written for the interjection ah; as, ay me! for ah me! and still oftener we find oh, an interjection of sorrow, pain, or surprise,* written in stead of 0, the proper sign of wishing, earnestness, or vocative address: as, "Oh Happiness! our being's end and aim !"-Pope, Ess. Ep. iv, 1. 1. O cease thy course, and listen to our lay !"-Odys., B. xii, 1. 222. OBS. 3.-The chief characteristics of the interjection are independence, exclamation, and the want of any definable signification. Yet not all the words or signs which we refer to this class, will be found to coincide in all these marks of an interjection. Indeed the last, (the want of a rational meaning,) would seem to exclude them from the language; for words must needs be significant of something. Hence many grammarians deny that mere sounds of the voice have any more claim to be reckoned among the parts of speech, than the neighing of a horse, or the lowing of a cow. There is some reason in this; but in fact the reference which these sounds have to the feelings of those who utter them, is to some extent instinctively understood; and does constitute a sort of significance, though we cannot really define it. And, as their use in language, or in connexion with language, makes it necessary to assign them a place in grammar, it is certainly more proper to treat them as above, than to follow the plan of the Greek grammarians, most of whom throw all the interjections into the class of adverbs. OBS. 4.-Significant words uttered independently, after the manner of interjections, ought in general, perhaps, to be referred to their original classes; for all such expressions may be supposed elliptical: as, Order! gentlemen, order !" i. e., "Come to order," or, "Keep order." "Silence!" i. e., "Preserve silence." "Out! out!" i. e., "Get out,"—or, "Clear out!" (See Obs. 5th and 6th, upon Adverbs.) "Charge, Chester, charge! On, Stanley, on! Were the last words of Marmion."-Scott. --- OBS. 5.-In some instances, interjections seem to be taken substantively and made nouns; as, "I may sit in a corner, and cry hey-ho for a husband.”—Shak. So, according to James White, in his Essay on the Verb, is the word fie, in the following example: "If you deny me, fie upon your law."-SHAK.: White's Verb, p. 163. EXAMPLES FOR PARSING. PRAXIS XI.—ETYMOLOGICAL In the Eleventh Praxis, it is required of the pupil—to distinguish and define the different parts of speech, and ALL their classes and modifications. The definitions to be given in the Eleventh Praxis, are, two for an article, six for a noun, three for an adjective, six for a pronoun, seven for a verb finite, five for an infinitive, two for a participle, two (and sometimes three) for an adverb, two for a conjunction, one for a preposition, and two for an interjection. Thus : EXAMPLE PARSED. "O! sooner shall the earth and stars fall into chaos!"—Brown's Inst., p. 92. O is an interjection, indicating earnestness. 1. An interjection is a word that is uttered merely to indicate some strong or sudden emotion of the mind. 2. The interjection of wishing, earnestness, or vocative address, is 0. Sooner is an adverb of time, of the comparative degree; compared, soon, sooner, soonest. 1. An adverb is a word added to a verb, a participle, an adjective, or an other adverb; and generally expresses time, place, degree, or manner. 2. Adverbs of time are those which answer to the question, When? How long? How soon? or, How often? including these which ask. 3. The comparative degree is that which is more or less than something contrasted with it. Shall is an auxiliary to full. 1. An auxiliary is a short verb prefixed to one of the principal parts of an other verb, to express some particular mode and time of the being, action, or passion. The is the definite article. 1. An article is the word the, an, or a, which we put before nouns to limit their sig. nification. 2. The definite article is the, which denotes some particular thing or things. Earth is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and nominative case. 1. A noun is the name of any person, place, or thing, that can be known r mentioned. 2. A common noun is the name of a sort, kind, or class, of beings or things. 3. The third person is that which denotes the person or thing merely spoken of. 4. The singular number is that which denotes but one. 5. The neuter gender is that which denotes things that are neither male nor female. 6. The nominative case is that form or state of a noun or pronoun, which usually denotes the subject of a finite verb. And is a copulative conjunction. 1. A conjunction is a word used to connect words or sentences in construction, and to show the dependence of the terms so connected. 2. A copulative conjunction is a conjunction that denotes an addition, a cause, a consequence, or a supposition. • Though oh and ah are most commonly used as signs of these depressing passions, it must be confessed that they are sometimes employed by reputable writers, as marks of cheerfulness or exultation; as, "Ah, pleasant proof," &c.