lively, flow, folly, lovely, solace; castle, axle, evi' grove, cripple. Able, tackle, title, needle; novel, parcel, chapel, model, miracle, manacles.

20 1:- (a liquid consonant sound, as in run.

See rule, ¶ 77, in regard to the trilled and untrilled r. In the exercises of this paragraph, the Italicized letter or letters have the sound of trilled r). Pray, ray, raw, rheum; rear, wrap, wry. Fry, bray, crape; rally, grape, tray; shrill, throw, remnant, shroud. Shriek, throng, raiment, rhubarb, wrestle; frenzy, trumpet, rural, around. Shrug, enrich; briery, flowery; contrary, library; memorandum, regulator, repetition, sudorific.

(In the exercises of this paragraph, the Italicized let ter or letters have the sound of r smooth or untrilled. See rule, ¶ 77.) Bar, err, fir; rear, nor, cur; bare, here, hire; core, universal, pure, hour. Terse, force, marsh, scarf, swerve, carve, hearth; pearl, arm, learn, curb. Garb, bark, cart, card, herd; pardon, mercy, virtue, border, warder. Butter, mortgage, colonel, order, commerce; defer, debar, abhor, affair. Appear expire; adore, demure.

EXERCISE III.

COGNATE EI CONSONANT SOUNDS.

21 (aspirate, as in pan). Sharp, pipe, pert; apt, prim, Rasp, pope, whelp; vamp, pippin, slipper,

prater.

* By some orthoëpists, these coupled consonant sounds are distinguished by the name of breath and voice consonants, instead of aspirate and vocul The pupil may be taught to perceive how in the former the breath, and in the latter the voice, is the more exercised. The following list of words containing alternate aspirate and vocal consonant sounds, divided by periods, may serve as an appropriate exercise here:

Hiss, hath, sash, shot, cap, sack, foot, hushed, hatched, haft. Wall, dwell, your, gang, muse, waves, zeal, dares, age, nerve. — Sapped, packs, tax, speck, asp, sips, posts, cupped, packed, coughed. Bathe, lone, male, rare, globe, vague, blaze, ranged, mouthed, walled.

Hatchet, puppet, cassock, topic, pocket, tufty. Willow, rosy, languid, mazes, grandeur, rather. Skeptic, cestus, chimney, attic, office, cossacks, coppice. Roman, lovely, moving, bible, jaunty, guardian, glowworm.

Excess, accost, except, access, expect. Beware, resume, believes, obliged, absolve. Assist, coquette, success, affect, suspect. Beneath, farewell, around, debar, imbue.

Epithet, execute, suscitato, pickpocket. Wooingly, idolize, lingering, otherwise. Catechist, ecstasy, occiput, epitaph. Gradual, libeller, dialogues, eulogy.

Specific, exsiccate, ecstatic, auxesis. Remaining, delusion, aurelia, adorer. Acētous, apostate, pathetic, facetious. Decorum, erosion, de meanor, vermilion.

proper. Steeple, puritan, populous, turpitude, pabular Happy, pilfer, pomp; puppet, pupil, pap.

22. b:-(vocal, as in bag). Cub, ebb, tube; bang, bib, glebe babe, bulb, barb, blue, bubble. Succumb, imbue, embark⚫

disburse, cabal, unblessed, baboon. Abrogate, fabulous ebony; obstacle, barbarous, barbican.

23. f :-( aspirate, as in fan). Deaf, off, sphere, ruff, chafe calf, laugh, tough, half, graphic, chough, nymph. Rough, sylph, sulphate, sophist, fry; phrase, sphinx fifth, profit, pheasant, deafen, roughen, often. Soften hyphen, metaphor, caliph, prophet; draught, quaffed, phantom. Epitaph, aphorism, phaëton; phosphorus, febrifuge, symphony; fire, fife, trophy, lymph, philter, pamphlet.

24. V :—(vocal, as in van). Pave, weave, hive, grove; halve, welve, solve, starve, nerve, of. Fever, vain, void; ravel, grovel, heaven.

valve; votive, nephew.

Stephen, even, given, vivid,

25. th:-(aspirate, as in thin). Bath, breath, breaths; path, lath, oath, mouth, drouth; width, sixth, eighth, twelfth. Warmth, truth, youth, truths, youths; * rhythm, thwart, thesis; swath, lethë, thulë, thank, think. Thence forth, lōth, hundredth, thousandth, amethyst; apathy orthodox, logarithms, synthesis, myth.

