For an account of a mediæval grinning match, see Hugo's Notre Dame de Paris, Bk. I, chap. v. For a description of a modern grinning contest, see London Strand Magazine, Vol. 14, p. 55.

185. Motto. “I am indignant when a composition is severely criticised, not because it is written without art or grace, but simply because it is new." Horace, Epist. II, i. 76-77.

1862, Bavius, Maevius. Poetasters, contemporaneous with Virgil. See Eclogue III, 90. Horace (Epode X) speaks most contemptuously of Maevius.

186: 32, Denham. See note 4: 112. The quotation is from his poem, On Mr. John Fletcher's Works, 11. 19–24. Art of Criticism. Pope's Essay on Criticism, published in May, 1711.

187 26, Boileau. See Preface to 1701 edition of his Satires. "Qu'est-ce qu'une pensée neuve, brillante, extraordinaire ? Ce n'est point, comme se le persuadent les ignorants, une pensée que personne n'a jamais eue ni dû avoir . . . un bon mot n'est bon mot qu'en ce qu'il dit une chose que chacun pensait, et qu'il la dit d'une manière vive, fine, et nouvelle."

188: 17, Horace, Petronius, etc. See Essay on Criticism, III, 652-80.

188:30, These equal syllables. Essay on Criticism, II, 344-7. The two following quotations are II, 356-7; II, 364-73.

187:21, Homer's Odyssey. See Book XI, 593-8.

190: 15, Essay on Translated Verse. See note 4 : 108. 190: 16, Essay on the Art of Poetry. By John Sheffield (1648-1721), Earl of Mulgrave and Duke of Buckingham.

For Pope's appreciation of this criticism see his letter, Dec. 30, 1710, addressed to Steele whom he believed to be the author of this Spectator. See also Pope's letter to Addison, October 10, 1714.

190. Motto. "Give place, ye Roman and Grecian writers." Propertius, Elegies II, xxxiv. 65.

1915, Rules of epic poetry. "Though the Spectator pokes fun at the English critics who earn their reputation by the unacknowledged help of the French, its editors can hardly escape the charge of having taken much from the same quarter without acknowledgment. Addison borrowed in No. 70 from Le Bossu's Traité du Poème Épique, 1675, and he must be suspected of having done so here in his "Rules of Epic Poetry." Addison's 'Aristotle' too, is at secondhand, from 'the translation and notes of André Dacier. Aristotle had said that 'Epic poetry . . is an imitation . . of characters of a higher type (V); that 'the Epic action has no limits of time' (V); and that it should have for its subject a single action, whole and complete, with a beginning, a middle, and an end " (XXIII). Le Bossu formulated this, as follows,-"L'action épique a quatre conditions. La première est son Unité; la seconde, son Integrité; la troisième, son Importance; et la quatrième, sa Durée" (Book II, ch. 7). Addison's "one action, entire action," and " great action," correspond, and in the same order, with Le Bossu's "Unité," " and "Importance; Integrité," and though "Duration" is not mentioned here, it is discussed, at considerable length, at the end of the paper." Gregory Smith, Vol. 4, pp. 292–3, of his edition of the Spectator, Dent & Co. Compare, also, Jonson's Discoveries. Of the magnitude and compass of any fable, epic or dramatic. For a thorough study of the papers on Milton's poem, see, Cook's Addison's Criticisms on Paradise Lost, Ginn & Co. 191 17, Horace. Ars Poetica, 147.

99 66

192 19, Aristotle allows. Poetics, XXVI, 6.

By Dryden. Produced in 1681.
Iliad, XXIII; Aen. V.

193: 18, Spanish Friar. 1953, Books of Games. 1955, Simile of a top.

Aen. VII, 378-84.

196: 27, Modern critics have collected. Le Bossu, II, 18.

Steele, Tatler, No. 6.

197. Motto. "You must mark the manners.' Ars Poetica, 156.

197 10, Aristotle's method. Poetics, V. 5.

"" Horace,

1984, A person.

Nestor, Iliad I, 247-65.

198: 15, Vulcan. Iliad I, 595-600.

198: 16, Thersites. Iliad, II, 211–277.

19829, Pallas and Evander. Aen., VIII, 97-584; X, 362-509.

1991, Lausus and Mezentius. Aen. VII, 647-54; VIII, 481-495; X, 689-908. Nisus and Euryalus. Aen. V, 293361; IX, 176-449.

1995, Simon. Aen. II, 13-148; Camilla, Aen. VII, 803-17; XI, 498-519; 532-96; 648–67.

199: 27, Sin and Death. Paradise Lost II, 648-879. Johnson, Life of Milton, calls this "unskilful allegory" one of the greatest faults of the poem."

2007, Fame. Aen. IV, 173-197.

200 11, Dispensary. Dr. Samuel Garth (1661-1719), published in 1699, his mock-heroic Dispensary. It was written to ridicule the attempts of the apothecaries to defeat the establishment of dispensaries for the poor.

