GA

first book of Chronicles, who says, that the sons of Ephraim being in Egypt, attacked the city of Gath, and were there slain. (1 Chron. vii. 21.)

GA GALATIA, a province of Asia Minor, bounded on the west by Phrygia, on the east by the river Halys, on the north by Paphlagonia, and on the south by Lycaonia. This country derived its name from the Gauls, two tribes of whom (the Trocmi and Tolis- Jerome says, there was a large town called Gath, in the way toboii) with a tribe of the Celts, or according to Prof. Hug, Ger- from Eleutheropolis to Gaza; and Eusebius speaks of another mans (the Tectosages), finding their own country too small to Gath, five miles from Eleutheropolis, toward Lydda (consesupport its redundant population, migrated thither after the sack-quently different from that which Jerome speaks of); also aning of Rome by Brennus; and mingling with the former inhabit-other Gath, or Gattha, between Jamnia and Antipatris. Jerome ants, and adopting the Greek language, the whole were called likewise, speaking of Gath-Opher, the place of the prophet Gallo-Græci. During the reign of Augustus (A. v. c. 529, B. c. 26.), Jonah's birth, says, it was called Gath-Opher, or Gath, in the Galatia was reduced into a Roman province, and was thenceforth district of Opher, to distinguish it from others of the same governed by the Roman laws, under the administration of a pro- name. prætor. The Galatians seem to have preserved their native eligion, to which they superadded the worship of the great mother of the gods. Their principal cities were Ancyra, Tavium, and Pessinus; the latter of which carried on some commerce. Callimachus (Hymn. in Delum. v. 184.) and Hilary (Hymn. Hieron. pref. in. ep. ad Galat.), who was himself a Gaul, represent them as a very foolish people; whence St. Paul says, (iii. 1.) O FOOLISH Galatians, who hath bewitched you? This church was so dangerously perverted, and almost overturned, by the Judaizers there, that the apostle, in his epistle to them, does not call them saints. See an analysis of his epistle to the Galatians in Vol. II. pp. 337, 338. Galatia was also the seat of colonies from various nations, among whom were many Jews; and from all of these St. Paul appears to have made many converts to Christianity. (Gal. i. 2. 1 Cor. xvi. 1. 2 Tim. 4. 10. 1 Pet. i. 1.) According to Josephus (Ant. Jud. lib. xvi. c. 6.), the Jews here enjoyed considerable privileges. Robinson, voce Taxaria; Hug's Introd. vol. ii. pp. 363-365.)

GALILEE, Upper and Lower, 17, 18. The Galilæans were accounted brave and industrious, though the other Jews affected to consider them as not only stupid and unpolished, but also seditious, and therefore proper objects of contempt. (John i. 47. viii. 52.) They were easily distinguished from the Jews of Jerusalem by a pecculiar dialect; for a notice of which, see p. 17. and

note 2.

Gath was the most southern city of the Philistines, as Ekron was the most northern; so that Ekron and Gath are placed as the boundaries of their land. (1 Sam. vii. 14. xvii. 52.) Gath lay near Mareshah (2 Chron. xi. 8. Micah i. 14. Heb.), which nearly agrees with Jerome, who places Gath on the road from Eleutheropolis to Gaza. Gath was a place of strength, in the time of the prophets Amos and Micah, independent of the kings of Judah (Amos vi. 2. Micah i. 10. 14.); but was taken by Uzziah, king of Judah, while Amos was living; and afterwards by Hezekiah, in Micah's time. Gethaim (2 Sam. iv. 3. Neh. xi. | 33.) is Gath. David had a company of Gittite guards. GAULONITIS, District of, 18.

GAZA, a very celebrated city of the Jews, distant about 60 miles south-west from Jerusalem: it was one of the five cities of the Philistines, which fell by lot to the tribe of Judah (Josh. xv. 47.), and which offered their golden emerods to the God of Israel for a trespass-offering. (1 Sam. vi. 17.) Its gates were carried away by Samson (Judg. xvi. 2.), and hither he was conducted when taken by the Philistines (v. 21.), three thousand of whom, both men and women, were assembled on the roof of the temple of their god Dagon (27.), and perished when Samson pulled it down. (30.) "If any one should question the possibility of 3000 people being upon the roof of the temple in question, he may be referred to the accounts of the temples at Thebes in Upper Egypt, which have been given by all recent travellers; accounts, which, while they come to us authenticated in such a manner as to admit of no doubt in regard to their verity and correctness, at the same time present things apparently incredible, and contrary to all the philosophizing of most speculative and theoretical historians. The ruins of ancient Greece and Rome, so far as vastness and extent are concerned, dwindle into insignificance when compared with the astonishing remains of early architecture at Thebes. What is most confounding of all to that philosophizing, in which historians of a skeptical cast are prone to indulge, is, that these mighty ruins are, beyond all doubt, the GAMALIEL, a Pharisee and an eminent doctor of the law, under relics of architecture designed and executed in ages, when (as whom St. Paul was educated. (Acts v. 24. xxii. 3.) He possessed some popular writers admonish us to believe) men were not yet great influence among the Jews, and is said by some to have pre-weaned from contending with the beasts of the forest for their sided over the sanhedrin during the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, and Claudius.

