J. J. Rousseau founds his celebrated Essay on the Origin of the Inequality of Ranks, which obtained the prize from the Academy of Dijon, on the non-existence of such a propensity in the human mind. He views man in his natural state as an isolated and wandering animal, satisfying his hunger by the chase or by the fruit of the forest, and quenching his thirst at the spring or the brook, and having no more need or desire of society with his kind than the eagle or the wolf. He conceives, that the individual who first enclosed a spot of ground and called it mine, and who first cajoled his fellow-men to settle around him and assist him in his projects, was the author of all the evil with which human nature is now afflicted. Many volumes have been written in answer to this absurd lucubration; but I submit, that Phrenology, by showing that those who have this part of the brain large are inspired with an instinctive tendency to associate with their fellows, affords a brief and satisfactory refutation of the hypothesis.

The great activity of this organ disposes persons to embrace and cling to each other; two children in whom it is active will put their arms round each other's necks, and lay their heads together, causing them to approach in the direction of the organ of Adhesiveness, or assuming this attitude as nearly as possible. A dog, when anxious to show his attachment, will rub his head at the seat of this organ on his master's leg. When two persons, in whom this organ is very large, meet, they feel an involuntary attachment springing up in their minds toward each other, unless their other faculties be very incongruous.

The organ is established.

5. COMBATIVENESS.

THIS organ is situated at the posterior-inferior angle of the parietal oone, a little behind and up from the ear.

Dr. Gall gives the following account of its discovery: After he had abandoned all the metaphysical systems of mental philosophy, and become anxious to discover the primitive propensities of human nature by means of observation, he collected in his house a number of individuals of the lower classes of society, following different occupations, such as coachdrivers, servants, and porters. After acquiring their cor.fidence, and disposing them to sincerity, by giving them wine and money, he drew them into conversation about each other's qualities, good and bad, and particularly about the striking characteristics in the disposition of each. In the descriptions which they gave of each other, they adverted much to those who everywhere provoked quarrels and disputes; they also distinguished individuals of a pacific disposition, and spoke of them with contempt, calling them poltroons. Dr. Gall became curious to discover whether the heads of the bravocs whom they described differed in any respect from those of the pacific individuals. He ranged them on opposite sides, and found that those who delighted in quarrels had that part of the head immediately behind and a little above the ear much broader than the others. He observes, that there could be here no question about the influence of education, and that this prominent feature in the character of each could never be attributed to the influence of external circumstances. Men in the rank to which they belonged abandoned themselves without reserve to the impulses of their natural dispositions.

The spectacle of fighting animals was, at that time, still existing at Vienna. An individual belonging to the establishment was so extremely intrepid, that he frequently presented himself in the arena quite alone, to sustain the combat against a wild boar or a bull. In his head the organ was found to be very large. Dr. Gall next examined the heads of several of

his fellow-students, who had been banished from universities for exciting contentions and continually engaging in duels. In them also the organ was large. In the course of his researches he met with a young lady who had repeatedly disguised herself in male attire, and maintained battles with the other sex; and in her, also, the organ was large. On the other hand, he examined the heads of individuals who were equally remarkable for want of courage, and in them the organ was small. The heads of the courageous per sons varied in every other point, but resembled each other in being broad in this part. Equal differences were found in the other parts of the heads of the timid, when compared with each other, but all were deficient at Combativeness.

This faculty has fallen under the lash of ridicule, and it has been objected that the Creator cannot have implanted in the mind a faculty for fighting. The objectors, however, have been as shallow in learning as in observation of human nature. The profoundest metaphysicians admit its existence, and the most esteemed authors describe its influence and operations. The character of Uncle Toby, as drawn by Sterne, is in general true to nature; and it is a personification of the combative propensity, combined with great benevolence and integrity. "If," says Uncle Toby, "when I was a school-boy, I could not hear a drum beat but my heart beat with it, was it my fault? Did I plant the propensity there? Did I sound the alarm within, or Nature?" He proceeds to justify himself against the charge of cruelty supposed to be implied in a passion for the battle-field. "Did any one of you," he continues, "shed more tears for Hector? And when King Priam came to the camp to beg his body, and returned weeping back to Troy without it-you know, brother, I could not eat my dinner. that bespeak me cruel? Or, because, brother Shandy, my blood flew out into the camp, and my heart panted for war, was it a proof that it could not ache for the distress of war too?"

Did

Tacitus, in his history of the war by Vespasian against Vitellius, mentions, that "Even women chose to enter the capitol and abide the siege. Among these the most signal of all was Verulana Gracilia, a lady, who followed neither children, nor kindred, nor relations, but followed only the war."-Lib. iii. "Courage," says Dr. Johnson, "is a quality so necessary for maintaining virtue, that it is always respected, even when it is associated with vice."

