cal population. But we may hope that | able impression towards the English Prothere too, as railways multiply, the country estants in the sentiments of the Roman is more visited by travellers, and educa- Catholics." In 1823-4 different apart tion spreads, all these annoyances and ments were taken at 152 Via Rosella, and molestations, which Christian people not no opposition was offered to the celebramembers of the Roman communion at tion of the English service. But in 1825, times experience in exercising that right owing to the objections supposed to be of religious worship which the laws of the entertained by the Roman government to land allow, will pass away. the continuance of our worship, no one could be found willing to let a room for the purpose. "To obviate this difficulty," writes the Rev. Hugh James Rose, the chaplain, under date of March 22, 1825, an English lady, Mrs. Starke, whose kindness to her compatriots on all occasions deserves their warmest thanks, most liberally offered the loan of some excellent rooms which she had taken and furnished in the Palazzo Fiano, and the service was in consequence celebrated there for nearly two months. An opportunity, however, at last offered of obtain. situated a few doors beyond the Porta del Popolo, eligible in all respects for our purpose." Within the very walls of Rome itself, liberty of public worship is now permitted. The minute-book of the English chapel, outside the Porta del Popolo, shows how step by step this right has been secured. At the beginning of this century a service appears to have been held in private apartments "occupied by the clergyman or by some English family." Then in 1818, a room was hired for the special purpose of conducting worship according to the forms of our Church. The room was in Vicolo degli Avignonesi. In the life of Dr. Low, Bishop of Ross, Moray, and Argyle, there|ing a lease (for three years) of a room is a letter written from Rome, March 5, 1818, by the Rev. James Walker, afterwards successor to Bishop Sandford, at Edinburgh, in which he speaks of his surprise at finding the service of the Church of England" publicly performed in Rome, at the foot of the Capitol, and within a few minutes' walk of the pope's palace. The service," he writes, "has been regular, and always well attended. . . . All the clergymen, to the amount of eight or nine, have attended and offered their services. ... I steer clear, of course, both in my sermons and in my catechising, of all matters of controversy. It would not be very decorous to come into a man's house, and under his protection try to pull it down." Thus, though the public celebration of our worship within the walls was not actually prohibited by the papal authorities during the first quarter of the present century, yet such pressure was exerted upon the owners of apartments, and so general a conviction prevailed of the disapproval entertained by the authorities, that great difficulty was experienced in securing suitable accommodation, and not until the English congregation had hired a room outside the walls were they able to remain permanently in the same quarters. Not even then were they released from all fears and annoyances. On DeIn 1823, owing to a change of govern- cember 16, 1826, “the Secretary of State ment caused by the death of Pius VII., it of the Roman Government,” such is the was a matter of doubt "whether the per-statement of the minute-book, informed formance of the English service in Rome the committee of the English Church that would be tolerated as heretofore." Apart- as the English consul did not reside in ments, however, were hired in the Corea Rome, the Protestant chapel did not come Palace in Via dei Pontefici. The minutes, within the Act of Parliament." In the which then for the first time were regu- minutes of 1828 there is a notice of a larly kept, inform us that there was no hundred and fifty crowns paid to get rid interference whatever on the part of the of a wild-beast show opened in the same government. "The tacit sanction of the building as that used by the English for Roman government has been given to set divine worship. In 1831 the committee, apart a suite of rooms for our worship; alarmed by the uncertain state of political there is a wish to act with toleration and affairs, elected Chevalier Bunsen trustee accommodation towards our countrymen." for the chapel and for the cemetery, and Money collected at the offertory was dis- desired him to take charge of the churchtributed among distressed English, plate and the register of burials. In 1841 French, Germans, and Italians living in the offer of a font was refused on the Rome; and "these gifts," so runs the ground that "it was thought better not to minute-book, "tended, perhaps, more than add any insignia_to the chapel which any other circumstance to create a favor- might give cause for objection on the part of the Papal Government." In the following year, however, the offer of a font was accepted. On March 8, 1847, it was resolved by the committee that a statement be made to Lord John Russell respecting the advisability of attaching the chaplaincy to her Majesty's Legation in case of the diplomatic relations with the court of Rome now under consideration