GALILEANS, Sect of, principles of, 148.
GALILEE OF THE NATIONS, 18.
GALILEE, Sea of, account of, 26, 27.

GALLIO, a proconsul of Achaia, was the elder brother of the philosopher Seneca, and was called Marcus Annæus Novatus; but took the name of Gallio, after being adopted into the family of Lucius Junius Gallio. Before his tribunal Saint Paul was dragged at Corinth. His conduct on that occasion exhibits him in the character of a mild and amiable man; and St. Luke's account is confirmed by profane writers. See Vol. I. P. 79.

GAMES, Olympic, allusions to, explained, 191-194. Gymnastic games in imitation of them among the Jews, 190. GARDENS of the Hebrews, notice of, 180. GARMENTS of the priests, 113. Of the high-priests, 113, 114. Rending of, a sign of mourning, 159. Great wardrobes of, ibid.

GATES of cities, 155.; were seats of justice, 54. Gates of Jerusalem, 19, 20.

lairs and for their acorns, nor but very little elevated above them. The ruins at Thebes present evidences of control over physical, mechanical power; of skill in architecture on a scale of surprising magnitude; and of art in mixing and laying on colours, that are fresh as if painted but yesterday, after having been laid on for more than thirty centuries; which confound and put to shame all that the arts and sciences, and the experience of three thousand years, have since been able to accomplish. So much for the rudeness, and barbarity, and ignorance of the primitive ages. The Philistines, the near neighbours of the Egyptians, and their hearty coadjutors in polytheism, might well have, and doubtless had, large temples as well as they; large enough to afford room for three thousand, and some of them not improbably for many more, to stand upon the roof. As to the strength of Samson, in tearing away pillars on which such enormous weight rested;—those, who disbelieve any thing which is miraculous, will of course regard the whole as a mythos (or fable); those, who admit the reality of miracles, will doubtless be ready to believe, that there was some supernatural aid afforded him in the case under consideration. A heavy blow was inflicted upon polytheism by the event in question, and on its votaries, who were the enemies of God's chosen people." (Stuart's Hebr. Chrestomathy, pp. 189, 190.)

GATH, a city of the Philistines, one of their five principalities (1 Sam. vi. 17.), famous for having given birth to Goliath. David conquered it in the beginning of his reign over all Israel (1 Sam. xvii. 4.): it continued subject to his successors till the declension of the kingdom of Judah. Rehoboam rebuilt or fortified it. (2 Chron. xi. 8.) Uzziah reconquered it, as did Hezekiah. Josephus makes it part of the tribe of Dan; but Joshua takes no notice of it. Calmet thinks, that Mithcah, mentioned by Moses (Num. xxxiii. 29.), is the Metheg in 2 Sam. viii. 1. In our authorized version it is rendered, David took Metheg-Ammah, that is, Metheg the Mother, which, in 1 Chron. xviii. 1., is explained by-He took Gath and her daughters (or towns); Gath being the mother, and Metheg the daughter. But it may be that the district of Gath and its dependencies was called in David's time After destroying Tyre, Alexander the Great besieged Gaza, Metheg-Ammah; but this being unusual, or becoming obsolete, which was at that time held by a Persian garrison, and took it the author of the Chronicles explains it to be Gath and its vil- after a siege of two months. He appears to have left the city lages, According to this idea, Gath of the Philistines, the birth-standing; but afterwards, B. c. 96, Alexander Jannæus, reigning place of giants (2 Sam. xxi. 20. 22.), must lie far in Arabia prince of the Jews, took it after a siege of a year and destroyed Petræa, towards Egypt, which is confirmed by the author of the it. Thus was Gaza made desolate agreeably to the prediction of

