АН ADULTERY, trial of a woman suspected of, 56. ENON, OF ENON, signifies the place of springs, where John baptized. (John iii. 23.) It is uncertain where it was situated, whether in Galilee, Judæa, or Samaria. ERAS, or ERAS (Jewish), account of, 77. AGABUS, a prophet, who foretold a famine which took place in the land of Judæa, in the fourth year of the reign of Claudius, A. D. 44. (Acts xi. 28.) This famine is mentioned by Suetonius and other profane writers. Agabus also foretold the imprisonment of Paul by the Jews, and his being sent bound to the Gentiles; all which literally came to pass. AGAG was probably a common appellative for the kings of the Amalekites. One, of this name, was conquered and taken prisoner; and, though condemned according to the law of the interdict, he was spared by Saul. He was put to death at Gilgal by order of Samuel. The fate of Agag has called forth the verbose pity of infidels; who, while they have affected to deplore his fate, have forgotten only one thing, viz. that he had been a cruel and sanguinary tyrant; and that Samuel reproached him for his cruelty before he commanded him to be put to death. (1 Sam. xv.) AGED PERSONS, laws concerning, 82. A L consideration, to enter into Absalom's conspiracy? The pride of overturning a throne, of which he was the support, and the hope of reigning himself under the name of Absalom, will, perhaps, account for the conspiracy, but not for the incest which he advised Absalom to commit. Ahithophel was the father of Eliam the father of Bathsheba (2 Sam. xxxiii. 34. xi. 3. 1 Chron. iii. 5.) and there is every reason to think, that he wished to revenge his grand-daughter; particularly when we consider the infamous advice which he gave, his eagerness for pursuing David, and the desire he expressed to smite the king himself. (2 Sam. xvi. 21. xvii. 1, 2.) His suicide was as deliberate as his hatred: he was one of those men who are as useful friends as they are dangerous enemies, equally able in good and evil, who employ their talents in the service of their passions, do nothing by halves, and are models of guilt or of virtue. АнOLAH and АHOLIBAH, two fictitious names, employed by the prophet Ezekiel (xxiii. 4.) to denote the two kingdoms of Judah and Samaria. Aholah and Aholibah are represented as two sisters of Egyptian extraction; the former, standing for Jerusalem, the latter for Samaria. Both prostituted themselves to the Egyptians and Assyrians, in imitating their abominations and idolatries; for which reason the LORD abandoned them to those very people, for whom they had evinced so improper an attachment, being carried into captivity, and reduced to the seve AGRICULTURE of the Jews, 176-178. Agricultural allu- rest servitude by them. sions, 180. AGUR, a wise man to whom the thirtieth chapter of the book of Proverbs is ascribed, otherwise unknown. As the appellative Agura, in Syriac, signifies one who applies himself to the study of wisdom, Gesenius thinks it possible, that the name may be significant and allegorical. AHAB, a king of Israel, who reigned 22 years, and surpassed all his predecessors in impiety. He was entirely under the influence of his idolatrous wife Jezebel. He died, B. c. 897, of the wounds which he had received in battle with the Syrians, according to the prediction of Micaiah the son of Imlah. (1 Kings xvi.-xxii.) AHAD, OF ACHAD, a Syrian idol, notice of, 137. AHASUERUS, or ARTAXERXES LONGIMANUS, king of Persia, who married Esther. See p. 226, note. AHAVA, a river of Babylonia, or of Assyria, where Ezra assembled those captives whom he afterwards brought into Judæa. (Ezra viii. 15.) It is supposed to be that which ran along the regions of Adiabene, where a river Diava, or Adiava, is mentioned, on which Ptolemy places the city Abane or Aavane. This is probably the country called Ava (2 Kings xvii. 24. xviii. 34. xix. 13.), whence the kings of Assyria translated the people called Avites into Palestine; and where, likewise, in their room | they settled some of the captive Israelites. Ezra intending to collect as many Israelites as he could, to return with him to Judæa, halted in the country of Ava, or Ahava, whence he sent agents into the Caspian mountains, to invite such Jews as were willing to join him. (Ezra viii. 17.) AHAZ, king of Judah, son of Jotham, who died, B. c. 726; for his iniquities he was denied a place in the sepulchres of the kings his predecessors. (2 Chron. xxviii.) AHAZIAH, the son and successor of Ahab, king of Israel: he was as distinguished for his horrid impiety as his father was. He reigned only one year after his father's death. (1 Kings xxii. 52,), AHAZIAH, king of Judah, the son and successor of Jehoram, by Athaliah; he reigned one year, and received his mortal wound by command of Jehu, and died at Megiddo. (2 Kings viii. 2 Chron. xxiii.) AI, or HAI, a city of ancient Canaan, near Bethel, which was taken by military stratagem, by the Israelites under Joshua. (Josh. vii.) AJALON, a city in the canton of the tribe of Dan, assigned to the Levites of Kohath's family. It was situated between Timnath and Beth-Shemesh, and is probably the city alluded to in Josh. x. 12. There were three other cities of this name; one in the canton of Benjamin, another in that of Ephraim, not far from Schechem; and the third in the canton of Zebulon; the situation of which is not known. AJALON, valley of, notice of, 31. ALEXANDER.-1. A man whose father Simon was compelled to bear the cross of Jesus Christ. (Mark xv. 21.)