high rank amongst the defenders or apologists of feet above the ground, with a blazing furnace roasting the Church of Rome; and we believe his "Trav- them on one side, and the Indians on the other els," like Cobbett's "Reformation," have been embracing every occasion, as soon as any part of the The negro, translated by papal authority and command into body was exposed, to pop at them. most of the languages of Europe. Of his merits in incautiously exposing himself, was killed, while this department of literature, which is quite out of Thompson received several balls in his feet, which he had projected beyond the wall. our way, we do not presume to offer an opinion. His book unquestionably displays a vast deal of research and learning; but whether it is so entirely perverse as its adversaries contend, or so preeminently irrefragable and convincing as its admirers assert, we really cannot say. It is, after all, in the home-life of individuals that their true character must be read and studied. The poet and the politician-the latter more especially-dwell, as regards their vocations, apart from the household tests which really measure the worth, the truth, the kindliness, of individual men and women. Moore, we are pleased to be able to repeat, as a son, a husband, a father a friend and neighbor, bore, and deservedly, the highest character. His domestic affections were ardent, tender, and sincere, and the brilliant accomplishments which caused his society to be courted by the great ones of the world shed their genial charm over the quiet fireside at which sat his wife, and in whose light and warmth the children whose loss has bowed him to the grave grew up only to bloom and perish. There have been much greater poets, more self-sacrificing, though perhaps no more sincere lovers of their country; but in the intimate relations of domestic life, and the discharge of its common, every-day, but sacred obligations, there are few men who have borne a more unspotted and deservedly-high reputation than Thomas Moore. One word as to the music-the airs of the melodies. They were for the most part, it is well known, arranged, and the accompaniments generally written, by Sir John Stevenson. The changes in the melody which not unfrequently occur, whether hurtfully or otherwise individual taste must determine, were, Moore himself emphatically assures us, invariably his own. INDIANS AND LIGHT-HOUSES. Thompson seized the keg of gunpowder, which he had Nearly roasted to death, and in a fit of desperation, still preserved, to keep from the hands of the enemy, threw it into the blazing light-house, hoping to end his own sufferings and destroy the savages. In a few moments it exploded, but the walls were too strong to be shaken, and the explosion took place out of the light-house, as though it had been fired from their guns. The effect of the concussion was to throw down the blazing materials level with the ground, so as to pro- The gunpowder was heard on board a revenue cutter at some distance, which immediately proceeded to the spot to ascertain what had occurred, when they found the light-house burnt and the keeper above on top of it. Various expedients were resorted to, to get him down; and finally a kite was made and raised with strong twine, and so manoeuvred as to bring the line within his reach, to which a rope of good size was next attached and hauled up by Thompson. Finally, a block being fastened to the light-house, and having a rope to it, enabled the crew to haul up a couple of men, by whose aid Thompson was safely landed on terra firma. The Indians had attempted to reach him by means of the lightning rod, to which they had attached thongs of buckskin, but could not succeed in getting more than half way up.-Charleston News. CŒUR-DE-LION'S STATUE. A COLOSSAL EQUESTRIAN BRONZE FIGURE BY THE SCULPTOR RICHARD THE LION-HEARTED! crowned serene Of half-articulate crowds that gaping lean mean. AN incident occurred at the Key Biscayne light-Seated above the blessing or the ban See there! What needs that iron casque's star-rim, The flames now began to ascend as from a chimney, some fifteen or twenty feet above the light-house. These men had to lie in this situation, some seventy "O Richard! O mon roi!" So minstrels sighed ; WE are grateful to Mr. Derwent Coleridge for this second instalment of tribute to his brother's memory. He has very well characterized the contents of the volumes before us in saying that they are evidently the genuine and unforced products of the author's mind, who has put forth in each case exactly what he had to say-neither more nor less. In this respect they remind us of the prose writings of Charles Lamb. They have also much of the same tender playfulness, of the same taste in poetry, of the same clear and delicate fancy, of the same turns of humorous melancholy, of the same thoughtful but never querulous sadness. Lamb had seen more of life as well as of books. Though his classical learning could