GE Zephaniah. (ii. 4.) Subsequently Gabinius rebuilt this city, which Augustus bestowed on Herod the Great, after whose death it was annexed to Syria. (Schleusner and Robinson, voce Tag.) The city of Gaza is mentioned in Acts viii. 26. with the parenthetical remark, that urn or ipucs—it [or the same] is desert: which has greatly exercised the ingenuity of commentators, some of whom refer urn to ides, and translate it by unfrequented; while others referring it to the city, explain it by deprived of fortifications: others again suppose the ancient city to have remained desolate, and that which flourished in the days of St. Luke to have occupied a somewhat different site nearer to the sea; and others consider these words to be a mere gloss which has found its way into the text. A passage, however, in Josephus, which has escaped the researches of most of the learned men, clears up the difficulty, and shows the minute fidelity of the sacred historian. A short time before the siege of Jerusalem, in consequence of a massacre of the Jews at Cæsarea, the whole nation became greatly enraged, and in revenge laid waste many villages and cities; and among these were Anthedon and Gaza, which they utterly demolished. Gaza therefore was actually ips, a desert, at the time St. Luke wrote. (Josephus, Bell. Jud. lib. ii. c. 18. § 1. Hug's Introd. vol. i. p. 25.) The neighbourhood of modern Gaza is described by Captains Irby and Mangles as being richly wooded with olives, sycamores, mulberries, cedars, fir trees, &c. &c. The country is enclosed by hedges of prickly pears, the hills gently rising to the view beyond each other, and the whole has a beautiful appearance. Excepting the perishable materials, with which the houses are constructed, stone being substituted for mud, the town partakes of the wretched appearance of those in Egypt. (Travels, p. 178.) GEBAL, Mount, 31.

GEDALIAH, the son of Ahikam, was left by Nebuchadnezzar in Palestine, after the destruction of Jerusalem, to govern the remainder of the people who continued there. He was treacherously slain by Ishmael the son of Nethaniah. (2 Kings xxv. 22-25.)

GEHAZI, the servant of the prophet Elisha, who, contrary to his master's intention, fraudulently obtained presents of Naaman, the Syrian general, and was smitten with leprosy for his wickedness (2 Kings v. 20—27.); a judgment which ought to warn us not only of the curse which cleaves to ill-gotten wealth, but above all, of the just vengeance of God, which pursues all who, for purposes of worldly gain, bring a scandal and reproach upon their religion.

GEHINNOM, or the Valley of Hinnom, 32.
GENEALOGIES of the Hebrews, 79.; of the Herodian family, 51.
GENNESARETH, a region 50 furlongs in length, and 20 in
breadth; a very pleasant and fruitful place, abounding in the
gardens of great men, whence it had its name from Gen and
Sar, as being the garden of princes; it lay at the bottom of the
Lake of Gennesareth, and gave that name to it. (Luke v. 1.)
GENNESARETн, Sea of, 26, 27.

GENTILES, Court of, in the temple, 99.
GEOGRAPHY, not unknown to the Jews as a science, 187.
Sketch of the historical and physical geography of Palestine,

13-40.

GERGESA, a town near Gadara, so called, either from the Girgashites, the posterity of Canaan (for neither did Zebulon nor Naphtali drive out all the Canaanites, Judg. i. 30. 33.), or from Gergishta, signifying clay, the soil being clay; it gave name to a region so called, which comprehended in it Gadara, Hippo, and Magdala. See GADARA, p. 423.

GERIZIM (Mount), a peak of Mount Ephraim, over-against Mount Ebal; between the two the city Shechem was situated. (Deut. xi. 29. xxvii. 11, 12.) In subsequent times this mounLain became the seat of the religious worship of the Samaritans, who erected a temple there; for a notice of which, see p. 101. GERSHOм and ELIEZER, the sons of Moses and Zipporah, were only simple Levites, while their relations, the sons of Aaron, enjoyed the highest honours of the pontificate.

GERSHON, a son of Levi, who gave his name to one of the three great branches of the Levites. The office of the Gershonites was, to carry the veils and curtains of the tabernacle, on the western side of which they encamped.

GESHUR, a country in Syria, the daughter of whose king
David married, and by her had Absalom (2 Sam. xv. 8.), who,
after the murder of his brother Amnon, retired to the king of
Geshur his grandfather. (13.)

GESSIUS FLORUS, the procurator of Judæa, notice of, 53.
VOL. II.
3 H

GI GETHSEMANE, a garden beyond Kedron, at the foot of Mount Olivet, so called from the wine-presses in it: it is memorable in the evangelical history, as being the scene of our Saviour's agony. It is described by recent travellers, as being a small plat of ground, with a low hedge or enclosure of stones; no verdure growing on it, save six or eight venerable-looking olives, which have stood there for many centuries: they are highly venerated by the Christians here, who consider any attempt to cut or injure them as amounting to an act of profanation. (Missionary Register for 1824, p. 504. Jowett's Researches in Syria, p. 303. Carne's Letters, p. 290. Rae Wilson's Travels, vol. i. p. 212. third edition.)