—2. Another. who had been high-priest, and who was present at the interrogation of the apostles Peter and John, concerning the bealing of the man who had been lame from his birth. (Acts iv. 6.) Some have imagined, that he was the brother of Philo, the celebrated Jewish writer, who flourished in the reign of Caligula.—3. A Jew of Ephesus. At the time of the sedition raised in that city by Demetrius against Paul, the populace in their blind fury seem to have confounded the Christians with the Jews: and the latter being desirous that the mob should direct their vengeance against the believers in Jesus Christ, commissioned Alexander to harangue the Ephesians and to plead their cause, but in vain. The Ephesians, as soon as they knew that he was a Jew, refused to listen to him. Beza and Bolten have conjectured that this was the Alexander xxxxus (the worker in metals, or smith), who did the apostle "much evil.” (1 Tim. iv. 14.) As every male Jew was obliged to learn some trade, this is not improbable. Coquerel, however, thinks that he was one of those venal orators, whose eloquence was always at the command of any that would employ them.-4. A brazier or smith, who made shipwreck concerning the faith (1 Tim. i. 19, 20.), and whom Saint Paul delivered unto Satan; that is, expelled him from the communion of the Christian church, to be no longer considered as a Christian, but as a subject of Satan's kingdom. Under ALEXANDRIA, 2 celebrated city of Egypt, built by Alexander the Great, A. M. 3673, B. c. 331, and situated between the Mediterranean Sea and the Lake Moeris. Alexandria at present exhibits no vestiges of its former magnificence, except the ruins that surround it, and which are of very remote antiquity. the Arabian dynasty, its splendour gradually declined with its commerce. From the neglect of the canals, which anciently AHIMELECH, a priest of Nob, to whom David went, and whom diffused fertility through the surrounding country, and the enSaul commanded to be put to death with other priests for assist-croachments of the sand, the city is now insulated in a desert, ing him. Also a priest, in the reign of David, the son of Abiathar; who is likewise called Abimelech. АнIJAH, a prophet in the reign of Jeroboam I., who dwelt at Shiloh, and foretold the death of his son Abijah. ATHOPHEL, an eminent counsellor in the reign of David, so distinguished for his prudence and wisdom, that his advice equally obtained the confidence of the people and the monarch. He joined the conspiracy of the rebel Absalom against David: but, finding his profligate but crafty counsel disregarded, he went to kis house at Gillo, hanged himself, and was buried in the sepulchre of his fathers. It has been asked, What motive could induce a privy counsellor of David, who was held in such high and exhibits no vestiges of those delightful gardens and cultivated fields, which subsisted even to the time of the Arabian conquest. The commerce of ancient Alexandria was very extensive, especially in corn (Egypt being considered the granary of Rome), which was exported in vessels of considerable burden; so that the centurion could easily meet with a ship of Alexandria, laden with corn, sailing into Italy. (Acts xxvii. 6.) Alexandria was the native place of Apollos. (Acts xviii. 24.) ALPHEUS, the father of James the Less (Matt. x. 3. Mark iii. 18. Luke vi. 15. Acts i. 13.), and the husband of Mary, the sister of A M the mother of Jesus. He is the same person who is called Cleophas in John xix. 25.; but not the same who in Mark ii. 14. is said to be the father of Levi or Matthew. ALMODAD, a people or tribe in Yemen, who sprang from Joktan. (Gen. x. 26.) AMAD, a city belonging to the tribe of Asher. (Josh. xxix. 26.) AMALEK, the son of Eliphaz by Timnah his concubine, and grandson of Esau. (Gen. xxxvi. 12.) He was the father of the AMALEKITES, the first and most powerful of the nations in the vicinity of Canaan. They dwelt in Arabia Petræa, living like the present Arabs in hamlets, caves, or tents. They were always the enemies of the Israelites, whom they attacked in the desert, but were repulsed. Afterwards they joined with the Midianites and Moabites in a design to oppress the Israelites; who were delivered by Ehud from Eglon king of the Moabites (Judg. iii.), and by Gideon from the Midianites and Amalekites. (viii.) Balaam predicted that they should perish for ever. (Num. xxiv. 29.) In fact, perpetual wars against their neighbours, and especially the Jews, insensibly ruined them. Şaul made a terrible slaughter of them, and was not permitted to save Agag their king, who was hewn in pieces by the prophet Samuel: David exterminated those who had escaped the former massacre. After this terrible execution, we meet no more with the name of Amalek but in the history of Esther; in whose time Haman, an Amalekite, to revenge an affront he imagined himself to have received from the Jew Mordecai, conceived the design of causing to be cut off, in a single night, not only all the Jews dispersed in the states of Ahasuerus king of Babylon, but even those who had been left in Judea to mourn over the ruins of their country. This dreadful design recoiled on Haman, who was exterminated with all his family; and the Jews received permission to pursue and put to death their enemies wherever they could find them. They made a great slaughter of them; and since this event, nothing more has been certainly known concerning the Amalekites. AMAM, a city in the southern part of the tribe of Judah. (Josh. xv. 26.) AMANA, a mountain mentioned in Sol. Song iv. 8. which, some have imagined, was in Cilicia, whither the government of Solomon extended but it was, most probably, a part of Mount Libanus, as Shenir and Hermon, which are mentioned in the same passage, were parts of the