-Cowper's Task, p. 179. "Merrily oh! merrily oh!"-Moore's Tyrolese Song. "Cheerily oh! cheerily oh!"-Ib. But even if this usage be supposed to be right, there is still some difference between these words and the interjection O: if there were not, we might dispense with the latter, and substitute one of the former; but this would certainly change the import of many an invocation. Stars is a common noun, of the third person, plural number, neuter gender, and nominative case. 1. A noun is the name of any person, place, or thing, that can be known or mentioned. 2. A common noun is the name of a sort, kind, or class, of beings or things. 3. The third person is that which denotes the person or thing merely spoken of. 4. The plural number is that which denotes more than one. 5. The neuter gender is that which denotes things that are neither male nor female. 6. The nominative case is that form or state of a noun or pronoun which usually denotes the subject of a finite verb. Fall, or Shall fall, is an irregular active-intransitive verb, from fall, fell, falling, fallen; found in the indicative mood, first-future tense, third person, and plural number. 1. A verb is a word that signifies to be, to act, or to be acted upon. 2. An irregular verb is a verb that does not form the preterit and the perfect participle by assuming d or ed. 3. An active-intransitive verb is a verb that expresses an action which has no person or thing for its object. 4. The indicative mood is that form of the verb, which simply indicates or declares a thing, or asks a question. 5. The first-future tense is that which expresses what will take place hereafter. 6. The third person is that which denotes the person or thing merely spoken of. 7. The plural number is that which denotes more than one. Into is a preposition. 1. A preposition is a word used to express some relation of different things or thoughts to each other, and is generally placed before a noun or a pronoun. 1. A noun is the name of any person, place, or thing, that can be known or mentioned. 2. A common noun is the name of a sort, kind, or class, of beings or things. 3. The third person is that which denotes the person or thing merely spoken of. 4. The singular number is that which denotes but one. 5. The neuter gender is that which denotes things that are neither male nor female. 6. The objective case is that form or state of a noun or pronoun, which usually denotes the object of a verb, participle, or preposition. Chaos is a common noun, of the third person, singular number, neuter gender, and objective case. LESSON I-PARSING. "Ah! St. Anthony preserve me!-Ah-ah-eh-eh !-Why-why-after all, your hand is not so co-o-o-old, neither. Of the two, it is rather warmer than my own. Can it be, though, that you are not dead?" "Not I."-MOLIERE: in Burgh's Speaker, p. 232. "I'll make you change your cuckoo note, you old philosophical humdrum, you— [Beats him]-I will-[Beats him]. I'll make you say somewhat else than, ‘All things are doubtful; all things are uncertain ;'-Beats him]-I will, you old fusty pedant." "Ah!-oh!-ch!-What, beat a philosopher!-Ah !—oh !—eh !”— MOLIERE: ib., p. 247. "What! will these hands never be clean ?-No more of that, my lord; no more of that. You mar all with this starting."***"Here is the smell of blood still. -All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Oh! oh! oh!”— Shak., Macbeth, Act V, Sc. 1. "Ha! at the gates what grisly forms appear! What dismal shrieks of laughter wound the ear!"—Merry. LESSON II.-PARSING. "Yet this may be the situation of some now known to us.-O frightful thought! O horrible image! Forbid it, O Father of mercy! If it be possible, let no creature of thine ever be the object of that wrath, against which the strength of thy whole creation united, would stand but as the moth against the thunderbolt!" Burgh's Speaker, p. 289. "If it be so, our God, whom we serve, is able to deliver us from the burning fiery furnace; and he will deliver us out of thine hand, O king. But if not, be it known unto thee, O king, that we will not serve thy gods, nor worship the golden image which thou hast set up."-Daniel, iii, 17 and 18. "Grant me patience, just Heaven!-Of all the cants which are canted in this canting world-though the cant of hypocrites may be the worst-the cant of criticism is the most tormenting!"-Sterne. "Ah, no! Achilles meets a shameful fate, Oh! how unworthy of the brave and great."-Pope. LESSON III-PARSING. "O let not thy heart despise me! thou whom experience has not taught that it is misery to lose that which it is not happiness to possess."-Dr. Johnson. 66 Disguise thyself as thou wilt, still, Slavery! still thou art a bitter draught; and though thousands in all ages have been made to drink of thee, thou art no less bitter on that account."