not compete with Hartley's, he had a more learned spirit of human dealings. He was altogether a more just observer, and (using the word in its old sense) had a more profound wit. But there are passages in the Essays before us which we could only equal from the pages of Elia, and we derive from them the same feeling of personal affection for the writer. How well said is this-from a note of Hartley's on some couplets of Dryden : rance. Scarcely she knew that she was great or fair, Or wise beyond what other women are ; Or, which is better, knew, but never durst compare, For to be conscious of what all admire And not be vain, advances virtue higher. Most excellent; the true character of Christian humility, which never can consist in error or ignoTo know whatever of good the Allgiver has bestowed upon us, is fit; but the knowledge should never lead us to invidious comparisons with others, the inventory of whose inward wealth we cannot read. Whatever we have-be it in mind, body, estate, or soul-is given us; our virtues are no more our own making than our faces or abilities. They are but talents, arguments of thankfulness and of duty, not of pride:-snares and stumbling-blocks, when they make us look down upon our neighbors; but it is gross falsehood to deny even to ourselves that we possess them; and a great absurdity to attempt to persuade children that they are uglier, or stupider than they really are. The deception is sure to be found out, and the discovery produces much more vanity than it was intended to prevent. Vanity can only be subdued (for it always exists) by fixing the attention on high and serious objects-by inducing efforts in which all must find their weakness and imperfection. He who aims at little things will be vain, if he succeed; splenetic and envious if he be out done. And this-does it not relish of Elia? A smack of the antique is an excellent ingredient in gentility. A gentleman, to be the beau ideal of his order, should live in an old house, (if haunted, so much the better,) well stocked with old books and old wine, and well hung with family portraits, and choice pieces of the old masters. He should keep all his father's old servants, (provided they did not turn modern philosophers,) and an old nurse, replete with legendary lore. His old horses, when past labor, should roam at large in his park; and his superannuated dogs should be allowed to doze out their old age in the sun or on the hearth-rug. If an old man, his dress should be forty fashions out of date at least. At any rate, his face should have something of the cavalier cut-a likeness to the family Vandykes; and his manners, without being absolutely antiquated, CCCLXXXIII. LIVING AGE. VOL. XXX. 35 should show somewhat of an inherited courtesy. In all, he should display a consciousness that he is to represent something historical, something that is not of to-day or yesterday-a power derived from times of yore. How venerable is the escutcheon of an ancient family! How richly it glows in the window through it is reflected from distant centuries. How of their parish church! the stained light which gleams awful are its griffins and wiverns! How mysterious the terms of heraldry, gules, azure, or-dexter and sinister! Apply the same to the newly purchased coat of a new gentleman, and they are rank jargon, and the coat itself an unmeaning daub. Yet antiquity is not always genteel. The Jewish nation is the greatest antiquity upon earth. It is a remnant of a dispensation that has passed away. The law and the prophets are their family history. Their rites and customs, their food, their daily life, are derived from times long anterior to all records but But alas! it is not good for nations to be They cannot but fall to ruin; and a human ruin is not a ruined temple. their own. antiquities. Nothing could be better said than the remark appended to Carew's fantastical lines about the illness of Charles the First : One should not think by these lines that Carew cared much about the king's illness, but this is an unfair and unphilosophic inference. Men who have acquired a certain trick of thought and expression, will continue it under all varieties of feeling. Fancy will talk as she is most used to do." A dancingmaster would probably turn out his toes were he hastening to his father's death-bed, yet he might be a good son for all that. Lear's fool can only give fool's comfort, yet he loved his master truly. Mercutio observes, "that his wound is not so wide as a church door, nor Sir Thomas More died with a jest, and he was a so deep as a well," yet he feels that it is enough. martyr at least to his own sincerity. Men may joke and quibble till they cannot do otherwise, and yet not have joked away all feeling. Here is a suggestion for the stage : As Ariel's presence throughout the play is manifest to none but Prospero, it were an improvement in the acting if this dainty spirit were personated by a voice alone. No human form, however sylph-like, but