GIEEAH, a city in the tribe of Benjamin, not far from Jerusalem: it is frequently called Gibeah of Saul, from being the birth-place of the first Hebrew monarch.

GIBEON, the capital city of the Gibeonites, who took advantage of the oaths of Joshua, and of the elders of Israel, on an artful representation which they made of their belonging to a very remote country. (Josh. ix.) Joshua and the elders had not the precaution to consult God on this affair, and inconsiderately made a league with these people: they soon discovered their mistake, and without revoking their promise of giving them their lives, they condemned them to carry wood and water to the tabernacle, and other servile work, as a mark of their pusillanimity and duplicity, as slaves and captives; in which state of servitude they remained, till the entire dispersion of the Jewish nation, A. M. 2553, B. c. 1451. Three days after the Gibeonites had surrendered to the Hebrews, the kings of the Canaanites being informed of it, came and besieged the city of Gibeon. (Josh. x. 3, &c.) The Gibeonites came to Joshua, and desired speedy help. Joshua attacked the five kings early in the morning, put them to flight, and pursued them to Bethoron.

The Gibeonites were descended from the Hivites, the old inhabitants of that country, and possessed four cities; Cephirah, Beeroth, Kirjath-jearim, and Gibeon, the capital, afterwards given to Benjamin, excepting Kirjath-jearim, which fell to Judah. The Gibeonites continued subject to those burdens which Joshua had imposed on them, and were very faithful to the Israelites. Nevertheless Saul, through what mistaken zeal we cannot tell, destroyed a very great number of them (2 Sam. xxi. 1, 2, 3, &c.); but God, as a punishment of his cruelty, in the reign of David, sent a great famine, which lasted three years (A. M. 2983, B. c. 1017); and the prophets told David that this calamity would continue so long as that cruelty remained unrevenged, which Saul had exercised against the Gibeonites. David asked the Gibeonites, what satisfaction they desired? They answered, "Seven of Saul's sons we will put to death, to avenge the blood of our brethren." The Gibeonites hung them up before the Lord. This happened early in the spring, when, in Palestine, they begin barley-harvest. From this time there is no mention of the Gibeonites, as composing a sort of separate people. But it is probable that they were included among the Nethinim, or Given, who were public slaves, appointed for the service of the temple. (1 Chron. ix. 2.) Afterwards, those of the Canaanites, who were subdued, and had their lives spared, were added to the Gibeonites. We see (Ezra viii. 20. ii. 58. 1 Kings ix. 20, 21.) that David, Solomon, and the princes of Judah, gave many of them to the Lord; these Nethinim being carried into captivity with Judah and the Levites, many of them returned with Ezra, Zerubbabel, and Nehemiah, and continued as before, in the service of the temple, under the priests and Levites. Gibeon was seated on an eminence, as is evidenced by its name. It was forty furlongs from Jerusalem (according to Josephus) north. It is called Gabaa. (2 Sam. v. 25. compared with 1 Chron. xiv. 16.) There is mention of the fountain and pool of Gibeon. (2 Sam. ii. 13.)

We neither know when, nor by whom, nor upon what occasion, the tabernacle and altar of burnt sacrifices made by Moses, in the wilderness, were removed to Gibeon; but this we certainly know, that toward the end of David's reign, and in the beginning of Solomon's, they were there. (1 Chron. xxi. 29, 30.) David, seeing the angel of the Lord at Araunah's threshing-floor, was so terrified, that he had not time or strength to go so far as Gibeon, there to offer sacrifice, but Solomon being seated on the throne, went to sacrifice at Gibeon, because this was the most considerable of all the high places, where sacrifices were then tolerated, the temple being not yet built. (1 Kings iii. 4.)

GIDEON, the fifth judge of the Israelites, whom he delivered from the oppression of the Midianites. (Judg. vii. viii.) He was the son of Joash, of the tribe of Manasseh; and, having destroyed the worship of Baal, was surnamed JERUBBAAL. (Judg. vi. 25-32.) GIDEON, Ephod of, 137. GIHON.

1. One of the four rivers of Paradise; which Bishop Patrick and Dr. Wells suppose to be the easterly channel of the two, into which the Euphrates is divided after its junction with the Tigris. Others, however, (and among them, Gesenius,) suppose it to be the Oxus or Araxes. Josephus considers it to be the Nile, (Ant. Jud. lib. i. c. 1. § 3.), which now is said to be called Guyon by the Abyssinians.

