a day or a year. No guest could wear out a Californian's welcome. If the guest were a poor man, on the day of his departure he would find a little heap of silver coins in his room from which he was thus silently bidden to ease a need his host had too much delicacy to mention. Horses would be provided for his journey to the next hacienda, where he would meet with the same treatment.

It was the opinion of travelers of that time that the Californians were superior to other Spanish colonists in America, including the Mexicans. And the superiority was variously ascribed to the greater degree of independence, social at least if not political, which they had attained through their far removal from Mexico and their lack of intercourse with the other colonies; and to the fact that, after the first settlements were made, the great majority of new colonists were of good Castilian blood; and to the influence of California itself. However that may be, the life of the Californians presented phases not always seen in Spanish colonies. The beauties and graces of the Spanish character flowered there; and the harsher traits were modified. Perhaps the Californian bull fight may be cited as typical of this mellower spirit, for it lacked the sanguinary features which characterized the

national sport in Mexico and Spain. The quarry retired from the arena not much the worse for a chase which had served chiefly to exhibit the dexterity and horsemanship of the toreador.

After the inrush of Americans, who, paradoxically enough, stumbled upon the gold which Spaniards had vainly sought, this leisurely life inevitably passed away. California of our time commemorates the day when a people possessed by the energy of labor came to the Golden Gate. But it still bears, indelibly stamped upon it, the imprint of Spain.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

No single work covers the entire field of this book. Numerous topics are well treated in Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America, volumes II and III (1889), whose bibliographies are even better than its essays. Broad in scope and scientific in spirit are John Gilmary Shea's History of the Catholic Missions Among the Indian Tribes of the United States, 1529-1854 (1855), and The Catholic Church in Colonial Days, 1521-1763 (1886). Original documents covering a wide range of subjects for the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries are contained in Pacheco and Cárdenas (et al.), Colección de Documentos inéditos, Relativos al Descubrimiento, Conquista, y Colonización de las Posesiones Españoles, 42 vols. (1864-1884), and Colección de Documentos Inéditos de Ultramar, segunda série, 13 vols. (1885-1900).

A number of works, though not general, deal with considerable portions of the field. For the Atlantic seaboard there is Peter J. Hamilton, The Colonization of the South (1904). In Spanish there is Don Gabriel de Cárdenas Z. Canos (anagram for Don Andrés Gonzalez Barcía), Ensayo Cronologico para la Historia General de la Florida (1723), which, though annalistic, is broader in scope than any subsequent treatment of Florida. It covers the Atlantic and Gulf areas from 1512 to 1722.

The Southwest is best covered by the various vol umes of Hubert Howe Bancroft's Works. The parts relating to the Spaniards, which were written mainly by Henry Oak, are an unsurpassed mine of information. A popular introduction to Spanish activities in the Southwest, vigorous and entertaining in style, is Charles F. Lummis, Spanish Pioneers (1893). The same region is covered with emphasis on colonizing methods in Frank W. Blackmar, Spanish Institutions of the Southwest (1891). An excellent eighteenth century work in Spanish is Juan Domingo de Arricivita, Chrónica Seráfica y Apóstolica del Colegio Propaganda Fide de la Santa Cruz de Querétaro (1792). It was written by an official chronicler who had been a missionary in Texas. A general documentary collection is Herbert E. Bolton, Spanish Exploration in the Southwest, 1542-1706 (1916).

EARLY EXPLORATION. Aside from these few general and regional works, most of the materials are special, and can be listed according to the chapters of this book. Early sixteenth century explorations are admirably treated in Woodbury Lowery, Spanish Settlements Within the Present Limits of the United States, 15131561 (1901). Popular accounts of the exploration of Florida are Graham, Hernando de Soto (1903), Grace King, De Soto and his Men in the Land of Florida (1898), and, though old, Theodore Irving, The Conquest of Florida by Hernando de Soto (1835). The standard treatise on Coronado is George Parker Winship, The Coronado Expedition, 1540-1542 (Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1896). Contemporary narratives are contained in Hodge and Lewis,