26. th: (vocal, as in thine). With, bathe, mouth (when a verb), breathe; lithe, blithe, these; their, though, baths. Paths, laths, oaths; wither, whither, mouths; either, neither, heathen, northern, father. Hither, with, thither, thenceforth; inwreathe, bequeath, beneath, unsheathe, booth, booths.

t:

.

27. t (aspirate, as in tin). Hat, kite, dust, haft, halt, dreamt, flirt, tight, taught. Hurt, thyme, thames (pronounced těms), yacht, debt, laced; state, danced, chafed Laughed, chopped, drought, wrecked, matter; tatter brittle, victual, asthma, phthisic. Flourished, crushed, practised, trespassed, testament; titillate, tantamount

According to Walker, these words, in the plural, should have the aspi rate sound of th, as in thin; although path, oath, and many similar words, have, in the plural, the vocal sound of th, as in this. See T 80.

tutelar.

Mate, testator, temptation, indictment, attain

ment; intestate, replenished.

28. d:-(vocal, as in din). Bed, dead, did, made, grazed; hedged, judged, saved, writhed, walled. Charmed, paved, heard, ebbed, rigged; would, could, should, rivalled modest, pedant. Udder, deadly, bdellium, harangued, abridged, adjudged; encaged, condemned, fatigued.

29. k:-(aspirate, as in kind). Seek, cake, chyle; chi-mera, coke, pack, tack; sceptic (also spelled skeptic), eke, talk. Folk, lough, chameleon, pique, dark; milk, spark, keen, chaos, chlorine, chord. Technical, choir, quay, pen'tateuch, scraggy, clock; archives, click, quake, clear, quirk, panic; comic, quiver, tro'chee, kingdom, schedule, candid, choler, conquer, lichen. Flaccid, machiavellian, collocate, christian; or'chestra, cucumber, catechu'men, epoch (pronounced ěp'ok or epok). Conqueror, arch'etype, quick; vaccinate, siccity, distich, conch; te'trarch, quoth, sy-nec'doche, hem'istich, chi'romancy, mechanism, archangel, chalcedony.

30. g(vocal,

— (vocal, as in gun). Bag, keg, egg, gay, gămut; plague, vague, rogue, brogue, gimp. Fugue, regatta, guide, guise, gear; gird, gig, ghost, insig'nia, guerdon, burgh, giggle. Ragged, craggy, gibbous, giddy, gibber, gimlet, gibcat, ghostly. Younger, gibberish, gherkin; physiognomy, anger, finger, longer, scraggy

oppugnancy.

31. 8(aspirate as in sin. Let the aspirate hissing sound be heard at the letter or letters in Italic. Thus, schism is to be pronounced sizm, hasten, ha'-sn.

Where x occurs, it includes two sounds, those of k and s). Gas, mass, dose; mace, griefs, laughs; months, verse, dupes, packs, lax, styx. Hosts, fists, ghosts, soul, cell, scene; schism, psalm, apsis, thesis, question. Tacit, pincers, flaccid; sceptre, science, psalmist; psyche (pronounced si'kë), hasten. Chasten, beside, desists, design, obese; verbose, rescind, dissuade, finance'. Heresy, poesy, chersonese; precedent (pre-cedent, when an adjective; precedent, when a noun); vaccinate, siccity scimitar, scintillate.

32. Z:-(vocal, as in zeal. Where z occurs in the fol

sh:

f. Z:

lowing words, it includes two sounds, those of g and z. as in exert but anxiety is pronounced ang-zi'-e-tey). Maze, blaze, as, has, is; was, ways, venison, views seas; songs, caves, moves, baths, solecism, oaths. Bathes, breathes, balls, domes; weasand, pains bars, babes, plagues; commas, dances, prices, prizes, houses; suffuse, scissors. Noisy, brazen, mizzen, basilisk, raisin ; cousin, puzzle, weasel, resume, absolves, observes. Hussars, exert; basil'icon, exist; exempt, possess; discern suffice; president, metaphrase, mechanism, sacrifice Villages, disposal, refusal, disloyal; com'plaisant, xenophon, com'plaisance, luxuriant, anxiety.

