York I visited the dwellings of the Oneidas, the Tuscaroras, and the Senek is.

"Without going into details, I can state only the result of my observations and admeasurements, which were often repeated in presence of intelligent and competent witnesses.

"The average size of the head of the Indian is less than that of the head of the white man, by the proportion of from an eighth to a tenth, certainly from a tenth to a twelfth part of its entire bulk. The chief deficiency in the Indian head lies in the superior and lateral parts of the forehead, where are situated the organs of Comparison, Causality, Wit, Ideality, and Benevolence. The defect in Causality, Wit, and Ideality is most striking. In the organs of Combativeness, Destructiveness, Secretiveness, Caution, and Firmness, the functions of which constitute the dominant elements of the Indian character, the developement is bold. The proportion of brain behind the ear is considerably larger in the Indian than in the white man. The organ of Adhesiveness in the former is small.

"This analysis, brief and imperfect as it is, unfolds to us much of the philosophy of the Indian character, and enables us, in a particular manner, to understand the cause of the peculiar inaptitude of that race of men for civil life. For, when the wolf, the buffalo, and. the panther shall have been completely domesticated, like the dog, the cow, and the household cat, then, and not before, may we expect to see the full-blooded Indian civi lized like the white man.

"Of the mixed breed, which is very numerous, the cerebral developement and the general character approach those of the white man in proportion to the degree of white blood which individuals possess. account of the marked superiority of his intellect, a half-bred seldom fails to become a chief.

"A chief of the Creek nation, who, on account of his pre-eminence in eloquence, held the appointment of orator of the delegation, surpassed. in a high degree, all the others in the developement of the organs of Ideality and Comparison. His addresses were replete with metaphor, and, for an uneducated speaker, marked with taste.

"Of the full-blooded Indians generally, permit me to remark, that such is their entire unfitness for civilization, that every successive effort to mould them to that condition of life more and more deteriorates their character. Of the mixed-bloods this is not true. Hence, the only efficient scheme to civilize the Indians is, to cross the breed. Attempt any other, and you will extinguish the race. To the truth of this the experience of every day bears ample testimony. The real aboriginal Indian is retreating before civilization, and disappearing with the buffalo and the elk, the panther and the grisly bear. Let the benevolent and enthusiastic missionary say what he may, the forest is the natural home of the Indian. Remove him from it, and, like the imprisoned elephant, he loses the strength and loftiness of his character. He becomes a hot-house plant, and dwindles in all his native efficiencies. This problem (for so by many it is considered) is solved only, but can be solved easily, by the lights of Phrenology. On this position it is my purpose to dwell more fully hereafter.

"The wisdom of Providence is manifested in the innumerable aptitudes of things that everywhere present themselves, and in none more clearly than in those which concern the human family. The vast American wilderness, the haunt of the deer and the elk, the bear and the buffalo, required a race of savages to people it. But converted, as it already is, in part, and rapidly as that conversion is daily extending into cultivated fields and populous towns and cities, the abode of civilization, commerce, and the arts, the mere man of the forest is no longer wanted, and he is, therefore, passing away He has flourished-he was needed; but he is needed no longer, and he therefore decays."

The head of the BRAZIL INDIAN bears some resemblance to the former. The deficiency in Size is the same, indicating natural inferiority of mind, and the combination of organs is similar, only Firmness is not so great, and Concentrativeness and Philoprogenitiveness are moderate. The dimensions are annexed in the table.

It is known that the Jesuits attempted to civilize a number of these tribes, and

that, by humane and intelligent treatment, they acquired a great moral ascendency over them, induced them to settle, and established something like order and the arts of social life among them. If their brains had possessed the European developement, the seeds of improvement, sown and fostered for years by a protecting hand, would have sprung up, flourished vigorously, and produced an abundant harvest of permanent civilization; but the picture is precisely the reverse. "It must be admitted," (says the reviewer of Koster's Travels in Brazil,)" that Mr. Koster's representation of the Indians is by no means favourable; and the opinions which he expresses are of the more weight, because, as his feelings and principles are of the best kind, they lead him always to judge charitably, and to look forward with hope. Infinitely meliorated as the condition of the Indians has been, theirs is still no very desirable state of existence; they are always regarded as children, and not always treated as they were by the Jesuits, with paternal kindness. But when they escape they show little capability of acting for themselves, and an evident tendency (as if instinctive) to return to a wandering and savage life: it does not arise from any feeling connected with the love of their ancestors, nor a tradition of their free state; they do not appear to know that their ancestors had been slaves, much less would any knowledge be preserved of their anterior state. The Indian who has escaped from control scarcely ever plants for himself if he does, he sells the growing crop for half its value, and removes to some other district; fishing and hunting are his favourite pursuits, and he is never stationary for any length of time, unless it be near a lake or a rivulet." The strangest and worst part of their character is their want of natural affection-an old charge against them, which Mr. Koster's unexceptionable testimony confirms. They appear," he says, "to be less anxious for the life and welfare of their children than any other race of men who inhabit that country."