same mountainous range. AMASA, a nephew of David, whom Absalom appointed general of his army. (2 Sam. xvii. 25.) After the defeat of that prince, David pardoned Amasa, and offered him the command in chief of his forces in the room of Joab, by whom he was treacherously murdered. (2 Sam. xx.) AMAZIAH, the eighth king of Judah, who succeeded Joash B. c. 839. The commencement of his reign was auspicious: but, after he had subdued the Edomites (2 Kings xiv.), he carried off their idol gods, and acknowledged them for his own, by adoration and offering incense. He then proclaimed war against Joash king of Israel, who defeated his forces and took him prisoner. He reigned ingloriously fifteen years after this event; and at length, hated by his subjects, and abandoned by the Almighty, he was assassinated by conspirators at Lachish, whither he had fled. Аммом. See No-AMMON, infra. A M thah to deliver them. In the beginning of Saul's reign, A. M. 2909, B. c. 1195, Nahash, king of the Ammonites, having attacked Jabesh-Gilead, reduced it to a capitulation. (1 Sam. xi. 1.) Nahash offered no other conditions, than their submitting to have every man his right eye plucked out, as a reproach upon Israel; but Saul coming seasonably to the succour of Jabesh, delivered the city and people from the intended barbarity of Nahash. David, having been a friend of the king of Ammon, after his death sent compliments of condolence to Hanun his son and successor; who, regarding these ambassadors as spies, treated them in a very affronting manner. David avenged the affront, subdued the Ammonites, the Moabites, and the Syrians, their allies. Ammon and Moab continued under the government of David and Solomon, and after the separation of the ten tribes, were subject to the kings of Israel till the death of Ahab. (2 Kings i. 1. A. M. 3107, B. c. 897.) Jehoram, son of Ahab, and successor of Ahaziah, defeated the Moabites, A. M. 3109. (2 Kings iii. 4, 5, 6. &c.) But it does not appear, that this victory reduced them to his obedience. At the same time the Ammonites, Moabites, and other people, made an irruption into Judah, but were repulsed and routed by Jehoshaphat. (2 Chron. xx. 1, 2. et seq.) The am The prophet Isaiah (xv. xvi.) threatens the Moabites with a misfortune which was to happen three years after his prediction; this probably had reference to the war of Shalmaneser against them, about A. M. 3277, в. c. 727.-After the tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribes of Manasseh were carried captive by Tiglath-pileser, A. M. 3264, B. c. 740, the Ammonites and Moabites took possession of the cities belonging to these tribes, for which Jeremiah reproaches them. (Jer. xlix. 1.). bassadors of the Ammonites were some of those to whom that prophet presented the cup of the Lord's fury, and whom he directed to make bonds and yokes for themselves, exhorting them to submit to Nebuchadnezzar; and threatening them, if they did not, with captivity and slavery. (Jer. xxvii. 2, 3, 4.) The prophet Ezekiel (xxv. 4. 10.) denounces their entire destruction, and tells them, that God would give them up to the people of the East, who should set their palaces in their country, so that the Ammonites should be no more mentioned among nations; and this as a punishment for insulting the Israelites on their calamities, and the destruction of their temple by the Chaldeans. These calamities happened to them in the fifth year after the taking of Jerusalem, when Nebuchadnezzar made war against all the people around Judæa, A. M. 3420 or 3421, B. c. 583. It is probable that Cyrus gave to the Ammonites and Moabites the liberty of returning into their own country, whence they had been removed by Nebuchadnezzar; for we see them, in the lands of their former settlement, exposed to those revolutions which included the people of Syria and Palestine; and subject sometimes to the kings of Egypt, and sometimes to the kings of Syria. Antiochus the Great took Rabboth or Philadelphia, their capital, demolished the walls, and put a garrison into it, A. M. 3806. During the persecutions of Antiochus Epiphanes, the Ammonites manifested their hatred to the Jews, and exercised great cruelties against such of them as lived in their parts. (1 Macc. v. 6-45.) Justin Martyr says (Dialog. cum Triphone, p. 272.), that in his time-the second century-there were still many Ammonites AMMONITES, a people descended from Ammon, son of Lot; remaining; but Origen (Comm. on Job) assures us, that in his called sometimes Ammanites. They destroyed the giants Zam- days, they were only known under the general name of Arabians. zummim, and seized their country. (Deut. ii. 19, 20, 21.) God Thus was the prediction of Ezekiel accomplished. See a minute forbad Moses and Israel from attacking the Ammonites, because account of the fulfilment of prophecies concerning the Ammonites he did not intend to give their land to the Hebrews. Neverthe- and their country, in Mr. Keith's Evidence of the Christian Reliless, as, previously to the Israelites entering Canaan, the Amor-gion from Prophecy, pp. 152-160.