-Sterne. "Put it out of the power of truth to give you an ill character; and if any body reports you not to be an honest or a good man, let your practice give him the lie. This is all very feasible.”—Antoninus. "Oh that men should put an enemy into their mouths to steal away their brains! that we should, with joy, pleasance, revel, and applause, transform ourselves into beasts!"-Shakspeare. "All these afar off stood, crying, Alas! Alas! and wept, and gnashed their teeth, and groaned; And with the owl, that on her ruins sat, Made dolorous concert in the ear of Night."-Pollok. "Snatch'd in thy prime! alas, the stroke were mild, Blest were my lot, O Cynthio! O my child! Had Heaven so pleas'd, and I had died for thee !"—Shenstone. IMPROPRIETIES FOR CORRECTION. ERRORS RESPECTING INTERJECTIONS. "Of chance or change, oh let not man complain."-Bucke's Classical Gram., p. 85. [FORMULE.-Not proper, because the interjection oh, a sign of sorrow, pain, or surprise, is here used to indicate mere earnestness. But, according to the list of interjections, or OBs. 2d under it, the interjection of wishing, earnestness, or vocative address, is O, and not oh. Therefore, oh should here be 0; thus, "Of chance or change, O let not man complain."-Beattie's Minstrel, B. ii, 1. 1.] "O thou persecutor! Oh ye hypocrites."-Merchant's Gram., p. 99; et al. "Oh! thou, who touchedst Isaiah's hallowed lips with fire."-Ib., (Key,) p. 197. "Oh! happy we, surrounded by so many blessings."-lb., (Exercises,) p. 138. "Oh! thou, who art so unmindful of thy duty.". Ib., (Key,) p. 196. "If I am wrong, oh teach my heart To find that better way."-Pope's Works. "Heus! evocate huc Davum. Ter. Hoe! call Davus out hither."-Walker's Particles, p. 155. "It was represented by an analogy, (Oh, how inadequate!) which was borrowed from the religion of paganism."-Murray's Gram., p. 281. "Oh that Ishmael might live before thee!"-ALGER'S BIBLE: Gen., xvii, 18. "And he said unto him, Oh let not the Lord be angry, and I will speak." -FRIENDS' BIBLE: Gen., xviii, 30. "And he said, Oh let not the Lord be angry."-ID., and SCOTT's: ib., ver. 32. "Oh, my lord, let thy servant, I pray thee, speak a word."-FRIENDS' BIBLE, and ALGER'S: Gen., xliv, 18. Oh, Virtue! how amiable thou art! I fear, alas! for my life."-Fisk's Gram., p. 89. Ay me, they little know How dearly I abide that boast so vain." -Milton's P. L., B. iv, 1. 86. "Oh! that I had digged myself a cave."-FLETCHER: in Bucke's Gram., p. 78. "O, my good lord! thy comfort comes too late."-SHAK.: ib., p. 78. "The vocative takes no article; it is distinguished thus: 0 Pedro, Oh Peter! O Dios, Oh God!"—Bucke's Gram., p. 43. "Oh, o! But, the relative is always the same."-Cobbett's Eng. Gram., 1st Ed., p. 127. "Oh, oh! But, the relative is always the same."-Id., Edition of 1832, p. 116. hail, ye happy men!"-Jaudon's Gram., p. 116. "Oh that I had wings like a dove!"-FRIENDS' BIBLE, and ALGER'S: Ps., lv, 6. "Oh Glorious hope! O Blessed abode !"-O. B. Peirce's Gram., p. 183. "Alas, Friends, how joyous is your presence."-Rev. T. Smith's Gram., p. 87. "Oh, blissful days! Ah me! how soon ye pass!"-Parker and Fox's Gram., Part I, p. 16; Part III, p. 29. "Oh golden days! oh bright unvalued hours! What bliss (did ye but know that bliss) were yours!"-Barbauld. "Ay me! what perils do eviron The man that meddles with cold iron."-Hudibras. "Ah CHAPTER XII.-QUESTIONS. ORDER OF REHEARSAL, AND METHOD OF EXAMINATION. PART SECOND, ETYMOLOGY. [The following questions refer almost wholly to the main text of the Etymology of this work, and are such as every student should be able to answer with readiness and accuracy, before he proceeds to any subsequent part of the study or the exercises of English grammar.] LESSON I.-PARTS OF SPEECH. 1. Of what does Etymology treat? 2. What is meant by the term, "Parts of Speech?" 3. What are Classes, under the parts of speech? 4. What are Modifications? 5. How many and what are the parts of speech? 6. What is an article? 7. What is a noun? 8. What is an adjective? 9. What is a pronoun? 10. What is a verb? 11. What is a participle? 12. What is an adverb? 13. What is a conjunction? 14. What is a preposition? 15. What is an interjection? LESSON II.-PARSING. 1. What is Parsing? and what relation does it bear to grammar? 2. What is a Praxis? and what is said of the word? 3. What is required of the pupil in the FIRST PRAXIS? 4. How many definitions are here to be given for each part of speech? 5. How is the following example parsed? "The patient ox submits to the yoke, and meekly performs the labour required of him." [Now parse, in like manner, the three lessons of the First Chapter, or the First Praxis.] LESSON III-ARTICLES. 1. What is an ARTICLE? 2. Are an and a different articles, or the same? 3. When ought an to be used, and what are the examples? 