2. A fountain or watercourse near Jerusalem, where Solomon was anointed King by Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet. (1 Kings i. 32-40.) It is supposed to be the same which was afterwards called SILOAM; for a notice of which, see p. 28.

GILBOA, Mountains of, notice of, 30.

GILEAD, Mountains of, notice of, 31. Balm of, 36.
GILGAL, a celebrated place on the east of Jericho, and on this
side Jordan, where the Israelites encamped for some time after
their passage over that river. A city was afterwards built there,
which became memorable for many events. It was a seat of
justice (or, as we should now term it, an assize-town): Samuel,
when travelling in circuit through the land, went yearly to
Gilgal. (1 Sam. vii. 16.) Here Saul was crowned king of the
Hebrews. In subsequent times it was the seat of idolatry.
(Hos. iv. 15. Amos v. 5.)
GIRDLES, notice of, 156. Military girdle, 88.
GIRGASHITES, an ancient people of Canaan, whose habitation
was beyond the sea of Tiberias, where we find some vestiges of
their name in the city of GERGESA or Gergasa, upon the sea
of Tiberias.

GOD, crimes against, how punished by the Jews, 61, 62.
GOEL, or blood-avenger, office of, 67.

(Gen. xlvii. 11.), and “the fat of the land." (Gen. xlv. 18.) The land of Goshen lay along the most easterly branch of the Nile, and on the east side of it; for it is evident, that at the time of the Exodus, the Israelites did not cross the Nile. In ancient times, it was considerably more extensive, both in length and breadth, in consequence of the general failure of the eastern branches of the Nile; the main body of the river verging more and more to the west continually, and deepening the channels on that side. (Dr. Hales's Chronology, vol. i. p. 374. Madden's Travels in Turkey, &c. vol. ii. p. 182.)

GOVERNMENT of the Jews, under the patriarchs. See p. 40, 41. Under Moses and the judges, 41, 42. Under the kings, 42-48. During the Babylonian captivity, 49, 50. Under the Asmonæan and Herodian princes, 50-52. Under the Roman procurators, 52, 53.

GOZAN, a city or country in northern Mesopotamia. (2 Kings xvii. 6. xviii. 11. xix. 12. Isa. xxxvii. 2.) By the geographer Ptolemy it is called Gauzanitis, now Kausehan.

GRAIN, threshing of, 178.
GREAT PLAIN, account of, 33.
GREAT SEA, 28.

GREAVES (Military), use of, 88.

GREECE, in the Scriptures, often comprehends all the countries inhabited by the descendants of Javan, as well in Greece as in Ionia and Asia Minor. Since the time of Alexander the Great the name of Greeks is taken in a more uncertain and enlarged sense, because, the Greeks being masters of Egypt and Syria, of the countries beyond the Euphrates, &c. the Jews called all those Gentiles Greeks. In the Maccabees, the Gospels, and Paul's writings, a Greek commonly signifies-a Gentile. In the Old Testament Greece and Greeks are named Javan. Isaiah says (lxvi. 19.), that the Lord shall send his ambassadors to Javan, to the isles afur off. Ezekiel tells us (xxvii. 13. 19.) that Javan, Tubal, and Meshech came to the fairs at Tyre. Daniel (xi. 2.), speaking of Darius, says "that he shall stir up all against the realm of Javan." Alexander the Great is described by the name of King of Javan. (Dan. viii. 21. x. 20.)

GRINDING of corn, 178.
GUARD, military, of the Temple, 101.
GUESTS, reception of, 169, 170.

GYMNASTIC exercises of the Jews, 190.

GOG and MAGOG, the accurate chronologer, Dr. Hales, thinks, are the general names of the northern nations of Europe and Asia, or the districts north of Caucasus, or Mount Taurus, colonized by Gog, or Magog, another of the sons of Japhet (Gen. x. 2.), called, by the Arabian geographers, Jajuie and Majuje. (Rennel. Herod. p. 112.) Gog rather denotes the people, Magog the land. Thus Balaam foretold that Christ would be "a king HABAKKUK, the eighth of the twelve minor prophets, who higher than Agag," or rather "Gog," according to the more foretold the captivity and restoration of the Jews. For an analycorrect reading of the Samaritan Hebrew text, and of the Sep-sis of his predictions, see Vol. IV. p. 277. tuagint version of Num. xxiv. 7.: and Ezekiel, foretelling a HADRACH (Land of). This land, which is mentioned in future invasion of the land of Israel by these northern nations, Zech. ix. 1., occurs in no other part of the Old Testament. But Meshech, Tubal, and Togarmah, styles "Gog their chief a Syrian king, who is called Rehob in 2 Sam. viii. 3., is by Joprince," and describes their host precisely as Scythian or Tar-sephus named Apacs or Apaxos, which Dr. Blayney thinks was tarian; "coming out of the north, all of them riding on horses;" "bows and arrows" their weapons; "covering the land, like a cloud, and coming like a storm," in the "latter days." (Ezek. xxxviii. 1—17.) He also describes their immense slaughter, in the valley of the passengers on the east of the sea, thence called the valley of Hamon Gog, "the multitude of Gog." (Ezek. xxxix. 1-22.) This prophecy seems also to be revived in the Apocalypse, where the hosts of Gog and Magog are represented as coming to invade "the beloved city," and perishing with immense slaughter likewise in Armageddon, "the Mount of Mageddo," or Megiddo. (Rev. xvi. 14-16. xx. 7-10.) Dr. Hales's Analysis of Chronology, vol. i. p. 463. (first edition). GOLDEN CALF, Worship of, 136. Golden calves of Jeroboam, ibid.