must belie the words of the invisible and tricksy Ariel. The voice, shifting from place to place, now above, now below, now in motion, now pausing, and anon multiplied from all quarters, would have a truly magical effect in scenic representation. And here are some nicely-put distinctions between reputation, popularity, and fame : Shakspeare in his own day was doubtless popular ; but the popularity of a dramatist, who claimed no rank in the learned literature of his age, and did not even publish his plays, must have been confined to the suspected race of play-goers. His Venus and Adonis obtained a dubious notoriety, not likely to recommend him to the austere and solid scholars who composed folios and quartos. No wonder that Bacon quotes him not. The chancellor was, perhaps, seldom at a play, and could not safely quote from the mouth of an actor. No collection of Shakspeare's plays was published till long after the principal works of Bacon were completed, nor, if we except the Essays, do they furnish many occasions for poetical quotation at all. Burton once mentions Shakspeare. Hakewell, a solemn reasoner on the course of Providence, could not decorously allude to the wood-notes of an illiterate stage-player. Shakspeare was popular, and his fame was securely planted, but he was not a writer of reputation-for reputation is some-what different from popularity and fame. Popularity is the gift of the people. Fame is conferred by the permanent universal reason. Reputation is the opinion of the judging, not always the judicious few. Virgil, of all writers, has had the greatest reputation. Ovid and Horace are more popular. Homer and Shakspeare are his rivals in fame. Addison and Pope, Locke and Paley, of English authors, have enjoyed the strongest reputation, but they are neither so popular, nor in the truest sense so famous, as John Bunyan. Of living writers, I should say Scott was the most popular. Southey the best reputed, Wordsworth the most famous. Popularity is, however, a much better earnest of fame than reputation-for popularity and fame alike are effects of a workreputation is merely imputed-it is a decision by statute, not in equity. A popular book may be mischievous, but it cannot be inert. There is little chance of a work obtaining posthumous popularity which misses at its first appearance. Collins might be cited as an exception, but his poems were scarce published in his lifetime. The three last as well as the first of our extracts are from the Marginalia-notes, from the margins of books, that is, suggested by his reading, and written for himself. These occupy the second volume. The contents of the first are chiefly essays, of which the greater part originally appeared in Blackwood's Magazine-a form of publication which seems to have put some restraints on Hartley. We must confess that we care less for what he addressed to Blackwood's public, than for his self-communings with his edition of Anderson's poets, and other favorite books. He is a capital critic of poetry, with occasional slips which we cannot account for, (as his depreciation of the poetry in the glorious masque invented by Prospero,) but with insight often not inferior to his father's, and none of his attendant mystifications. The volumes are not very correctly printed. Even so common a name as Shakspeare's friend and editor, Condell, is printed Conder. The French off, and the kernel falls into powder, with a readi- Our problem has been, therefore, to imitate the drying action of the French climate. An English engineer, Mr. Bovill, of the firm of Swayne and Bovill, in Abchurch Lane, has accomplished this task; and we think his invention of such national importance that we give our readers a full explanation of it. Almost every one knows, that in a corn-mill the corn is ground by two circular stones of some four feet diameter: the lower stone is fixed, and the upper stone revolves horizontally close above it, at a high velocity, on a vertical axis. The surface of both stones is chiselled across into sharp-edged grooves. The corn finds its entrance between the stones through a hole in the centre of the upper stone called the eye. As the upper stone flies round, the grain is abraded and crushed, and the resulting meal is carried outwards by the centrifu WE grind corn now-a-days very much in the same way that they ground it in the days of Noah. In the patriarchal ages they did not know how to separate the husk of wheat from its mealy kernel, and forty centuries of trial have not taught us moderns the secret. In those early days, they had hit on the plan of placing wheat in the hollow of one stone, and grinding husk and kernel together into meal by the attrition of another stone turning rap-gal force. The path taken by each grain of corn idly in the hollow of the first; and we have done nothing to improve the process beyond giving the stones a better shape, and attaching a more elaborate and effective apparatus for giving them