. Rich. The ripest fruit first falls, and so doth he; His time is spent, our pilgrimage must be:

So much for that. Now for our Irish wars:

We must supplant those rough rug-headed kerns,
Which live like venom, where no venom else,
But only they, hath privilege to live.

And, for these great affairs do ask some charge,
Towards our assistance, we do seize to us

The plate, coin, revenues, and moveables,

Whereof our uncle Gaunt did stand possess'd.

crooked age is not bending age, but Time armed with a crook, by which name a sickle was anciently called. The natural meaning of the passage seems to be, like bent old age, which crops the flower of life.

a Steevens struck out I do from this line.

b Steevens stuck in now, to make ten syllables of this line.