shall arrive from one of their ports in the United Kingdom, shall be considered, with relation to all the objects of this convention, as coming from the country to which she be longs; and every vessel trading directly, or in succession with the ports of Lubeck, Bremen, and Hamburgh, shall be, as well as the cargo, treated, for the objects above-mentioned, upon the same footing as a Hanseatic vessel making the same voyage.

7. It is besides agreed between the two parties, that in each of their states there shall not be raised upon any individual property of their subjects and burgesses, when it shall be transported out of the territory or possessions of these states, either in the way of purchase or otherwise, any other duties or taxes heavier than those to which in each of those States the same articles of property are liable when transported by their own subjects or burgesses.

8. The high contracting powers reserve to themselves the right, in order to facilitate and extend the commercial relations of their subjects and possessions, burgesses, and territories, beyond what is stipulated by this convention, of affixing additional articles, founded upon reciprocal or equivalent advantages as the nature of the case may be. Should the high contracting powers agree on one or more articles to annul these dis

positions, it is provided that the article or articles which may thus be concluded in future, shall be considered as forming part of the present convention.

9. The present convention is concluded for the space of 10 years, reckoning from this day, and for a space of 12 months more, after the king of Great Britain and Ireland on the one part, or the Governments of Lubeck, Bremen, and Hamburgh, or one of them, on the other, shall have notified their intention of putting an end to it. Each of the high contracting parties reserves to himself the right of making to the other that notification at the end of the said term of ten years. It is agreed between them, that this convention and all its stipulations, in case one of the parties shall make to the other a declaration of this kind, shall cease entirely as regards the state which shall have made it, and that which shall have received this declaration; it is nevertheless understood and agreed, that if one or more of the said republics shall make or receive the above declaration, this convention shall not remain the less in force and vigour against the other Hanseatic republics which shall have neither made nor received such a declaration.

The treaty is dated the 20th of September, 1825, and signed G. CANNING. W. HUSKISSON.

THE ABOLITION OF SLAVERY. In the name of the Most Holy and Indivisible Trinity.

The separation of the empire of

Brazil from the kingdom of Portugal having put his Britannic majesty in a situation to reclaim the execution, on the part of his most faithful majesty, of the treaties

concluded with the court of Lisbon on the 22nd of January, 1815, and the 28th of July, 1817, which prohibit the exportation of slaves from the coast of Africa to foreign countries; and his majesty the emperor of Brazil desiring to put an end to the trade 'n slaves, satisfying by such conduct the sentiments of his own heart, and the wishes and desires manifested in this respect by all the sovereigns and governments of civilized nations, and very particularly those manifested by his majesty the king of the united kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland; their said majesties, the emperor of Brazil and the king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, have resolved to adopt and arrange in the present treaty the most efficacious means to suppress the illicit commerce in slaves on the part of their respective subjects, as likewise to bring about the final abolition of the slave-trade in the shortest space of time possible. In consequence of these principles, the two high contracting parties have nominated as their plenipotentiaries, to wit, &c.

Art. I. Four years after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, it shall not be allowed to the subjects of the empire of Brazil to carry on the trade in slaves on the coast of Africa under any pretext or in any manner whatever.

Art. II. The object of this treaty, on the part of the two governments, being to oppose mutually the trade in slaves, the two high contracting parties declare that they shall consider any trading in slaves to be piracy carried on in the following circumstances:

1. In British ships or vessels, either with the flag, or on account of English subjects in any ship or under any flag.

2. In Brazil vessels, or with the Brazil flag, or on account of Brazil subjects in any vessel, or under any flag, according to the conditions stipulated in the first article of this treaty.

3. Under the Brazil or English flag, on account of the subjects of any other government.

4. By any Brazil vessels destined to any port without the limits of the empire.

Art. III. The territories in which, according to this treaty, the traffic in slaves is permitted for the space of four years, to the subjects of his imperial majesty, are—

1. The territories of the crown of Portugal, on the coast of Africa, to the south of the Equator-viz. on the eastern coast of Africa, the territory comprehended between Cape Delgado and the Bay of Lorenzo Marques; and on the western coast, all the territory comprehended between the 8th and the 18th degree of south latitude.

2. The territories on the coast of Africa to the south of the Equator, over which the crown of Portugal has declared its right, namely, the territories of Molembo and of Cabinda, on the western coast of Africa, from the degree 5. 12 minutes, to the 8th degree south latitude.

Art. IV. His imperial majesty, in accordance with the spirit of the present treaty, shall adopt all the means which may appear the most efficacious to carry into entire and complete effect the laudable objects which the high contracting parties have in view.

Art. V.-Determines the formula of the passports.

Art. VI. The navigation shall be direct from Brazil to the port mentioned in the passport, and the vessels shall return to the same

port whence they sailed, without touching at any other port.