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These observations present the most fertile field of speculation to the phrenologists. The cast of the Brazil Indian shows a deficiency in size compared with the European; and hence it corresponds with the fact, that these Indians are regarded and treated as children, that they are destitute of foresight, and of that degree of steadiness of purpose which pursues a remote advantage through numerous intervening obstacles. When an adult individual is treated as a child, this is not done by his parents or guardians out of perversity, but because his inferiority in intellectual power is perceived both by him and them, although this may not be stated in so many words as the reason of his being subjected to guidance. When strength of mind appears, we are constrained by the very laws of our constitution to treat the possessor with respect, however infantine in bodily stature, or limited in point of age. Were the Indians, therefore, equal in their natural energies to Europeans, they would soon, by dint of this mental power, acquire their knowledge and accomplishments, and, instead of being their slaves, would become their rivals.

These Indians, however, have derived some improvement from educa tion, although it has not supplied the defect of native energy.

"If edu

eation has hitherto done little in implanting good qualities, it has done much in eradicating evil ones. They were among the fiercest and most revengeful of the human race; they are now quiet and inoffensive, rarely committing murder, (in a country where murder is accounted venial, and generally obtains impunity, if not applause ;) and even those who are dishonest confine themselves to pilfering."

Mr. Koster draws the following comparison between the negro and the Brazil Indian: "The negro character," says he, "is more decided; it is worse, but it is also better." "The Indian seems to be without energy or exertion, equally incapable great evil or of great good. Rich mulattoes and negroes are not uncommon; there is no instance of a wealthy Indian, nor did he ever see an Indian mechanic. The priesthood is open to them, but to little purpose. Mr. Koster heard of only two Indians who were ordained as priests, and both died of excessive drinking."

It would be interesting to know whether the native Mexican brain is better developed, for a rude form of society existed in Mexico before the European conquest.

The skull of the NEGRO evidently rises in the scale of developement of the moral and intellectual organs : the forehead is higher, and the organs of the sentiments bear a larger proportion to those of the propensities, than in the New Hollander. The organs of Philoprogenitiveness and Concentrativeness are largely deve242loped; the former of which produces the love of children, and the latter that concentration of mind which is favourable to settled and sedentary employments. The organs of Veneration and Hope also are considerable in size. The greatest deficiencies lie in Conscientiousness, Cautiousness, Ideality, and Reflection. The dimensions of this skull are given in the table.

Timothy Flint says, "The negro, easily excitable, in the highest degree susceptible of all the passions, is more especially so of the mild and gentle affections. To the Indian, stern, silent, moody, ruminating, existence seems a burden. To the negro, remove only pain and hunger, it is naturally a state of enjoyment. As soon as his toils are for a moment suspended, he sings, he seizes his fiddle, he dances."

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The different tribes which inhabit Africa present very different appearances in point of civilization; but none of them have made so great a progress as the European nations. I have been informed by persons who have been long resident in the West India Islands, that great differences are observed in the natural talents of the negroes, according to the vinces from which they have been brought. Some parts of Africa yield persons capable of becoming excellent operative mechanics; others, clerks and accountants; and some mere labourers, incapable of any intellectual attainment. It would be extremely interesting to learn in what respect they differ in the forms of their heads.

Some nations of Africa greatly surpass others in energy of character and mechanical skill. "The Caffres are entirely black, but bear no trace of the negro features. In the form of their skull and face they differ little from the most perfect Europeans." This race is ingenious in several arts; but, on account of their constant wars, agriculture is in a depressed state. Although their coast is covered with excellent fish, they do not catch them, and indeed have no boats nor canoes. Marriage is invariably conducted by sale. The Boshuans are represented as "gay, gentle, and

peaceable" in their manners; yet they "carry on war as fiercely as all other barbarians. Mr. Campbell having, in the course of religious instruction, asked one of them, for what end was man made,' the answer was, for plundering expeditions.'"* Mr. Bowditch gives an account of the Ashantees, by which it appears that they display great activity and considerable ingenuity of mind; but that they are debased by the most ferocious dispositions and the grossest superstition. The descriptions given by a variety of travellers of Timbuctoo, and of the commerce carried on upon the Niger by the natives of Africa, if they can be at all depended upon, also indicate considerable scope of mind and some capacity for the social state, and place the Africans decidedly above the native Americans; all these facts coincide with the expectations which a phrenologist would form, on examining their different skulls.