-Notice of the idols worites had conquered great part of the countries belonging to the shipped by the Ammonites, p. 137. of this volume. Ammonites and Moabites, Moses retook this from the Amorites, and divided it between the tribes of Gad and Reuben. Long after this, in the time of Jephthah (Judg. xi. 13.), the Ammonites declared war against Israel, pretending that Israel detained the country which had been theirs before the Amorites possessed it. Jephthah replied, that this territory being acquired by Israel in a just war from the Amorites, who had long enjoyed it by right of conquest, he was under no obligation to restore it. The Ammonites being dissatisfied with this reply, Jephthah gave them battle and defeated them. AMNON, the son of David and Ahinoam. Having conceived a criminal passion for his sister Tamar, he violated her: and two years after, when he was intoxicated at a feast made by Absalom the uterine brother of Tamar, the servants of the latter assassinated him. (2 Sam. xiii.) AMON, the fourteenth king of Judah, succeeded Manasseh, whose impieties he imitated: he was assassinated by his own servants after a reign of two years, and in the 24th year of his age, B. c. 640. AMORITES, a people descended from Amori or Amorrhæus, The Ammonites and Moabites generally united in attacking the fourth son of Canaan. They first peopled the mountains Israel. After the death of Othniel, the Ammonites and Amalek-west of the Dead Sea. They likewise had establishments east ites joined with Eglon, king of Moab, to oppress them. Some of that sea, between the brooks Jabbok and Arnon, whence they years after, about A. M. 2799, the Ammonites greatly oppressed forced the Ammonites and Moabites. (Josh. v. 1. Num. xiii. 29. the Israelites beyond Jordan; but, in 2817, God raised up Jeph-xxi. 29.) Moses wrested this country from their kings, Sihon AN and Og, A. M. 2553, B. c. 1451. The prophet Amos (ii. 9.) speaks of their gigantic stature and valour. He compares their | height to the cedar; their strength to the oak. The name Amorite, is often taken in Scripture for Canaanites in general. The lands which the Amorites possessed on this side Jordan, were given to the tribe of Judah; and those which they had possessed beyond the Jordan, to the tribes of Reuben and Gad. AMOS, Or AмOZ.-1. The father of the prophet Isaiah; who, according to ancient traditions, was the son of Joash and the brother of Amaziah king of Judah.-2. The third of the Minor Prophets, for an account of whom, and an analysis of his predictions, see Vol. II. pp. 259, 260. AMPHIPOLIS, a city between Macedon and Thrace, but dependent on Macedon, mentioned in Acts xvii. 1. Paul and Silas, being delivered out of prison, left Philippi, went to Thessalonica, and passed through Amphipolis. This city had the name likewise of Chrysopolis. AMRAPHEL, king of Shinar, an ally of Chedorlaomer, plundered the Pentapolis and took Lot prisoner, who was rescued by Abraham and his associates. (Gen. xiv.) AMUSEMENTS of the Jews, 189, 190. AN ANIM, a city in the mountainous parts of the canton of Judah (Josh. xv. 50.) ANIMALS, reared by the Jews, 175, 176. Certain animals, why prohibited to be eaten by them, 171, 172. ANNA, a prophetess, the daughter of Phanuel, of the tribe of Asher. This pious widow constantly attended the morning and evening service at the temple; and, at the advanced age of eightyfour years, when the venerable Simeon was uttering his hymn of thanksgiving at the presentation of Christ in the temple, she coming into the temple began to praise God and to speak of the Messiah to all those who were waiting for the redemption of Israel. (Luke ii. 36—38.) ANNAS, or according to Josephus, Ananus, was a high-priest of the Jews. He obtained the pontificate under Quirinus, proconsul of Syria, but was deprived of it, during the reign of Tiberius, by Valerius Gratus governor of Judæa. The dignity was transferred, first to Ismael the son of Phabæus, and shortly after to Eleazar. He held the office one year, and was then succeeded by Simon; who, after another year, was followed by Joseph or Caiaphas, the son-in-law of Annas, A. D. 26. As Caiaphas continued in office until A. D. 35, Annas appears to have acted as his ANAB, a city in the mountainous parts of the canton, belong-substitute or sagan, and enjoyed great influence jointly with him. ing to the tribe of Judah. (Judg. xv. 50.) ANAKIM, the descendants of Anak, a gigantic tribe who dwelt in the land of Canaan; on comparison of whom the unbelieving Hebrew spies, that were sent to explore the country, reported that they were but as grasshoppers. (Num. xiii. 33.) Their capital, Kirjath-Arba or Hebron, was taken, and they were destroyed by Caleb, with the assistance of the tribe of Judah. (Josh. xv. 14. Judg. i. 20.) ANAMMELECH, one of the deities in honour of whom the pharvaites caused their children to pass through the fire. supposed to have signified the moon. (Luke iii. 2. John xviii. 13. 24. Acts iv. 6.) ANTIL-LIBANUS (Mount), account of, 30. ANTIOCH, the metropolis of Syria, was erected, according to some writers, by Antiochus Epiphanes; according to others, by Seleucus Nicanor, the first king of Syria after Alexander the Great, in memory of his father Antiochus, and was the royal seat of the kings of Syria, or the place where their palace was. For power and dignity it was little inferior to Seleucia or AlexSe-andria; and the inhabitants were celebrated for their luxury, It is effeminacy, and licentiousness. Josephus says, that it was the third great city of all that belonged to the Roman provinces; it was called Antiochia apud Daphnem, or Antioch near Daphne, i. e. the village where her temple was, to distinguish it from fourteen other cities of the same name. It was celebrated among the Jews, for the jus civitatis, which Seleucus Nicanor had given to them in that city, with the Grecians and Macedonians; and for the wars of the Maccabæans with those kings. Among Christians it is memorable for being the place where they first received that name by divine appointment, and where both St. Luke and Theophilus were born and inhabited. Modern Antioch and its vicinity were completely destroyed by a tremendous earthquake