A thousand desolate homes was the price of our victory. About one hundred and forty thousand pounds sterling was distributed among nine of the most powerful servants of the company.-MACAULAY: Lord Clive. Sneers and gibes was all our reward. The majority have expressed their opinion, and the majority rules. Word after word falls in with the precision of fate. Each of the pack-horses were laden with gold. Everybody in the audience had their eyes glued upon the speaker. Whenever a person acts in that way you may be sure they are guilty. Whoever comes in here, the way things are now, must make up their minds to suffer. He is one of the fastest runners that has ever run on our track, There are none so deaf as those who will not hear. None of those acts which are the real stains of his life has drawn on him so much obloquy as this measure.—MACAULAY : Lord Clive. The rule here is, Everybody for themselves. Its The elk or moose deer is the largest of living Cervida. antlers attain their full length by the fifth year, but in after years they increase in breadth and in the number of branches until fourteen of these are produced. Although spending a large part of their lives in forests, they do not appear to suffer much inconvenience from the great expanse of their antlers.Ency. Britannica. He says it is a rare fish, even in Tahiti. It nearly always burrows in the sand, raising a little mound over itself, and is thus the more dangerous to the native fishermen, who usually go barefoot and are quite liable to step on these dangerous hidden fish. 32. Regimen. The grammatical laws of case-government we may assume to be familiar. But some errors cling tenaciously. 1. All words in a series must have the case-form proper to the first word; the conjunctions and, or, nor, etc., cannot affect the form. Grace, Ethel, and I [not me] took turns in watching. Between you and me [not I], he is right. 2. The case of an antecedent pronoun is not affected by the relative clause. Let him [not he] who hears my words take them to heart. 3. The regimen of a relative or interrogative pronoun introducing its clause needs watching, as it is not easily felt. Whom [not who] are you looking for? 4. The subject of an infinitive is in the accusative (objective) case. Whom should you like to have win? I should like to have him win. Whom (or him) is the subject of win, and the whole infinitive clause whom (to) win is object of to have. It must not be supposed that the case of whom or him is influenced by have. For, 5. When in indirect discourse after words of saying, thinking, etc., we have a finite verb the subject must be nominative. Who do you think won? I think he won. 6. Objection is sometimes made to the use of the indirect object of a verb as the subject of that verb in the passive voice; as, "He was given three lashes" instead of "Three lashes were given him." But the mind accepts the construction easily and the objection seems finical. Much more crude is the turning of the object of a preposition after an intransitive verb into the subject; as, "These pillars were stood on for years by religious fanatics." we sometimes use such similar phrases as "He may be relied on," "The principle is still adhered to," in which the verb and preposition are felt to be equivalent to a simple transitive verb (here trusted, observed). Indeed, these dis tinctions are too nice for rules and may better be left to instinct. EXERCISES. Fill out the blanks properly: The decision affects both my brother and Neither John nor It was (I, me.) realized what it meant. (he, him.) you saw upon the deck. (he, him.) you would chastise has fled. (She, Her.) who labor now the master will reward. (They, Them.) if not he, him.) will you elect as your captain? (Who, Whom; I knew he was the agent had called on us and we had bought the picture from. (who, whom.) Do you not think he will be chosen rather than ? (I, me.) deserves it most. (whosoever, whomsoever.) Give it to Give it to Give it to Give it to Whom.) you find there. you feel needs it. you think best. shall I dare let take control in my absence? (Who, He engaged a guide. He engaged a guide through. He engaged a guide them through. Discuss: He was told nothing. She was written at once. he thought could be depended upon. he thought competent to take them he thought was competent to take We were forwarded three boxes. The Labor Bureau was next applied to. Ten transports were sent to Key West. Tampa was sent to for transports. The lawn has been run over by some horses. The house is overrun with rats. 33. Tense-relations.-It will repay one to study the distinctions of meaning that frequently underlie the same tense-form. There are absolute tenses (present, past, future), and there are relative tenses (imperfect, present perfect, past perfect, future perfect), and there are relative uses of the absolute tenses. Besides, a present tense may represent one point of time, or many different points of time, or all time, or even no time. Time scarcely enters into the sentence, "God is." And consider the value of the tense-forms in "Men die, "Men make mistakes," "I bid you good-bye," "Say on; I hear." Let us take a very simple sentence: "He said he knew he had been wrong." Here is one absolutely past tense, another past in form but relatively present to the past, and a third relatively past to the relative present. What he said was, "I know I have been wrong." The verbs have been attracted into the past by the influence of "said." For a delicate discrimination between the values of similar tense-forms the student is referred to the selection from Stevenson, Appendix C XIX 6, 7. Mark the distinction between "Durst I address," "Was I going," "Who was I," and "I doffed my cap," "He nodded," "I said "-all past in form. 1. Past and Imperfect.—In narration the simple past fixes the time of the event to which attention is called. The imperfect is used for all occurrences grouped about this event and synchronous with it, the past perfect for occurrences anterior to it. The time of a simple past tense is to be defined only by a date; the time of an imperfect or perfect tense is to be understood by reference to some major event. The lack of a specific date is painfully apparent, for example, in the following introduction of an essay: Clay is found in great abundance in all parts of the Italian peninsula, and to it the people in search of building material naturally turned; it was of many shades of red, yellow, and brown. If the time meant is universally past, then the tense should be "have turned." As the imperfect tense-form in English is somewhat awkward, it is largely supplanted by the simple past, so that past events grouped together are narrated for the most part in simple past tenses, with often some distinguishing word or phrase to point out the central event if there be such. It is clear, however, that if a perfect or imperfect tense be used first it will keep one in suspense waiting for the event of prime interest. Study the tenses in the following selection. Other good examples may be found in the narrative selections in Appendix C XV, XVI, XIX, XXII. The suspense was terrible. Sam'l and Sanders had both known all along that Bell would take the first of the two who asked her. Even those who thought her proud admitted that she was modest. Bitterly the weaver repented having waited so long. Now it was too late. In ten minutes Sanders would be at T'nowhead; in an hour all would be over. Sam'l rose to his feet in a daze. His mother pulled him down by the coat-tail, and his father shook him, thinking he was walking in his sleep. He tottered past them, however, hurried up the aisle, which was so narrow that Dan'l Ross could only reach his seat by walking sideways, and was gone before the minister could do more than stop in the middle of a whirl and gape in horror after him.-J. M. BARRIE: Auld Licht Idylls. 2. Historical Present. The present tense is sometimes used for the narration of past events. As it is an imaginative device, it requires some imaginative gift to carry it through successfully. The unpractised writer will do well to avoid it. For he is likely, through failure to conceive the situation vividly, to find himself relapsing into simple past tenses, and he is almost certain to have difficulty in making the transition from one tense-form to another. The two forms should not be mingled indiscriminately in the same passage. At best the historical present should be employed sparingly, never after the lavish manner of writers |