4. When should a be used, and what are the examples? 5. What form of the article do the sounds of w and y require? 6. Can you repeat the alphabet, with an or a before the name of each letter? 7. Will you name the ten parts of speech, with an or a before each name? 8. When does a common noun not admit an article? 2. How is the sense of nouns commonly made indefinitely partitive? 10. Does the mere being of a thing demand the use of articles? 11. Can articles ever be used when we mean to speak of a whole species? 12. But how does an or a commonly limit the sense? 13. And how does The commonly limit the sense? 14. Which number does the limit, the singular or the plural? 15. When is the required before adjectives? 16. Why is an or a not applicable to plurals? 17. What is said of an or a before an adjective of number? 18. When, or how often, should articles be inserted? 19. What is said of needless articles? 20. What is the effect of putting one article for the other, and how shall we know which to choose? 21. How are the two articles distinguished in grammar? 22. Which is the definite article, and what does it denote? 23. Which is the indefinite article, and what does it denote? 24. What modifications have the articles? LESSON IV.-PARSING. 1. What is required of the pupil in the SECOND PRAXIS? 2. How many definitions are here to be given for each part of speech? 3. How is the following example parsed? "The task of a schoolmaster laboriously prompting and urging an indolent class, is worse than his who drives lazy horses along a sandy road." [Now parse, in like manner, the three lessons of the Second Chapter, or the Second Praxis; and then, if you please, you may correct orally the five lessons of bad English, with which the Second Chapter concludes.] LESSON V.-NOUNS. 1. What is a NOUN, and what are the examples given? 2. Into what general classes are nouns divided? 3. What is a proper noun ? 4. What is a common noun ? 5. What particular classes are included among common nouns? 6. What is a collective noun? 7. What is an abstract noun ? 8. What is a verbal or participial noun? 9. What modifications have nouns? 10. What are Persons, in grammar? 11. How many persons are there, and what are they called? 12. What is the first person? 13. What is the second person? 14. What is the third person? 15. What are Numbers, in grammar? 16. How many numbers are there, and what are they called? 17. What is the singular number? 18. What is the plural number? 19. How is the plural number of nouns regularly formed? 20. How is the regular plural formed without increase of syllables? 21. How is the regular plural formed when the word gains a syllable? LESSON VI.-NOUNS. 1. What are Genders, in grammar? 2. How many genders are there, and what are they called? 8. What is the masculine gender? 4. What is the feminine gender? 5. What is the neuter gender? 6. What nouns, then, are masculine? what, feminine? and what, neuter? 7. What inflection of English nouns regularly changes their gender? 8. On what are the different genders founded, and to what parts of speech do they belong? 9. When the noun is such as may be applied to either sex, how is the gender usually determined? 10. What principle of universal grammar determines the gender when both sexes are taken together? 11. What is said of the gender of nouns of multitude? 12. Under what circumstances is it common to disregard the distinction of sex? 13. In how many ways are the sexes distinguished in grammar? 14. When the gender is figurative, how is it indicated? 15. What are Cases, in grammar? 16. How many cases are there, and what are they called? 17. What is the nominative case? 18. What is the subject of a verb? 19. What is the possessive case? 20. How is the possessive case of nouns formed? 21. What is the objective case? 22. What is the object of a verb, participle, or preposition? 23. What two cases of nouns are alike in form, and how are they distinguished? 24. What is the declension of a noun? 25. How do you decline the nouns, friend, man, fox, and fly? LESSON VII.-PARSING. 1. What is required of the pupil in the THIRD PRAXIS? 2. How many definitions are here to be given for each part of speech? 3. How is the following example to be parsed? "The writings of Hannah More appear to me more praise-worthy than Scott's." [Now parse, in like manner, the three lessons of the Third Chapter, or the Third Praris; and then, if you please, you may correct orally the three lessons of bad English, with which the Third Chapter concludes.] LESSON VIII.—ADJECTIVES. 1. What is an ADJECTIVE, and what are the examples given? 2. Into what classes may adjectives be divided? 3. What is a common adjective? 4. What is a proper adjective? 5. What is a numeral adjective? 6. What is a pronominal adjective? 7. What is a participial adjective? 8. What is a compound adjective? 