in the autumnal months of the year 1822. ANANIAH, a city of Palestine, where the Benjamites dwelt after the captivity. (Neh. xi. 32.) ANANIAS, the name of several persons mentioned in the Scriptures, of whom the following were the most remarkable : 1. The son of Nebedæus, who was high-priest A. D. 47. He was sent as a prisoner to Rome by Quadratus, governor of Syria, and Jonathan was appointed in his place; but being discharged by Claudius, in consequence of the protection of Agrippa, he returned to Jerusalem; where, as Jonathan had been murdered through the treachery of Felix the successor of Quadratus, Ananias appears to have performed the functions of the high-priest, as sagan or substitute, until Ismael the son of Phabæus was ap- ANTIOCH, of Pisidia, a city mentioned in Acts xiii. 14. Here pointed to that office by Agrippa. (Compare Vol. I. p. 50.) Paul and Barnabas preached; but the Jews, who were angry at Before this Ananias, Saint Paul was brought; and the apostle's seeing that some of the Gentiles received the Gospel, raised a prediction that God would smite him (Acts xxiii. 3.) was sub-sedition against Paul and Barnabas, and obliged them to leave sequently accomplished, when he was murdered in the royal the city. palace by a body of mutineers, at the head of whom was his own son. 2. A Jew of Jerusalem, the husband of Sapphira, who at tempted to join the Christians, but died instantly on being convicted of falsehood by Peter. (Acts v. 1. 3. 5.) 3. A Christian of Damascus, who restored the sight of Paul, after his vision. (Acts ix. 10-17. xxii. 12.) ANATHOTH, a city in the tribe of Benjamin, memorable as being the birth-place of the prophet Jeremiah. (Josh. xxi. 18. Jer. i. 1.) According to Eusebius and Jerome, it was situated about three miles to the north of Jerusalem, though Josephus states it to be twenty furlongs. This city, which was assigned as a residence to the Levites of the family of Kohath, and also as one of the cities of refuge, has long since been destroyed. ANDREW, one of the twelve apostles. He was a native of Bethsaida in Galilee, and was at first a follower of John the Baptist, but afterwards became a disciple of Jesus Christ. According to ecclesiastical tradition, after the ascension of Jesus Christ, he preached the Gospel to the Scythians, and was crucified at Patræ in Achaia. Epiphanius mentions the Acts of Andrew, a spurious book, which was used by the Encratites, Apostolics, and Origenians. ANDRONICUS, a Jewish Christian, a kinsman and fellow-prisoner of St. Paul, who says that he was of note or in reputation among the apostles; by which expression we are not to understand that he was one of the number of apostles, but that he was one of those early converts who were highly esteemed by the apostles, before the dispersion occasioned by the death of Stephen. ANER, one of the Levitical cities, situated in the canton of the tribe of Manasseh. (1 Chron. xvi. 70.) Also the brother of Mamre, a confederate of the patriarch Abraham. ANTIOCHUS, a common name of the kings of Syria, after the time of Alexander the Great; the actions of many of whom are foretold by the prophets, and related in the books of the Maccabees. 1. ANTIOCHUS SOTER, or Saviour, son of Seleucus Nicanor, began to reign B. c. 276. He conferred many immunities upon the Jews of Asia. He was succeeded by his son, 2. ANTIOCHUS THEOS, or the God, B. c. 257; whose marriage with the daughter of Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, is foretold by Daniel. (xi. 6.) 3. ANTIOCHUS THE GREAT, Son of Seleucus Callinicus, began to reign B. c. 219. In consequence of the Jews submitting to him, he permitted them throughout his dominions to live according to their own laws. 4. ANTIOCHUS EPIPHANES, or the Illustrious, son of Antiochus the Great, was one of the most sanguinary persecutors of the Jewish nation that ever lived. He is the subject of Daniel's predictions. (Dan. xi. 21–29.) Though his Syrian flatterers gave him the appellation of Epiphanes, the epithet of vile, or despicable, given him by the prophet (ver. 21.), agrees better with his true character; for he disgraced himself by such profligate conduct that the historian Polybius, his contemporary, and others after him, instead of Epiphanes, more correctly called him Epimanes, or the madman. This Antiochus designed nothing less than the utter extirpation of Judaism: he commanded the statue of Jupiter Olympius to be placed upon the altar of the temple at Jerusalem, and a sow to be offered in sacrifice. These profanations, and his other oppressions, aroused the family of the Maccabees, who bravely resisted the forces of Antiochus: who, filled with indignation, was hastening into Judæa, to make Jerusalein (as he menaced) a grave for all the Jews but divine vengeance AR A P pursued him; and Antiochus, falling from his chariot, bruised his limbs, and died in the most excruciating tortures, E. c. 160. He was succeeded by his son, 5. ANTIOCHUS EUPATOR, who reigned only two years. 6. ANTIOCHUS THEOS, son of Alexander Balas, was treacherously put to death by Tryphon his minister, B. c. 139. 7. ANTIOCHUS PIUS, SOTER, or SIDETES (that is, the fisher or hunter), reigned ten years, B. c. 137 to 127; in which last year he was put to death by the Parthians. ANTIPAS, a faithful martyr, mentioned in Rev. ii. 13. is said to have been put to death in a tumult at Pergamos by the priests of Esculapius, who had a celebrated temple in that city. ANTIPAS (Herod). See pp. 52, 53. ANTIPATRIS, a small town which was situated in the road from Jerusalem to Cæsarea. It was formerly called Capharsalma: but being rebuilt and beautified by Herod the Great, it was by him named Antipatris, in honour of his father Antipater. Hither St. Paul was brought after his apprehension at Jerusalem. (Acts xxiii. 