of Parliament being definitely arranged." During the siege of Rome in the spring of 1849, the English chapel was occupied by the Roman and French troops, and inuch damaged. At the close of 1863 it was found necessary, owing to the crowded state of the chapel, to take measures for providing an additional service on Sundays. The Dean of Canterbury, Henry Alford, undertook to perform the services. Application was made to the consul, Mr. Severn, for the use of a room at his residence. Though at first he expressed a hope that he should be able to provide the room required, he afterwards stated that the application which he had made to the authorities for permission had been refused. All obstacles, however, were at once removed when, Sep. tember 20, 1870, Rome became capital of the kingdom of Italy. The Anglican communion is now represented at Rome by three churches, all situated within the walls by Trinity Church, in the Piazza di San Silvestro, opened for divine worship in 1874, and consecrated by the Bishop of Gibraltar on April 15 of last year; by the Church of St. Paul, in Via Nazionale, erected by our American brethren, and consecrated by the Bishop of Long Island on March 25, 1876; and by the Church of All Saints, in Via Babuino, now in course of construction. vision, in 1689 the Rev. George Home, afterwards rector of Headley, near Farnham, was appointed chaplain. The earliest report issued by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (1704), contains under the head of Amsterdam this notice: "For the interest of the English nation, the honor of its established Church, and comfort of its members in peace and war, as gentlemen, merchants, soldiers, seamen, etc., the burgomasters have given a piece of ground for building an English church; till that can be compassed, a private chapel is made use of, where there is a pretty good Church of England congregation." When, during the reign of Edward VI., factories of English merchants were established in Russia, they were allowed the free enjoyment of their religion. The same report contains the following words in reference to Moscow: "Here is a factory of English merchants, as at Arch. angel, where they reside alternately; to whom the czar has been graciously pleased to give lately as much ground as they shall desire to build a church upon, with other convenience for the minister, who uses the Liturgy of the Church of England, and who is desired to insert the czar's name and his son's in the Litany and prayers for the royal family." There is notice also under the same head of a benefaction made by the Society of Greek Liturgies and Testaments for the courtiers; of vulgar Greek Testaments for the common Muscovites; and of English practical books for the youths and servants of the factory." The English churches at Moscow, Archangel, and St. Petersburg enjoy to the present day the privilege of being considered chapels of Except in countries under the spiritual the British ambassador, and are under rule of Rome, Englishmen have encoun- his especial protection. We hear of no tered few or no obstacles in exercising the attempt having been made by the authorright of worshipping God in such way as ities of the Eastern Churches to prevent their Church or their consciences might the Levant Company from providing Endirect. The London merchants who inglish merchants and their families at the reign of Queen Anne traded to Leghorn, state in a petition addressed to the queen in Council for support in maintaining their right, that "the settlement of chaplains in our British factories at Smyrna and Aleppo is allowed by the Turk as a right due by the law of nations." Colonel Playfair, her Majesty's consul-general at Algiers, has called my attention to a clause in the first treaty concluded by England with Algiers in 1682, which stipulates that "the consul shall be allowed a place to pray in." In accordance with this considerate pro Aleppo, Smyrna, and Constantinople with the ministrations of religion. The correspondence of Isaac Basire represents him as receiving great attention and kindness from the patriarchs and bishops of the East, and as preaching twice at a meeting of bishops and clergy at the request of the Metropolitan of Achaia. This friendly attitude and interchange of courtesies, which two hundred years ago marked the relations between Churches of the Eastern communion and our own, have been maintained to the present hour. Various circumstances during late years best and brightest colors. A marked have increased the number of English | visited the Riviera while some of the Enchaplaincies abroad. No sooner had our glish churches which grace those lovely last war with France been brought to a shores were in building, on finding him close than English merchants, bankers, self not unfrequently laid under contribu traders, teachers, governesses, artisans, tion, is reported to have remarked that and mechanics settled in different parts the Riviera was a pleasant country to of the Continent. Groups of Englishmen visit, but it would be still pleasanter when are now to be found wherever enterprise all the English churches were finished. calls for skilled labor and industry. There Though some of the buildings in which are in