Mr. Stewart and Dr. Reid admit this propensity under the name of "sudden resentment:" and Dr. Thomas Brown, under the name of “instant anger," gives an accurate and beautiful description of it when acting in combination with Destructiveness. "There is a principle in our mind," says he, "which is to us like a constant protector; which may slumber, indeed, but which slumbers only at seasons when its vigilance would be useless, which awakes therefore at the first appearance of unjust intention, and which becomes more watchful and more vigorous in proportion to the violence of the attack which it has to dread. What should we think of the providence of nature, if, when aggression was threatened against the weak and unarmed at a distance from the aid of others, there were instantly and uniformly, by the intervention of some wonder-working power, to rush into the hand of the defenceless, a sword or other weapon of defence? And yet this would be but a feeble assistance, if compared with that which we receive from those simple emotions which Heaven has caused to rush, as it were, into our mind, for repelling every attack." Vol. iii., 324. This emotion is exactly the phrenological propensity of Combativeness aided by Destructiveness. The chief difference between Dr. Brown's views and ours is, that he regards it as a mere susceptibility of emotion, liable to be called into action when provocation presents itself, but slumbering in quiescence in ordinary circumstances; while we

Look upon it as also a spontaneously active impulse, exerting a influence on the mental constitution, independently of unjust attack. It is to express this active quality that the term Combativeness is used to designate the faculty.

Combativeness, then, confers the instinctive tendency to oppose. Ir its lowest degree of activity it leads to simple resistance; in a higher degree to active aggression, either physical or moral, for the purpose of removing obstacles. Courage is the feeling which accompanies the active state of this propensity. Hence an individual with predominating Com bativeness anticipates in a battle the pleasure of gratifying his ruling passion, and is blind to all other considerations. His love of contention is ar instinct. He is a fighting animal. Courage, however, when properly directed, is useful to maintain the right. On this account a considerable endowment of it is indispensable to all great and magnanimous characters. Even in schemes of charity, or in plans for the promotion of religion of learning, opposition will arise, and Combativeness inspires its possessoi with that instinctive boldness which enables the mind to look undaunted op a contest in virtue's cause, and to meet it without shrinking. Were the organ very deficient in the promoters of such schemes, they would be liable to be overwhelmed by contending foes, and baffled in all their xertions. I conceive that Mrs. Fry would require no small Combativeness to give her courage to undertake the reformation of Newgate. Without it, her mind could not have felt that boldness to encounter difficulty which must have preceded the resolution to undertake so great an enterprise. Howard the philanthropist, also, must have been supported by it in the perils he voluntarily confronted in visiting the dungeons of Europe. Indeed, I have observed that the most actively benevolent individuals of both sexes-those who, in person, minister to the relief of the poor, and face poverty and vice in their deepest haunts, to relieve and correct them -have this organ fully developed. Luther and Knox must have had a large portion of it to enable them to perform the services which they rendered to Christendom.

The organ is large in valiant warriors. In the skulls of King Robert Bruce,* and General Wurmser, who defended Mantua against Bonaparte, it is exceedingly conspicuous. The subjoined figures represent Wurmser's skull contrasted at this organ with the skull of a Cingalese boy, in which it is small. The figures of Hare and Melancthon, on pp. 85 and 86, GENERAL WURMSER. CINGALESE BOY.

exhibit Combativeness largely and moderately developed; and the reader will find additional examples of its great developement in the heads of Caracalla and the Roman Gladiator, delineated in Dr. Spurzheim's Physiognomy, plates 14 and 32. It is very large in Linn, and moderate in the Rev. Mr. M., whose heads are represented on p. 108 of the present volume. In feudal times great Combativeness was more essential to a leade * Trans. of the Phren. Soc., p. 247.

than it is in modern warfare. Richard Cœur de Lion, Bruce, and Wailace could command the fierce barbarians whom they led to the field only by superior personal prowess; and, indeed, hope of victory was then founded chiefly on the dexterity with which the chief could wield his sword. In modern warfare comprehensiveness of intellect is more requisite in a general; but still Combativeness is a valuable element in his constitution. Napoleon distinguished accurately between these two qualities. He describes Ney and Murat as men in whom animal courage predominated over judgment; and notices their excellence in leading an attack or a charge of cavalry, accompanied by incapacity for conducting great affairs. The most perfect military commander, he says, is formed when courage and judgment are in æquilibrio-in phrenological language, when the organs of Combativeness, moral sentiment, and reflection are in just proportion to each other.

This faculty is of great service to a barrister: it furnishes him with the spirit of contention, and causes his energies to rise in proportion as he is opposed. Combined with Destructiveness, it inspires authors with the love of battles. Homer and Sir Walter Scott are fired with more than common energy, when describing the fight, the slaughter, and the shouts of victory. From this sympathy of historians, orators, and poets, with deeds of arms, warriors are too inconsiderately elevated into heroes, and thus the trade of butchery is fostered and rendered glorious, with little reference to the merits of the quarrel. Phrenology, by revealing the true source of the passion for war, will, it is to be hoped, one day direct the public sentiment to mark with its highest disapprobation every manifestation of this faculty that is not sanctioned by justice, and then we shall have fewer battles and inflictions of misery on mankind.