Art. VII. No vessels shall sail till the proprietor or the master present a certificate of their register.

Art. VIII. The high contracting parties, the better to attain the proposed end of preventing all illicit commerce in slaves by their respective subjects, mutually consent, that the ships of war of both marines, which shall be for that end provided with special instructions, of which mention shall be made below, may visit the merchant-ships of both nations, when they have reasonable ground to suspect that they have on board slaves obtained by illicit trade. The same ships of war shall be empowered (not only in cases provided for in the 6th article of this treaty, or when in fact there are slaves on board) to detain and carry into port such vessels for the purpose of having them judged by the tribunals established for that purpose, as shall afterwards be declared; it being well understood that the commanders of both the imperial and royal marines, who may execute this commission, shall observe strictly and accurately the instructions with which they shall be provided for that purpose. This article being entirely reciprocal, the two contracting parties become bound to each other to grant an indemnity for the losses which their respective subjects may suffer unjustly by arbitrary detention, or detention without legal cause by their ships; it being likewise well understood, that the indemnity shall always be at the expense of the government to which the cruiser shall belong which has committed the act of arbitrary detention. Finally, the search or detention of

slave-ships (as it is declared in this article) shall be limited to Brazilian or British ships which belong to either the imperial or royal marine, or which shall be provided with special instructions annexed to the present treaty.

Art. IX.-Brazilian or British cruisers shall not be empowered to detain any slave-ship on board of which there are not actually found slaves; and it shall be necessary, to legalize the detention of any vessel, that the slaves found on board be actually carried for traffic, and that those found on board Brazilian vessels shall have been taken from that part of the coast of Africa beyond the limits specified in the third article of this treaty.

Art. X.-All the ships of war of the two nations which in future shall be destined to prevent the slave-trade, shall be provided by their own government with a copy of the instructions annexed to this treaty, and which shall be considered an integral part of it. These instructions shall be written in Portuguese and English, and prepared for the ships of each of the two nations by their respective ministers of marine. The two high contracting parties reserve to themselves the power of changing entirely or in part these instructions, as circumstances may require; it being well understood that these said changes shall not be made without the common agreement and consent of the two high contracting parties.

Art. XI.-Two mixed commissions, composed of an equal number of individuals of the two nations, shall decide upon the detention of vessels. One shall reside in Brazil, and another in the dominions of his Britannic majesty. Each of the two governments shall declare, in

trary to their will by any authority whatever. They shall be exempt from obligatory military service, of whatever kind it may be by land or by sea, and from every kind of forced loan, impost, and military requisitions; nor shall they be compelled to pay any ordinary tax, whatever may be its denomination, greater than that which is paid or may be paid by the subjects of the sovereign in whose territories they reside. They shall also be subject to no arbitrary visits and inquests, nor shall any examination and investigation of their books and papers take place under any pretence whatever. It being understood that in cases of treason, smuggling, or other crimes specified by the laws of the country, inquests, visits, examinations or investigations shall not take place except before the competent magistrate, and in the presence of the consul of the nation to which the accused party belongs, or in the presence of the respective viceconsul or his delegate.

8. The office of judge-conservator of the British nation is suppressed, in pursuance of the imperial constitution having abolished all privileged persons and particular jurisdictions.

9. In case of breach of friendship, or a rupture, which shall not be held to exist except after the recal or removal of the diplomatic agents, the subjects of either nation resident in the territories of the other may remain to arrange their affairs, or to carry on trade in the interior, without being interrupted, so long as they shall conduct themselves peaceably and commit no offence against the laws. If, however, their conduct should cause them to be suspected, they may be ordered to leave the

country, but with the power of carrying with them their property, for which a sufficient period, not exceeding six months, shall be allowed.

10. Persons accused in the states of one of the high contracting parties of the crimes of high treason, forgery, and counterfeiting money, or paper representing it, shall not be admitted, nor receive protection in the dominions of the. others. They shall even be expelled from the respective states upon the same being required.

11. Each of the high contracting parties becomes bound not to receive, knowingly and voluntarily, into his states, or to engage in his service, subjects of the other who may have deserted from the military or naval service. And in case it should happen during the stay of mercantile vessels belonging to the subjects of either nation in the respective ports, that any person or persons belonging to the crews of the said vessels shall desert, such deserters shall be apprehended, and, upon the demand of the consul or vice-consul of the nation to whom they belong, delivered up by the local authorities.

12. There shall be reciprocal freedom of commerce and navigation between and with the respective subjects of the high contracting parties, as well in Brazilian as in British ships, in all and every of the ports, cities, and territories appertaining to the same high contracting parties, except in such as are positively shut against all foreign nations. It being, however, understood, that when any of the said ports, cities, and territories, shall become open to the trade of any other nation, they shall immediately be also free to the subjects