9. What modifications have adjectives? 10. What is comparison, in grammar? 11. How many and what are the degrees of comparison? 12. What is the positive degree? 13. What is the comparative degree? 14. What is the superlative degree? 15. What adjectives cannot be compared? 16. What adjectives are compared by means of adverbs? 17. How are adjectives regularly compared? 18. What principles of spelling must be observed in the comparing of adjectives? 19. To what adjectives is the regular method of comparison, by er and est, applicable? 20. Is there any other method of expressing the degrees of comparison? 21. How are the degrees of diminution, or inferiority, expressed? 22. Has the regular method of comparison any degrees of this kind? 23. Do we ever compare by adverbs those adjectives which can be compared by er and est? 24. How do you compare good? bad, evil, or ill? little? much? many? 25. How do you compare far? near? fore? hind? in? out? up? low? late? 26. What words want the positive? 27. What words want the comparative? LESSON IX-PARSING. 1. What is required of the pupil in the FOURTH PRAXIS? 2. How many definitions are here to be given for each part of speech? 3. How is the following example parsed? "The best and most effectual method of teaching grammar, is precisely that of which the careless are least fond: teach learnedly, rebuking whatsoever is false, blundering, or unmannerly." [Now parse, in like manner, the three lessons of the Fourth Chapter, or the Fourth Praxis; and then, if you please, you may correct orally the three lesons of bad English, with which the Fourth Chapter concludes.] LESSON X-PRONOUNS. 1. What is a PRONOUN, and what is the example given? 2. How many pronouns are there? 3. How are pronouns divided? 4. What is a personal pronoun? 5. How many and what are the simple personal pronouns? 6. How many and what are the compound personal pronouns ? 7. What is a relative pronoun? 8. Which are the relative pronouns? 9. What peculiarity has the relative what? 10. What is an interrogative pronoun ? 11. Which are the interrogative pronouns? 12. Do who, which, and what, all ask the same question? 13. What modifications have pronouns? 14. Why are not these things defined under the head of pronouns? 15. What is the declension of a pronoun? 16. How do you decline the pronoun I? Thou? He? She? It? 17. What is said of the compound personal pronouns? 18. How do you decline the pronoun Myself? Thyself? Himself? Herself? Ilself? 19. Are the interrogative pronouns declined like the simple relatives? 20. How do you decline Who? Which? What? That? As? 21. Have the compound relative pronouns any declension? 22. How do you decline Whoever? Whosoever? Whichever? Whichsoever? Whatever? Whatsoever ? LESSON XI.-PARSING. 1. What is required of the pupil in the FIFTH PRAXIS? 2. How many definitions are here to be given for each part of speech? 3. How is the following example parsed? Nay but, O man, who art thou that repliest against God? Shall the thing formed say to him that formed it, Why hast thou made me thus ?" [Now parse, in like manner, the three lessons of the Fifth Chapter, or the Fifth Prazis; and then, if you please, you may correct orally the three lessons of bad English, with which the Fifth Chapter concludes.] LESSON XII-VERBS. 1. What is a VERB, and what are the examples given? 2. Why are verbs called by that name? 3. Respecting an English verb, what things are to be sought in the first place? 4. What is the Present? 5. What is the Preterit? 6. What is the Imperfect Participle? 7. What is the Perfect Participle? 8. How are verbs divided, with respect to their form? 9. What is a regular verb? 10. What is an irregular verb? 11. What is a redundant verb? 12. What is a defective verb? 13. How are verbs divided, with respect to their signification? 14. What is an active-transitive verb ? 15. What is an active-intransitive verb? 16. What is a passive verb? 17. What is a neuter verb? 18. What modifications have verbs? 19. What are Moods, in grammar? How many moods are there, and what are they called? 21. What is the infinitive mood? What is the indicative mood? 23. What is the potential mood? 24. What is the subjunctive mood? 25. What is the imperative mood? LESSON XIII.-VERBS. 20. 22. 1. What are Tenses, in grammar? 2. How many tenses are there, and what are they called? 3. What is the present tense? 4. What is the imperfect tense? 5. What is the perfect tense? 6. What is the pluperfect tense? 7. What is the first-future tense? 8. What is the second-future tense? 9. What are the Person and Number of a verb? 10. How many persons and numbers belong to verbs? 11. Why are not these things defined under the head of verbs? 12. How are the second and third persons singular distinctively formed? 13. How are the person and number of a verb ascertained, where no peculiar ending is employed to mark them? 14. What is the |