GOLGOTHA, notice of, 19.

GOLIATH, a Philistine giant, a native of Gath, well known for his combat with David. (1 Sam. xvii.)

GOMER, the son of Japhet (Gen. x. 2, 3. Ezek. xxxviii. 6.), whose posterity peopled Galatia, according to Josephus; Phrygia, according to Bochart; but, according to Calmet and Gesenius, they were the Cimmerians or Cimbri, a little known and barbarous northern nation.

GOMORRAH, one of the four cities in the vale of Siddim, which were sunk in the Dead Sea. (Gen. x. 19. xiii. 10.)

GOSHEN (Land of), was the most fertile pasture ground in the whole of Lower Egypt: thence called Goshen, from ush, in Arabic, signifying "a heart," or whatsoever is choice or precious. There was also a Goshen in the territory of the tribe of Judah, so called for the same reason. (Josh. x. 41.) Hence Joseph recommended it to his family as "the best of the land"

his proper and real name; that of Rehob, or the charioteer, having been added characteristically on account of the number of his chariots. (2 Sam. viii. 4.) This prince reigned over that part of Syria which was called Zobah; so that, if by the land of Hadrach or Arach be meant the kingdom of Zobah, the three capital kingdoms of Syria-Zobah, Damascus, and Hamath, will then be cited for the whole. (Blayney on Zechariah, p. 37.)

HAGAR, an Egyptian woman, handmaid of Sarah, and mother of Ishmael. (Gen. xvi. 1. xxv. 12.) In Gal. iv. 24, 25. St. Paul applies this name by allegorical interpretation to the inferior condition of the Jews under the law, as compared with that of Christians under the Gospel. (1

HAGARITES OF HAGARENES, the descendants of Ishmael. Chron. v. 10.) They constituted a tribe of Arabians, who are supposed to have settled in the vicinity of Mount Sinai. HAGGAI, the tenth of the minor prophets: he exhorted the Jews to rebuild the temple. For an analysis of his predictions, see p. 287.

HAI. See A1, p. 404. of this Index.

HAIR, Jewish mode of dressing, 156, 157. Plucking off, a punishment, 66. Forbidden to be cut in certain forms, 142, HAM.

1. The youngest son of Noah, from whom, according to Gen. x. 6-20., most of the southern nations were descended. Ac cording to Gesenius the name literally denotes warm or southern.

2. Land of Ham, a poetical name for Egypt, probably (says Gesenius) of Egyptian derivation, but to the Hebrew presenting the same signification as above. (Psal. Ixxviii. 51. cv. 23. 27. cvi. 22.)

HI HEBRON, anciently called ARBA, and KIRJATH-ARBA, a city of Judæa, was situated on an eminence, twenty miles southward of Jerusalem, and twenty miles north from Beersheba. Abraham, HAMATH, on the northern boundary of Canaan, a colony of Sarah, and Isaac, were buried near Hebron, in the cave of Mach Phoenicians, and the residence of a king who was in friendship pelah. (Gen. xxiii. 7, 8, 9.) Near this place was the oak or with David. (Num. xiii. 21. Judg. iii. 3. 2 Sam. viii. 9.) In turpentine tree, under which Abraham received three angels. Amos vi. 2. it is called Hamath the Great, and in 2 Chron. viii. (Gen. xviii. 1.) Hebron was allotted to Judah. The Lord as3. Hamath-Zobah. In Gen. x. 8. the inhabitants are called Ha- signed it to Caleb for inheritance. (Josh. xiv. 13.) Joshua first mathites. took Hebron, and killed its king (Josh. x. 3. 23. 37.), but afterwards Caleb again conquered it, assisted by the troops of his tribe, and the valour of Othniel. It was appointed for a dwelling of the priests, and a city of refuge. David, after the death of Saul, settled the seat of his kingdom here. At Hebron, Absalom began his rebellion. During the captivity of Babylon, the Edomites, having invaded the south of Judah, took Hebron; wherefore in Josephus it is sometimes made a part of Edom. Here Zachariah and Elisabeth resided, and John the Baptist was born. It is described, in 1823, as being a large town, with a Turkish mosque erected over the supposed burial-place of the patriarchs. (Carne's Letters, p. 280.)