31.) ANTONIA, (Tower of ), 20. APHARSITES, and APHARSACHTHITES, were two tribes or na tions in subjection to the king of Assyria, by whom colonies of them were sent to inhabit the country of Samaria in place of the Israelites, who had been removed beyond the river Euphrates. They greatly opposed the building of Jerusalem. (Ezra v. 6. iv. 9.) Some have supposed the Apharsites to be the Parrhasii in the east of Media; others, the Persians; and the Apharsachthites have been compared with Parasitaceni, Parœtaceni, a people of Media. led from Rome to Capua, and thence to Brundusium. St. Paul passed through this place on his first journey to Rome; whence, according to Antoninus's Itinerary, it was distant 43 Roman miles, or about 40 English miles. APPLE TREES of Palestine, notice of, 36. AQUILA, a native of Pontus, in Asia Minor, was a Jew by birth, and a tent-maker by occupation; who, with his wife Priscilla, was converted by St. Paul to the Christian faith. When the Jews were banished from Rome by the emperor Claudius (the Christian and Jewish religions being confounded by the Romans), Aquila and his wife retired to Corinth, and afterwards became the companions of St. Paul in his labours, by whom they are mentioned with much commendation. (Acts xviii. 2. 18. 26. Rom. xvi. 3. 1 Cor. xvi. 19. 2 Tim. iv. 19.) The most cordial friendship appears to have subsisted between them: Aquila and Priscilla had even saved Paul's life at the risk of their own; which instance of devotedness to the apostle has been referred to the accusation preferred against the apostle before Gallio at Corinth, or to the tumult excited by Demetrius at Ephesus. (Acts xviii. 12. xix. 24.) AR, or ARIEL, OF MOAB. See RABBATH-MOAB. ARABIA, the name of a large region, including the peninsula, which lies between Syria, Palestine, the Arabian and Persian Gulfs, and the Indian Ocean or Sea of Arabia. Its inhabitants are supposed to be principally descended from Ishmael, and in the earlier books of Scripture are termed (BENI KEDEM) or children of the east (Judg. vi. 3. 1 Kings v. 10. Isa. xi. 14. Jer. xlix. 28.); and in the later books ‘JY (ARQBIM), or Arabians. (2 Chron. xxii. 1. Neh. ii. 19.) The Greek geographers divided this country into three parts, Arabia Eudov or Felix, Πετρίδης or Petra, and Σκηνίτις or Ερημος, Deserta: but these 1. APHEK, in the tribe of Judah. Here the Philistines en-divisions were not anciently known to the inhabitants of the camped, when the ark was brought from Shiloh, which was East, nor are they recognised in any part of the Old or New taken in battle by the Philistines. (1 Sam. iv.) Probably this is Testament. the Aphekah, mentioned in Josh. xv. 53. APHEK.-There are several cities of this name mentioned in Scripture, as, 2. APHEK, in the valley of Jezreel. Here the Philistines encamped, while Saul and his army lay near Jezreel, on the mountains of Gilboa. (1 Sam. xxix. 1, &c.) 3. АPHEK, a city belonging to the tribe of Asher, near the country of the Sidonians. (Josh. xix. 30. xiii. 4.) Perhaps this was the 4. APHEK, a city of Syria, one of the principal in Ben-Hadad's kingdom, in the vicinity of which the battle was fought between Ahab and Ben-Hadad, when the Syrians were beaten (1 Kings xx. 26, &c.), and as they retreated with precipitation into the city, the city wall fell upon them, and crushed 27,000. Probably, in this city Aphek, or Aphaca, situated in Libanus, on the river Adonis, stood the famous temple of Venus, the Aphacite. This city lay between Heliopolis and Biblos. APOLLONIA, a city of Macedonia Prima, situated between Amphipolis and Thessalonica, about a day's journey from the former place. St. Paul passed through this city on his way to Thessalonica. (Acts xvii. 1.) APOLLOS, a Jewish Christian, born at Alexandria, and distinguished for his cloquence and success in propagating the Gospel. His history and character are given in Acts xviii. 24-28. xix. 1. He preached at Corinth with such eloquence, that the Corinthians, divided in their affections, boasted that they were the disciples of Paul, or of Cephas, or of Apollos. From these vain disputes St. Paul, certain of the humility of his friend, took occasion to write those admirable passages, in which he requires the Corinthian Christians to forget both Paul and Apollos, and to refer every thing to Christ. (1 Cor. i. 12. iii. 4. iv. 6.) It is uncertain whether the apostle alludes in 2 Cor. iii. 1. to the letters of recommendation which Apollos took with him on his departure from Ephesus for Corinth: but it is clear, that the success of the latter in Achaia, and the admiration felt by the Corinthians for his eloquence, excited no envious emotions in the mind of St. Paul, since he earnestly pressed him to return to Corinth (1 Cor. xvi. 12.), and subsequently recommended him in a very particular manner to the friendly attentions of Titus. (Tit. iii. 13.) APPAREL, royal, notice of, 44. APPHIA, a Christian woman, whom the ancient fathers supposed to be the wife of Philemon: a conjecture which is rendered not improbable by the circumstance that in the inscription of his epistle to Philemon in favour of Onesimus, St. Paul mentions Apphia before Archippus. (Philem. 2.) APPII FORUM, a small town on the celebrated Appian Way, constructed by the Roman censor Appius Claudius, and which 1. ARABIA FELIX lies between the ocean on the south-east, and the Arabian and Persian gulfs. It is a fertile region, especially in the interior, producing various species of odoriferous shrubs and fragrant gums, as frankincense, myrrh, cassia, &c The queen of Sheba is supposed to have reigned over part of this region. 