200 11, Lutrin. Boileau's Le Lutrin (1674) is the most successful French example of the mock epic. 200: 26, Admired by Aristotle.

Poetics, XVII; XXIV.

202: 25, Observation out of Aristotle. Poetics, XIII. 204. Motto. Let no one who has been seen as a God or hero, lately resplendent in regal gold and purple, turn to low shops using vulgar speech there. Nor on the other hand, while he shuns the ground, should he aim for the clouds and talk nonsense. Horace, Ars Poetica, 227-30.

204: 2, The sentiments. In No. 279,

204: 19, God and his Son. Book II, 678-9; Adam, etc., IV, 323-4.

205: 5, With Horace. Ars Poetica, 351-3; 359.

206: 3, Embryos and idiots, III, 474-6; A while discourse, V, 395-7; Who of all ages, X, 733–6.

2077, Lee. See note 92: 20.

207: 11, Aristotle has observed. Poetics, XXII, 9. "It is a great matter to observe propriety in these several modes of expression-compound words, strange (or rare) words,

and so forth. But the greatest thing by far is to have a command of metaphor. This alone cannot be imparted by another; it is the mark of genius." Butcher's Translation.

207 15, Imparadised, IV, 506; And in his hand, VI, 579-80. The grassy clods, IV, 506; Spangled, XI, 130.

207: 25, Aristotle observe. Poetics, XXII, 2.

208: 13, Nor did they not, I, 335-7; Who shall tempt, II, 404-9; So both ascend, XI, 376-7.

209: 1, Mentioned by Aristotle. Poetics, XXII, 4.

209: 20, Hesebon. P. L, 408. Heshbon, some thirty-six miles east of Jerusalem, "the city of Sihon, the king of the Amorites." Numbers, xxi., 26.

209: 31, Cerberean, II, 655; Miscreated, II, 673; Helldoomed, II, 697; Embryon atoms, II, 900.

2103, Plutarch. See the Pseudo-Plutarch, De Vita et Poesi Homeri, B. & 16.

2119, Euclid. Aristotle. Poetics, XXII, 4-6. "But nothing contributes more to produce a clearness of diction that is remote from commoness than the lengthening, contraction, and alteration of words . . . The critics, therefore, are in error who censure these licenses of speech, and hold the author up to ridicule. Thus Eucleides, the elder, declared that it would be an easy matter to be a poet if you might lengthen syllables at will."

211: 14, Elisions. For a most scholarly discussion of Milton's elisions, see Milton's Prosody, (1901) by Robert Bridges.

212. Motto. That which does not fear the keen judgment of the critic, wishes to be seen in the light. Horace Ars Poetica, 363-4.

212: 3, My last paper. No. 297.

212: 15, Of Man's, etc., I, 1–6.

212 25, Invocation, I, 1-26. 2137, Transition, I, 27–49.

213 19, First speech, I, 84-124.

214 3, etc., Thus Satan, I, 192-6; Forthwith, I, 221–7;

His ponderous shield, I, 284-96; (Milton misquotes, 1. 291); He called so loud, I, 314-5.

2153, etc., He above the rest, I, 589-91; Hail, horrors, hail, I, 250-3; Here at last, I, 258–63.

216 11, He now prepared, I, 615-20.

216: 17, Catalogue, I, 376-521.

216 25, Characters of Moloch and Belial, I, 392-405; 490-505.

216: 27, Second and Sixth book, II, 51-105; 119-225, VI, 620-7.

217 1, Thamuz, I, 446–457.

217: 15, Maundrell. Henry Maundrell (1665-1701). Addison's quotation is from his Journey from Aleppo to Jerusalem, at Easter, A. D. 1697. Published 1703.

218 20, Thus incorporeal spirits, I, 789-97.

218: 29, Mammon, I, 678-88; Pandemonium, I, 710-30. 219: 1, Azazel's stature, I, 533-9.

2195, etc., The seat, I, 181-3; The universal host, I, 541-3; He through, I, 567–73; He spake, I, 663–66.

220: 2, Anon, I, 710–2; From the arched roof, I, 726-30. 221: 5, Perrault. Charles Perrault (1628-1703). His poem Le Siècle de Louis le Grand (1687), started the famous controversy as to the superiority of the ancient or modern writers. Perrault in his writings depreciated the ancients.

221: 10, Boileau. Réflexions sur Longin, VI. See note 132: II.

222 5, etc., Sun in an eclipse, etc., I, 594-9; leviathan, I, 200-08; bees, I, 768-75; dance, I, 781-8.

For an interesting discussion of these papers on Milton, see Matthew Arnold, A French Critic on Milton. See also in Gates's Studies and Appreciations (Macmillan, 1900), Impressionism and Appreciation.

222 Motto. "Born to consume the fruits." Horace Epist. I, ii. 27.

222: 10, Augustus. Suetonius, Vitæ de Dudecim Caesarum Octavianus.