HO HIRAM I. king of Tyre, the ally or tributary of David, to whom he sent ambassadors to congratulate him on his accession to the throne. The dominions of Hiram are supposed to have extended over the western part of the chain of Mount Lebanon. When David was building a palace, Hiram sent him cedar timber and able artificers. (2 Sam. v. 11. 1 Chron. xiv. 1.)

HIRAM II., the son and successor of the preceding, who congratulated Solomon on succeeding his father on the throne of Israel. He also furnished Solomon with timber, stone, and artificers for his magnificent buildings, especially the temple at Jerusalem. He is known under the same name by profane histo

rians.

HIRAM OF HURAM, a celebrated artificer, was the son of a widow, belonging to the tribe of Dan, and a Tyrian. He was sent by Hiram II. to Solomon, for whom he executed the principal work in the interior of the temple, as well as several of the sacred utensils. (1 Kings vii. 1. 3. 2 Chron. ii. 14. iv. 11.)

HISTORICAL Geography of the Holy Land, 13-22. HISTORICAL WRITING, cultivated by the Jews, 185, 186. HITTITES, the descendants of Heth, the second son of Canaan. They dwelt in the south part of the promised land, near Hebron. HIVITES, a tribe of the Canaanites. They seem to have been the same with the Avim, whom the Philistines expelled. Driven from the south-west of Canaan, part of them appear to have settled about Avim, Gibeon, and Shechem, whose inhabitants are called Hivites in Josh. ix. 11. 19. xvii. 23. Gen. xxxiv. 2.; and another part seem to have settled near Mount Hermon. (Josh. xi. 3.)

HOBAB, the son of Jethro, and the brother-in-law of Moses, at whose earnest request he accompanied the Israelites as a guide through the wilderness. His family dwelt among them during the time of the first judges.

HOLOCAUSTS, account of, 118.

HOLY LAND, the country of the Jews, why so called, 13.
Sketch of its historical geography, 13-22. Physical geography
and productions, 23-37. Testimonies of ancient and modern
geographers to its fertility, 37, 38. Calamities, 38-40. Its
present degraded state accounted for, 38. Its government in the
patriarchal times, 40. Under Moses, 41-42. Under Joshua
and the Judges, 42. Under the Kings, 42-47. Reason why
the kingdom of Judah subsisted longer than that of Israel, 42.
Its condition under the Asmonæan princes and sovereigns of the
Herodian family, and under the Roman procurators, 50-53.
HOLY OF HOLIES, account of, 96. 100.
HOMICIDE, proceedings in case of, 63.
HONEY of Palestine, 36.

HOPHRAH, See PHARAOH-HOPHRAH.
Нов.

IS

whence they were subsequently expelled by the Edomites. (Deut ii. 12. 22.)

HORSES, notice of, 175.

HORTICULTURE of the Jews, account of, 179, 180.
HOSEA.

1. The earlier name of JOSHUA, the servant and successor of Moses. (Num. xiii. 8. 16.)

2. The last king of Ísrael, who, having conspired against Pekah, slew him and usurped his throne. In his reign Shalmaneser king of Assyria invaded Israel, took Samaria, which he reduced to a heap of ruins, and removed the Israelites beyond the river Euphrates. For an analysis of whose

3. The first of the minor prophets. predictions, see pp. 260-262. HOSPITALITY of the Jews, 173. tales, 173, 174.

Notice of Tessera Hospi

HOT SEASON in Palestine, 24, 25.
HOURS of the Jews and Romans, 72, 73.
HOUSES of the Jews and their furniture, 151–154. Leprosy
of houses, 134.

HULDAH, a prophetess, the wife of Shallum, who was consulted by Josiah concerning the book of the law, which was found in the treasury of the temple. (2 Kings xxii. 14.)

HUR, whom some have supposed to be the husband of Miriam, and the brother-in-law of Moses, appears to have been one of the most intimate friends of the latter. During the battle between the Hebrews and the Amalekites, he upheld the weary arms of Moses, and when he was absent he shared with Aaron the authority over the Israelites. (Exod. xvii. 10. xxiv. 14.) HUSBANDRY of the Jews, account of, 174-178.