motion. In later historical times the Lombards were famed for engineering and mechanical skill; after them Holland became notable for her corn-mills moved by the wind; and at this day France is preeminent for the goodness and cheapness of her corn manufacture. The superiority of the French, however, has been due less to themselves than to their country. We will show how this has been so hitherto, and why it may cease to be so in future. Two of the primary requisites for making good flour are good corn and good stones to grind it. France is favored in both respects. Her climate is genial, even where her soil is ungenerous; if her corn is not of the bulk or heart that it might be, still it is ripened so perfectly that the husk scales is experimentally discovered by passing through the stones a small lump of French chalk. The chalk describes a volute on the lower stone, of more than one complete revolution, before it falls over the outer edge; and, while it makes this journey, the upper stone has travelled nearly a mile and a quarter over its head. The grain is crushed by the first few revolutions of the stone, and a large portion of the flour is produced, which has to travel the path described from the centre to the periphery. If the stones were unclogged with flour already made, they would grind much faster and better. But the lagging meal impedes the action of the stones, and muffles and deadens the cutting edges. Thus, meal is seriously injured by the repeated grinding which it suffers after it has been pulverized sufficiently. The immense friction which it undergoes at the last stages of its journey-when the surface of the upper stone is chafing over it at from fifteen to eighteen miles an hour-generates so | hours 50 minutes; in the new mode 6 hours 30 much heat that it rises twenty-five degrees above minutes-as nearly as possible one third less the temperature of the original grain. As the millers say, the meal is " killed"; the "heart is taken out of it"; and it must be stored in sacks for a fortnight, or three weeks, or a month, before it can be dressed into flour and bran. In hot, moist weather, fermentation is inevitable, and a deteriorated flour is the result. time, and with only three pairs of stones. The produce was, by the old system, 11,818 pounds of meal; by the new mode, 11,893 pounds of meal-75 pounds more produce. The meal, when dressed, gave, by the old mode, 9889 pounds of flour of the first quality-by the new mode, six quality-by the new mode, 243 pounds: by the old pounds less; by the old mode, no flour of the second mode, 424 pounds of flour of the "middlings" quality-by the new mode, 706 pounds; by the pollard and bran-by the new mode, only 1058 pounds of such refuse. The worth of the produce was by the old mode £58 8s. 7d.-by the new mode, £59 18s. 4d. It resulted, therefore, in this trial, that the new machinery ground and dressed at the same time above 50 per cent. more of corn with three pairs of stones, and gives the produce 21 per cent. more valuable. In this trial about one sixth more coal was consumed by the engine in driving the new machinery than in driving the old, in consequence of only three pairs of stones being worked on the new plan: the cost of this extra quantity of coal, in the port of London, would be from 2s. 6d. to 3s. 6d.; so the necessary correction will be fully made if we reduce the increased value of the produce from the above estimate of 2.5 per cent. to 2.25 per cent., leaving untouched the gain from difference in cost of wheat. On the other hand, we believe this experiment gave a result of increased produce below the practical average of the new mode. Mr. Bovill remedies these evils by creating a powerful current of air through the mill stones: a fan blowing-machine drives the air into the eye of the upper stone, which is so arranged that the pow-old mode, 1505 pounds of refuse, in the shape of erful current passes from the centre outwards between the grinding surfaces, carrying with it every particle of flour as fast as it is produced from the grain, before it has time to be subjected to the injurious friction and heat of the stones. The idea of driving a stream of air through the stones had been tried already, but had always failed till Mr. Bovill contrived his patent apparatus, which at once drives the air into the eye of the upper stone and sucks it away from the outer edges of both stones. The conjoined effect of the blast and the draught is most striking. As the meal flies out, its place is occupied instantaneously with unground corn, and the grinding accelerated. The stones are worked in closer contact; and, being free from the soft medium of flour, the bran is more perfectly cleaned, the unground corn is more rapidly and keenly cut by the clean grooves, the meal is generated more rapidly, and it flows into the bin at a temperature averaging only about ten degrees above that of the original corn. Instead of needing to be stored a