2. ARABIA PETREA received its name from the city Petra : it lies on the south and south-east of Palestine, extending to Egypt, and including the peninsula of Mount Sinai. It is remarkable for its mountains and sandy plains. 3. ARABIA DESERTA lies between the other two, and extends northward along the confines of Palestine, Syria, Babylonia, and Mesopotamia; including the vast deserts which lie between these limits, and which are inhabited only by wandering tribes of savage Arabs. For a description of the horrors of a journey across the great desert of Arabia, see pp. 34, 35. The Scriptures frequently mention the Arabians (meaning those adjoining Judæa) as a powerful people, who valued themselves on their wisdom. Their riches consisted principally in flocks and cattle; they paid king Jehoshaphat an annual tribute of 7700 sheep, and as many goats. (2 Chron. xvii. 11.) The kings of Arabia furnished Solomon with a great quantity of gold and silver. (2 Chron. ix. 14.) They loved war, but made it rather like thieves and plunderers, than like soldiers. They lived at liberty in the field, or the desert, concerned themselves little about cultivating the earth, and were not very obedient to established governments. This is the idea which the Scripture gives of them (Isa. xiii. 20.), and the same is their character at this day. Since the promulgation of the Gospel, many Arabians have embraced Christianity; though by far the greater part continue to profess the faith of Mohammed. ARAD, a Canaanitish royal city in the southern part of Palestine. Its king having opposed the passage of the Israelites, they afterwards took it with its dependencies. (Num. xxi. 1—3.) In later times, Arad was rebuilt; and is placed by Eusebius in the vicinity of the desert of Kades, at the distance of 20 Roman miles from Hebron. ARAM, fifth son of Shem, was father of the people of Syria, who, from him, are called Aramæans. The region, which in the Old Testament is denominated ARAM, is a vast tract extending from Mount Taurus south as far as Damascus, and from the Mediterranean Sea in an eastern direction beyond the Tigris into Assyria. Different parts of this region are called by different names; as-Aram Naharaïm, or Syria of the Two Rivers, that is, Mesopotamia; Aram of Damascus; Aram of Soba; Aram Bethrehob; and Aram of Maacha; because the cities AR of Damascus, Soba, Bethrehob, and Maacha, were in Syria; or at least, because Syria contained the provinces of Soba, Maacha, Rehob, &c. Homer and Hesiod call Arameans those whom the more modern Greeks call Syrians. The prophet Amos (ix. 7.) seems to say, that the first Aramæans dwelt in the country of Kir, in Iberia, where the river Cyrus runs; and that God brought them from thence, as he did the Hebrews out of Egypt; but at what time this happened is not known. Moses always calls the Syrians, and inhabitants of Mesopotamia, Aramites. The Aramæans often warred against the Hebrews; David subdued them, and obliged them to pay him tribute. Solomon preserved the same authority; but, after the separation of the ten tribes, it does not appear that the Syrians were generally subject to the kings of Israel; unless, perhaps, under Jeroboam II., who restored the kingdom of Israel to its ancient boundaries. (2 Kings xiv. 25.) ARARAT, a celebrated mountain in the Greater Armenia, on which Noah's ark rested after the deluge. (Gen. viii. 4.) It is of stupendous height, and inaccessible to the summit, which is covered with perpetually frozen snow; and the magnitude of the peak is annually increasing in consequence of the continual accession of ice. Agridagh is the name given to this sublime mountain by the Turks; the Armenians call it Macis; and the Persians in the neighbourhood, Kuhi Nuach, the mountain of Noah; but all unite in reverencing it as the haven of the great ship, which preserved the father of mankind from the waters of the deluge. (Sir R. K. Porter's Travels in Persia, vol. i. pp. 183, 184. Stuart's Hebrew Chrestomathy, p. 150.) ARBA. See HEBRON. ARCHELAUS, the son and successor of Herod the Great in the government of part of his dominions. See an account of him in p. 51. ARCHIPPUS, a Christian, who was either a teacher or a deacon of the church at Colossæ. (Col. iv. 17.) Apazes, or ruler of the synagogue, powers and functions of, 104. AREOPAGUS, tribunal of, 60, 61. ARETAS, the third of the name, a king of Arabia, was the father-in-law of Herod Antipas, against whom he declared war in revenge for repudiating his daughter. Antipas called the Romans to his assistance; but some unaccountable delay in the marching of their forces, and the death of the emperor Tiberius, put an end to the expedition, and saved Aretas. It is supposed that he availed himself of this favourable opportunity to make an incursion into Syria, and obtain possession of Damascus, where he appointed an ethnarch, whose jurisdiction probably extended only over the Jews who dwelt there. Some learned men have supposed this name to have been of Greek origin, and to be derived from pern, excellence or pre-eminence, but Dr. Pococke is of opinion, that it is an Arabic name (from al-hareth) which was common to many of the Arabian kings. ARGOB, the capital city of a region of the same name, which was situated beyond the Jordan, in Bashan, the most fruitful country on the other side of that river: it belonged to the halftribe of Manasseh. ARIMATHEA, a small town to which Joseph belonged who begged the body of Jesus from Pilate. (Matt. xxvii. 