HUSHAI, the friend of David; who, during the rebellion of Absalom, remained with that prince, and was of eminent service to David by infatuating the counsels of Absalom. (2 Sam. xvi.)

HYMENEUS is supposed to have been a citizen of Ephesus; who being converted by St. Paul, afterwards fell into the heresy of those who denied the resurrection of the body, or, rather, who maintained that the term was to be understood figuratively in reference to conversion, as being a resurrection from their former death in trespasses and sins; and that no other resurrection was to be expected. (Valpy on 2 Tim. ii. 17.) Hrssor, notice of, 35. note 7.

IBZAN, the eighth judge of Israel, governed seven years. His prosperity is indicated by the circumstance of his having thirty sons, and as many daughters; and his riches, by all of them being married. (Judg. xii. 8.)

ICONIUM, a city of Lycaonia, the chief of the fourteen belonging to that tetrarchy. Here was a synagogue of Jews and proselytes, to whom Paul and Barnabas preaching, and confirming their doctrine by miracles, converted many to the Christian faith (Acts xiv. 1, 2, 3.); and here the unbelieving Jews and Gentiles made an assault upon them, to use them despitefully, and to stone them. (ver. 5.) It is now called Konieh.

IDOLATRY, origin and progress of, 135. History of it among the Israelites, 135, 136. Different kinds of, and its punishment, 61. Idols worshipped by them, 136-139. Idols of Greeks and Romans mentioned in the New Testament, 139. Allusions in Scripture to the idolatrous rites of the heathen explained, 139, 140. IDUMEA, OF EDOM, country of, 18.

1. A mountain on the confines of Edom where Aaron died (Num. xx. 22-28.), whose pretended tomb is still shown to travellers; but, from its appearance, it should seem to have been rebuilt at no very distant period. The view from this mountain is extensive. (Irby's and Mangles' Travels, pp. 433-438.) 2. A mountain in Lebanon. (Num. xxxiv. 7, 8.) HOREE, a mountain in Arabia Petræa, so near Mount Sinai that Horeb and Sinai seem to be two hills of the same mountain. Sinai lies east, Horeb west: so that when the sun rises, the latter is covered with the shadow of Sinai. There are springs and fruit-trees on Horeb, but only rain-water on Sinai. At Horeb God appeared to Moses in the burning bush. (Exod. iii. 1, 2, 3.) At the foot of this mountain Moses struck the rock, and drew ILLYRICUM, a province lying to the north and north-west of water from it. (Exod. xvii. 6.) Elijah retired here to avoid the Macedonia, along the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea or Gulf persecution of Jezebel (1 Kings xix. 8.); and the cave or grotto, of Venice. It was divided into two parts, Liburnia to the north in which the prophet found shelter, is yet pointed out by tradition, (now called Croatia), which is not mentioned in the New Testathe truth of which is confirmed by the appearance of the sur-ment; and Dalmatia to the south, which region still retains the rounding scenery. This cave "is as desolate a place of refuge as the fancy can conceive:-no brook or pool is nigh, to quench the burning thirst; not a shrub grows on the soil, but sad and useless precipices are on every side. Every part of the way was strewed with broken fragments of rocks." (Carne's Recollections of the East, p. 345.) It is frequently said in the Old Testament, that God gave the law at Horeb, though other places expressly name Sinai; because Horeb and Sinai in some sort form but one mountain. From its lofty summit nothing is to be seen on every side, as far as the eye can reach, but ranges of naked mountains succeeding each other, like waves of the sea. This mountain is now called St. Catherine's. (Carne's Letters from the East, pp. 197, 198.)

HORITES, a people who dwelt in Mount Seir (Gen. xiv. 6.), |

same name. Hither, St. Paul informs Timothy, Titus went
(2 Tim. iv. 10.); and in Rom. xv. 19. he says that he preached
the Gospel from Jerusalem round about unto Illyricum.
IMPRISONMENT, Jewish modes of, 65, 66.
Iμaria, or Upper Garments, described, 156.
IMPURITIES, legal, purifications of, 134.

INAUGURATION of the kings of Israel and Judah, ceremonial of, 44.

INCENSE, offering of, 119.

INJURIES (Corporal), punishment of, 63, 64.
INTERCALARY Month, notice of, 74.

INTERMENT, rites of, 198-200.

IRRIGATION practised by the Jews, 176, 177.

ISAAC, the son of Abraham by Sarah, and one of the patri.