fortnight or a month, it is dressed instantaneously. An endless strap, mounted with metal buckets-like a Persian water-wheel-carries up into the silken dressingmachine the meal as it falls perpendicularly from the stones; and that lighter portion which is known by the millers as "stive," and is lost in ordinary mills, is wafted away by the draught, and carried into a chamber whose walls are made of a porous fabric which arrests every particle of flour as the air strains through it. From the operation of the blast of air just described, wheat, however damp and badly harvested, can be ground with as great facility as that in good condition; the effect being, that the current of air passing between every minute particle of meal in the operation of grinding, carries off all the surplus moisture. To farmers and millers in damp seasons this will be acknowledged as of no trifling importance; and the millers of Ireland, who have always to kiln-dry their home-grown corn at great expense and loss, have here a means of relief, now that Lord Naas has not succeeded in obtaining "protection" for them. At Deptford there is a government mill, where four groups of stones, six pairs of stones in each group, are turned by steam power, about four horsepower to each pair of stones. The machinery is the best sort of machinery of the description now in general use. Messrs. Swayne and Bovill had liberty from the Lords of the Admiralty to fit up one of these groups of six pairs of stones with their apparatus: the following are the comparative results of a trial lately made between the group thus fitted up and one of the other groups working as usual. The task was the grinding of twenty-five quarters of mixed red and white wheat; the wheat ground on the patent plan costing 4s. per quarter less than the other. The time consumed was, in the old mode, 9 500 quarters with six pairs of stones, employed on 500 qrs. wheat weighed (60 lbs. per bushel) 240,000 lbs. Coals consumed, 20 tons 2 cwt. Men employed, 2 men and 500 qrs. ground and dress- 16 cwt. Men employed, 8 men. 1 boy. ProduceBiscuit-meal, 742 sacks Biscuit-meal, 721 sacks 56 tb 233 tb Offal, pollard, and or Ib 207,816 Loss in grinding and dressing 6,312 bran 25,872 240,000 or tb 233,113 Offal, pollard, and 29,344 bran Loss in grinding and dressing 8,543 240,000 the process of manufacture, and 21 sacks more Here is a less loss by 2231 pounds of flour in flour produced, with nearly six tons less coals consumed; and two men and a boy performed all this in nine days, which required eight men seventeen days to do on the old system-a saving of at least four fifths of the costs of labor. But as no portion of the dust or "stive" is lost under the patent system, the apparent waste of 6312 pounds is entirely the result of evaporation produced by the drying effect of cold air upon the meal in the process of manufacture. The highly intelligent and responsible manager of the government mill rates the grinding power by the new mode at 100 per cent. Each of the stones on the new plan, it will be seen, instead of 50 per cent., beyond that of the old mode. We think that these figures show that the minute explanations we have given of this invention are not disproportioned to its importance. Mr. Dives, the extensive miller at Battersea, has for some time past been working entirely on Mr. Bovill's principle with great success, and his flour is preferred by the best London bakers to the finest French marks. Messrs. White, Ponsford and Co., who have spent about £80,000 in erecting the largest mill in this country on the river-side some two hundred yards below Blackfriars Bridge, will commence operations shortly; the whole of the machinery being constructed by Mr. Bovill on his patent system. The scale of its operations and the worth of Mr. Bovill's invention may be surmised from our statement that the firm will grind from 7000 to 8000 sacks of flour per week entirely upon his patent. grinds above 8 bushels per hour instead of 4 bush- | considered schismatics. The loyalty and satisfacels, the rate of grinding upon the system hitherto tion of the British Jew is mingled with the religadopted. ious pride of the chosen people, and a national pedigree the purest and most ancient in the world is matter for covert glorification. There is a sermon on the Immortality of the Soul; in which Mr. Marks, contrary to a received opinion, endeavors to prove, by argument and quotation of texts, that the doctrine of a future existence was known to Moses, and was always a national tenet among the Jews. The discourse on the Final Ingathering of Israel raises, though remotely and indirectly, some points at issue between the Christian and the Jew. The interpretation of prophecy, the nature of the Millennium, and the character of the expected Messiah, (who is not to be a divine person,) naturally raise mooted topics between the sects, though not in a controversial manner. "Israel's Vocation," and some other