:- (aspirate, as in shine. Where z occurs in the following words, it indicates the included sound of k preceding sh). Sash, shall, shudder, chagrin; shrove, shrink, sure, marsh, ocean, chevalier; charade, match, chaise. Censure, deficient, shrubby; chivalry, par'achute, sugar; nauseous, pension, passion; chicane, nation, captious, conscious, scutcheon. Machine, capuchin', musician, assure; showery, fluxion, shawm; pacha, charlatan, bathsheba, lotion. Computation, farinaceous, flexion; martial, testaceous, crucifixion; surreptitious, special, spēcious, adventitious, modish, condition, cassia. (vocal, as in azure). Razure, clausure, leisure; roseate, fusion, osier; rouge, treasure, measure, vision. Persuasion, adhesion, ambrosial, explosion; confusion, decision, collision, transition.

EXERCISES ON THE COMPOUND SOUNDS.

1. i:

EXERCISE IV.

COMPOUND VOWEL SOUNDS.

: - (as in pine; called long i, and marked thus: 7. See 136. In the following exercises let a very slight sound of è be heard where the comma is placed after k or g). Time, type, trite, diet, vinous; finite, mind, sign, rive, pint; isle, buy, eye, cycle, high, height. Rye, writhe, proselyte, aisle; sk'y, viaduct, k'ind, piebald, idyl; g'uide, sleight, siren, exile, viol, society, island. G'uile, dyer, china, viscount; satisfy, anodyne, shrive, fe’line,

EI

2 u:

supine'; papyrus, pyre, buyer, apply, ally, mank'ind, Orion, condign, g'uise, benign, defies; stipend, replied, saline, indict, oblige, satiety. Beg'uile, vine, canine, heliacal, maniacal; paradisiacal, hypochondriacal, se'nile, awry, bias, twilight, lithe. Crocodile, parasite, malign; carʼmine, columbine, sinëcure; tripod, dynasty, satellite, hyperbole, bary'tēs, recondite, accla'vous, aspi'rant.

(as in mule, called long u, and marked thus . See ¶ 42 in regard to the introduction of this sound after l and r). Cube, tube, res'idue, tune; duke, feud, dew, new, neutral, renewal, hue, suit. View, tutor, pewter, scorbutic, beauty; feudal, eulogy, repute, abuse, impugn; steward, skewer, reduce. Tuesday, imbue, newt, pursuit; institution, produce, ret'inue, constitute, sinew; pur'lieu, oppugn, curfew, mildew, argue, sue; bitu'men, bituminous, pen'tateuch, gubernatorial, cæsu'ra, cu'rule, minu'tiæ.

3. ou(as in house). Loud, bound, noun; bout, shout, thou; plough (or plow), now, flout, drought, bow. Brown, bounteous, fountain; doughty, droughty, thou sand; vowel, powder, dowry, vouch, couch. Astound, propound, arouse; cowslip, without, endow; renown, cloudy, browse; sour, shower, ounce; lounge, vouchsafe. 4. oi : — (as in voice). Choice, oil, broil, point; joint, join, poise, coin; quoin, noise, poison, toy. Boy, joy, doit, quoit, troy; buoy, employ, embroil. Appoint, aroynt, avoid, alloy, coif; boiler, decoy, spoil, recoil, hoist, royal. Toil, oyster, burgeois; moiety, embroider, foible; toilsome, jointure, anoint.

COMPOUND CONSONANT SOUNDS.

1. ch:- (an aspirate sound, as in chest). March, much, chair, mis'chievous, each, vouch, truncheon; milch, chamber, chill, inch. Attach, champion, righteous, charity, niche; beach, anchovy, scorch. Touchedst, chalk, watch;

satchel, chin, check, charming.

2. j :-(a vocal sound, as in jest). Perjure, gelid, refuge; jejune, soldier, bulge, registry, age, doge, jade, huge. Obliged, jar, gem, gin, gibbet; divulged, exchanged, suggest, gyration, ginger. Stage, gymnastic, gyre, gyve, gypsum; gibe, gir'andole, jungle, ægis, gist, gelatin; giraffe, gilly-flower, giblets, girond′ist, gyr-falcon, gemiai, geöponics, gerund, gymnōtus, genet.