57.) It was about thirty-six or thirty-seven miles distant from Jerusalem, and ⚫ is now called Ramla. At present it is a wretched dilapidated place, but exhibits the marks of having once been an extensive and flourishing town. (Three Weeks in Palestine, p. 14.) Its environs are said to be very beautiful. ARISTARCHUS, a native of Thessalonica, a city of Macedonia, who embraced Christianity, and accompanied St. Paul in several of his journeys. He was seized in the tumult at Ephesus, and was afterwards carried with the apostle as a prisoner to Rome, where he shared his imprisonment. (Acts xix. 29. xx. 4. xxvii. 2. Col. iv. 20. Philem. 24.) ARITHMETIC of the Jews, 186. ARK. See NоAн. AS deemed to be the abode of unclean spirits. This meaning of the word accords with what is said in Rev. xvi. 12—14. ARMIES of the Hebrews, levies, divisions, officers, and disci pline of, 83-87., and of the Romans, 93, 94. ARMS of the Hebrews, 87. Defensive arms, 87, 88. Offen sive arms, 88. Allusions to the Greek and Roman armour in the New Testament, 93. ARNON, a brook and valley of the same name, forming the northern boundary of the country of Moab. (Num. xxi. 13. Deut. iii. 8. 12. 16. iv. 28.) According to the observations of the traveller Seetzen, its present name is Mujeb. AROER.-1. The proper name of a city of the Gadites, on the river Arnon. (Num. xxxii. 34. Deut. ii. 36. iii. 12. Josh. xii. 2. xiii. 25.) The cities of, or about Aroer, mentioned in Isa. xvii. 2., Prof. Gesenius is of opinion, may mean the cities beyond Jordan generally.-2. The name of a place in the canton of the tribe of Judah. (1 Sam. xxx. 28.) ARPAD, a city and country in Syria, near Hamath, with which it is often joined, and which for a time had its own kings. (2 Kings xviii. 34. xix. 13. Isa. x. 9. Jer. xlix. 23.) ARPHAXAD, the son of Shem, who is mentioned in the genealogy of Mary, was born two years after the deluge. (Gen. x. 22-24. xi. 12, 13.) The names of his brethren are most of them the names of countries. If this be the case with Arphaxad, the most probable supposition is that of Josephus, viz. that it denotes Chaldæa. ARROWS used by the Hebrews, notice of, 88. Divination by arrows, 143. ARTAXERXES (N ARTACHSCHASCHTHA), a title of several Persian kings. Professor Gesenius derives it from the ancient Persian word Artahshetr, which is found upon the inscriptions of Nachschi Roustam. The latter part of this word is the Zendish Khshethro (also sherao), a king. But the syllable art (which is found in several Persian names, as Artabanus, Artaphernes, Artabasus), appears to have signified to be great or mighty. At least the Greeks gave it this interpretation. This signification is now lost in the Persian. From the original Artahshetr, the modern Persians formed Ardeshir (a name borne by three kings of the dynasty of the Sassanides); the Armenians, Artashir; the Greeks, Artaxerxes; and the Hebrews, Artachschaschtha. Two Persian sovereigns who bore this name, are mentioned in the Old Testament; viz. 1. ARTAXERXES, who at the instigation of the enemies of the Jews issued an edict, prohibiting them from rebuilding Jerusalem. (Ezra iv. 7-22.) This Artaxerxes is generally considered to be the pseudo-Smerdis, one of the Persian Magi, who assumed that name, and pretending to be Smerdis the son of Cyrus and the brother of Cambyses, occupied the throne between the reigns of Cambyses and Darius the son of Hystaspes. 2. ARTAXERXES, who issued a decree extremely favourable to the Jews, which was carried by Ezra to Jerusalem. (Ezra vii. 1. viii. 1.) This sovereign is the Artaxerxes surnamed Longimanus, or the Long-handed, from a trifling deformity. Nehemiah was his cup-bearer, and was permitted by him to return to Jerusalem, with a commission to rebuild its walls, and to be the governor of Judæa. Apreuk. See DIANA. ARTS, origin of, 180. after the captivity, 181. by the Jews, 183, 184. ARUBOTH, or ARABOTH, a city or country belonging to the tribe of Judah. (1 Kings iv. 10.) Its true situation is unknown. ARVAD, OF ARADUS, a small island at the mouth of the river Eleutherus, on the coast of Phoenicia, opposite to Tyre. (Ezek. xxvii. 8.) The ARVADITE is mentioned in Gen. x. 18. The Arvadites were employed as mariners by the Tyrians. State of them from the deluge, until Asa, king of Judah, succeeded his father Abijam, в. c. 951. He was distinguished for his success in war, and his zeal for the worship of the true God. In the latter part of his reign, the prophet Hanani having reproved him for his distrust in God in forming an alliance with Ben-hadad king of Syria, he was so exasperated that he put the prophet in chains, and at the same time gave order for the execution of many of his friends. He is supposed to have died of a severe fit of the gout, B. c. 886. ARMAGEDDON, the name of a place mentioned in Rev. xvi. 16., the position and nature of which are unknown. According to some expositors, it is compounded of two words, signifying the mountain of Mageddo or Megiddo; a place situated at the foot of Mount Carmel, and celebrated in the history of God's people ASAPH, HEMAN, and JEDUTHUN, of the tribe of Levi, were for two memorable slaughters, first of the Canaanites (Judg. v. constituted by David, chiefs of the sacred singers, of whom their 19.), and afterwards of the Israelites. (2 Kings xxiii. 29.) families formed a part. (1 Chron. xxi. 1.) They are all three Others, however, conjecture that the name Armageddon means a termed prophets or seers (1 Chron. xxv. 5. 2 Chron. xxix. 30. dry barren, mountainous, and desert country, such as the Jews | Xxxv. 15.), which appellation is supposed to refer rather to their |