sermons, also verge upon topics where a controvertist on the look-out might find matter for his vocation; though controversy does not appear to be aimed at, the drift of the arguments being a clever claim for the Jews to all the religious and social improvements that have taken place since the Exodus; the Gospel being, in the phrase of the day, "ignored." Some of the discourses indicate the nature of the present Hebrew practices and prevailing sins, if we may judge from the exhortations or denunciations of the preacher; others exhibit the distinguishing tenets of the Jews, which may be described as a theism with inspired prophets-that is, a revelation made through human instruments, and burdened with many ceremonies, as well as moral laws. In addition to these large firms, we believe there are numerous intelligent millers in various parts of the country who are availing themselves of the invention. From the Spectator. MARKS' JEWISH SERMONS.* 66 THESE sermons are not only peculiar as emanating from a Jewish minister, addressing a Jewish congregation, but as indicating that the religious movement is not confined to the Christian world. The West London Synagogue may be considered as a "Reformed" or an Independent" church. According to Israelite views, the Sanhedrin alone has power to regulate forms of worship; but that body has ceased to exist for fifteen hundred years, or more than ten times as long as our Convocation has been suspended. Traditional modes of worship exist, which it may be concluded are no longer adapted to the times, the country, or the state of opinion. This is freely admitted by religious Jews; but any proposed alterations are met by the difficulty or impracticability. About nine years ago, some zealous reformers cut through the knot by founding the West London Synagogue, with forms (we believe the change goes no further) adapted to the spirit of the age; for, says Mr. Marks in his introductory sermon, "since the extinction of the right of ordination has rendered impossible the convocation of a Sanhedrin, whose authority shall extend over all Jewish congregations, does it not follow as a necessity that every Hebrew congregation must be authorized to take such measures as shall bring the divine service into consonance with the will of the Almighty as explained to us in the Law and the Prophets?"" The discourses have a yet greater interest in their subjects. The sermons treat of the most distinctive features in Jewish doctrine and opinion, and present glimpses of the feelings and social practices of the Jews both abroad and at home. Although repudiated with a sort of horror by the Jews of Western Europe, polygamy, it appears, is, as we suspected, not abrogated; that is, Oriental Jews who follow the patriarchal practice are not Sermons preached on various Occasions, at the West London Synagogue of British Jews. By the Reverend D. W. Marks, Minister of the Congregation. Published at the request of the Council of Founders. Published by Groombridge and Sons. The sermons, however, are not wholly indebted to their peculiarity and consequent novelty. Mr. Marks is an independent-minded man, who looks to human authority with respect but without submission, and, we should imagine, with somewhat of the sturdiness of a reformer. He is well read in the Scriptures and their commentaries, Talmudical, later Jewish, and Christian; but he does not neglect the world around him, enforcing his exhortations by references to actual life. His matter is full, his style close, with a good deal of easy strength; and, though his discourses no doubt owe much of their interest to their rarity, yet even as Christian sermons they would have been entitled to attention on account of their literary merit. One of the most curious points, in a theological view, is that which relates to the coming and character of the Messiah. The following passages from the sermon on the Final Ingathering of Israel will indicate the nature of the argument. The preacher has been treating of the prophecies relative to the restoration of Jerusalem after the Babylonish captivity. But the prophecies that bear upon the final indifferently worded; and they most frequently connect gathering of the twelve tribes of Israel are very with this event the coming of the Messiah. The prophet Jeremiah is commanded, at the opening of the thirtieth chapter of his book, to commit to writing the following prophecy-" Behold the time shall come, saith the Lord, when I will bring back the captivity of my people of Israel, and of Judah, saith the Lord; and I will cause them to return to the land which I gave to their fathers, and they shall possess it." It is then set forth that the Hebrews will no more be subjected to the oppressive dominion of the heathen, but that they will be governed by their own rulers of the royal house of David. "And it shall come to pass in that day, saith the Lord of Hosts, that I will break his yoke from off thy neck, and I will break |