One feature is very general in descriptions of the African tribes; they are extremely superstitious. They purchase fetiches, or charms, at a high price, and believe them to be sure preservatives against all the evils of life. This character corresponds with the developement which we observe in the negro skulls; for they exhibit much Hope, Veneration, and Wonder, with comparatively little reflecting power. Their defective Causality incapacitates them for tracing the relation of cause and effect, and their great Veneration, Hope, and Wonder render them prone to credulity, and to regard, with profound admiration and respect, any object which is represented as possessing supernatural power.

The heads of the SANDWICH ISLANDERS are under, rather than equal, to the average size of the European; and the race certainly does not indicate so high a natural character as the European, although closely approaching to it. The Phrenological Society possesses five skulls of the Sandwich Islanders. They are characterized by the long form of the European-the Caucasian variety of Blumenbach; and by a greater proportion lying

before than behind the external orifice of the ear. This is remarkable particularly in two of the skulls. The coronal region is broad and tolerably well developed, but not equal in height above Cautiousness and Causality to the European. The anterior lobe, manifesting the intellect, is pretty well developed, being decidedly larger than that of the negro, American Indians, and New Hollanders. All of them have a considerable portion of Eventuality, a faculty which Dr. Gall long ago denominated Educability, and which must greatly expedite civilization. Three of the skulls are decidedly ancient, and, having been obtained from the older Morais or burial-places, probably afford correct specimens of the heads of the aboriginal inhabitants, before the islands were discovered by Captain Cook. This navigator found this race very superior to most of the other savage tribes which he visited. Their advance toward civilization is evinced by their respectful reception of the bodies of their king and queen, who had died in London-by the appearance of their chiefs in English mourning-by their procession to the church, and the high improvement conspicuous in the whole community-circumstances which have been noticed by the public papers, and are given more in detail in a narrative of the voyage of the Blonde Frigate to the Sandwich Islands, published in the year 1826.†

*Leyden and Murray's Historical Account of Discoveries and Travels in Africa, vol. ii., pp. 332, 350. Sandwich Islanders will be found in the Phrenological Journal, vol. iii., p. 421 † A more particular account of the

SWISS SKULL.

The brains of the EUROPEAN NATIONS differ considerably from each other, but a common type characterizes them all, and distinguishes them from those now described. They are decidedly larger than the Hindoo, American Indian, and negro heads; and this indicates superior force of mental character. The portion before the ear, connected with the intellectual faculties, and the coronal region, or the organs of the moral sentiments, are more amply developed in proportion to the base and posterior inferior parts of the brain, or the organs of the animal propensities. In short, they indicate a higher natural power of reflection, and a greater natural tendency to justice, benevolence, veneration, and refinement, than the others. The organs in which the European brain in an especial degree excels are, Ideality, Conscientiousness. Causality, and Wit. The organs of these faculties are almost invariably small in barbarous and savage tribes. The European skull belongs to the Caucasian variety of Blamenbach, which he considers as the most beautiful and perfect of all the national crania in the world; and in this point he and the phrenologists agree. The cut represents a Swiss skull, which is very favourably developed in the region of the moral sentiments. If the space above the asterisks, Cautiousness and Causality, be compared with the same region in the New Zealander or New Hollander, a very marked inferiority in the latter will be observed. The ANCIENT EGYPTIANS appear, from the stupendous monuments of arts and science left behind them, to have been a highly intelligent and civilized people: and it is a striking fact, that the skulls of ancient mummies almost invariably belong to the same class with those of modern Europeans. In the society's collection there are two skulls of mummies, five casts of the skulls of mummies, and I have seen or obtained accurate descriptions of the skulls of half a dozen more: full size, full developement of the anterior lobe, and broad coronal region characterize them all. The coronal region, however, is not high, and this is the point in which their inferiority to modern European skulls chiefly consists.

The society possesses also several skulls of ANCIENT GREEKS. They are large, and exhibit a favourable developement of the coronal region and intellect, combined with large organs of the propensities. In ANCIENT GREEK.

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particular, the organs of Constructiveness and Ideality are large, and in this respect they form as striking a contrast to the skulls of the New Hollanders, as the hovels of the latter do to the temples and works of art of the Greeks.

These facts appear to indicate that, when nations are independent and left at liberty to follow the bent of their own judgments and dispositions, their institutions spring from the peculiar mental constitutions which they have respectively received from nature, and that this constitution is in accordance with the developement of their brains. Climate and other external causes modify, to some extent, the effects of natural endowment, but the distinguishing features of each people seem to bear a more direct and uniform relation to the size and form of their