When too energetic and ill-directed, it produces the worst results. It then inspires with the love of contention for its own sake. In private society it produces the controversial opponent, who will wrangle and contest every point, and, "even though vanquished, will argue still." When thus energetic and active, and not directed by the Moral Sentiments, it becomes a great disturber of the peace of the domestic circle: contradiction is then a gratification, and the hours which ought to be dedicated to pure and peaceful enjoyment, are imbittered by strife. On the great field of the world its abuses lead to quarrels, and, when combined with Destructiveness, to bloodshed and devastation. In all ages countless thousands have thronged round the standard raised for war, with an ardour and alacrity which showed that they experienced pleasure in the occupation.

Persons in whom the propensity is strong, and not directed by superior sentiments, are animated by an instinctive tendency to oppose every measure, sentiment, and doctrine advocated by others; and they frequently impose upon themselves so far as to mistake this disposition for an acute spirit of philosophizing, prompting them to greater vigour of investigation than other men. Bayle, the author of the Historical Dictionary, appears to have been a person of this description; for, in writing, his general rule was, to take the side in opposition to every one else: and hence it has been remarked, that the way to make him write usefully was, to attack him only when he was in the right, for he would then combat in favour of truth with all the energy of a powerful mind. William Cobbett mentions, that, in his youth, the rattle of the drum inviting him to war was enchanting music to his ears, and that he ardently became a soldier. In his maturer years the combative propensity seemed to glow with equal activity in his mind, although exerted in a different direction. By speech and writing he contended in favour of every opinion that was interesting for the day. To Combativeness was owing no small portion of that bold. ness which even his enemies could not deny him to possess.

The organ is large also in persons who have murdered from the impulse of the moment, rather than from cool deliberate design. The casts of Haggart and Mary Macinnes are examples in point. The same is the case in several casts of Caribs' skulls, a tribe remarkable for the fierceness of their courage. The ancient artists have represented it large in their statues of gladiators. The practice of gladiatorship, as also the prizefights of England, have for their object the gratification of this propensity. When the organ is very large and active, it gives a hard thumping sound to the voice, as if every word contained a blow. Madame de Stael informs us, that Bonaparte's voice assumed this kind of intonation when he was angry; and I have observed similar manifestations in individuals whom I knew to possess this part of the brain largely developed. When predominant, it gives a sharp expression to the lips, and the individual has the tendency to throw his head backward, and a little to the side, in the direction of the organ, or to assume the attitude of a boxer or fencer.

When the organ is small, the individual experiences great difficulty in resisting attacks; and he is not able to make his way in paths where he must invade the prejudices or encounter the hostility of others. Excessively timid children are generally deficient in this organ and possess a large Cautiousness; their heads resembling the figure of the Cingalese boy on p. 135. I conceive the extreme diffidence and embarrassment of Cowper the poet, to have arisen from such a combination; and in his verses he loathes war with a deep abhorrence. Deficiency of Combativeness, however, does not produce fear; for this is a positive emotion, often of great vivacity, which cannot originate from a mere negation of an opposite quality.

Combativeness is generally more developed in men than in women; but in the latter it is sometimes large. If it predominates, it gives a bold and forward air to the female; and when a child she would probably be distinguished as a romp.

In society it is useful to know the effects of this faculty, for then we can treat it according to its nature. When we wish to convince a person in whom the organ is large and Conscientiousness deficient, he will never endeavour to seize the meaning or spirit of our observations, but will pertinaciously put these aside, catch at any inaccuracy of expression, fly to a plausible, although obviously, false inference, or thrust in some extraneous circumstance, as if it were of essential importance, merely to embarrass the discussion. Individuals so constituted are rarely convinced of anything, and the proper course of treatment is, to drop the argument and leave them in quiet possession of the field. This, by withdrawing the opportunity for exercising their Combativeness, is really a punishment to them; and our views will have a better chance to sink into their minds, unheeded by themselves, than if urged by us, and resisted by them, which would infallibly be the case if we showed anxiety for their conviction. The test of a combative spirit is to state some clear and almost self-evident proposition as part of our discourse. The truly contentious opponent will instinctively dispute or deny it; and we need proceed no farther.

When the organ is large, and excited by strong potations, an excessive tendency to quarrel and fight is the consequence. Hence some individuals, in whom it is great, but whose moral and intellectual faculties are capable of restraining it when sober, appear, when inebriated, to be of a different nature, and extremely combative.* The organ is liable also to excessive excitation through disease. Pinel gives several examples of monomania clearly referable to it and Destructiveness. "A maniac," says he, "naturally peaceful and gentle in disposition, appeared inspired On the question, why intoxication excites, in a particular manner, the or gans of Combativeness and Destructiveness? see The Phren. Journ., ix., 306