central and northern Europe nearly we meet for public worship abroad do lita hundred congregations under the su- tle credit to English taste, others are not perintendence of the Bishop of London. unworthy of our Church and country, The Bishop of Gibraltar has under his showing both by their architectural feacharge, in southern Europe, in the islands tures and by the character of the services and along the shores of the Mediterra- held in them what is the true nature of nean and neighboring seas, independently our worship when it is displayed in its of the summer chaplaincies in northern Italy, more than seventy congregations. Since railways have been multiplied and sailing vessels have been superseded by steamers, the number of Englishmen who for pleasure, change, rest, or health visit foreign lands has increased a hundred fold. Thousands every summer now spread over Switzerland, France, Germany, and the Italian lakes. Thousands every win ter flee to the sunny south for shelter from the fogs, rain, and biting winds of our own country. Englishmen have this characteristic, that wherever they wander they like to take their church with them, as is known to all hotel-keepers, who find that if they would attract English visitors to their houses, they must provide them with places of public worship. Some of these chaplaincies are maintained for the summer, some for winter and spring, some for the whole year, according as the circumstances of the place or the wants of the visitors require. The Continental committee of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel and the Colonial and Continental Church Society render most valuable services by raising funds for the support of these chaplaincies, and by selecting fitting persons to serve such of them as are in their nomination. In all parts of the Continent English churches are now either built or in building. New English churches were consecrated this spring at Hyères, San Remo, and Therapia. Appeals were made last summer to the bounty of Englishmen in London on behalf of churches now in construction at Rome and Berlin. Ten new English churches within the area assigned to the Bishop of Gibraltar at this moment are in building or are contemplated at Rome, Milan, Cannes, Grasse, Carabacel, Marsala, Malaga, Tangier, Bucharest, and Nicosia in Cyprus. A noble church is nearly completed at Moscow. Dean Alford, who If here and there the ministrations of our clergy are still defective, the services recalling to our minds the state of torpor from which elsewhere we have been awakened, it should be remembered that the Church of England on the Continent has to contend against special difficulties. There are no fixed endowments. The income of the chaplains in most places is extremely small. Their position is often one of great isolation. The pastoral charge at Rome, at Paris, at Cannes, is doubtless as important as the most important parish in England, yet such a pastoral charge opens no career beyond itself. Men feel, when they embark on the work of a foreign chaplaincy, that they are sur rendering all prospect of advance or dis. tinction at home. Such, however, was not always the case. Michael Geddes, on leaving Lisbon in 1688, became chancellor of Sarum. Basil Kennett on leaving Leghorn in 1714, became president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The chaplaincy which the Levant Company maintained at Aleppo was served by a succession of men who rose to eminence at home. Edward Pocock, | of nearly two hundred and fifty years, was who held this chaplaincy from 1630 to dissolved in 1825, making over its charter, 1636, was appointed by Laud first pro- with all its rights, privileges, and property, fessor of Latin at Oxford, and became to the English government; and the subsequently regius professor of Hebrew, chaplaincy to the British factory at and a canon of Christ Church. Robert Smyrna became a "consular chaplaincy." Frampton, of Christ Church, who served In 1875 the number of chaplaincies mainthis chaplaincy from 1656 to 1671, became tained in accordance with the provisions a prebendary of Salisbury and of Glouces of the act was greatly reduced, and at the ter in 1672, Dean of Gloucester in 1673, present time four only remain of the forty and Bishop of Gloucester in 1680. Pepys, or fifty which, twenty years ago, were aided in his diary, twice notices Frampton, first by an annual Parliamentary grant doubunder date of October 10, 1666. This ling the subscriptions of the congregation. was the fast day for the Great Fire. These are at Marseilles, Malaga, Trieste, Frampton had come home for a while by and Smyrna; the first being retained on the leave of his friends at Aleppo. "And list to provide for the numerous British then to church again; and there was Mr. sailors who frequent that seaport; the Frampton in the pulpit, whom they cry up last from respect to rights bequeathed by so much; a young man, and of a mighty the Levant Company. ready tongue. I heard a little of his ser- The Church of England cannot be said mon." The next notice is a few months to have been forgetful of her duty towards later, January 21, 1667: "I to church, those members of the upper and middle and there beyond expectation find our classes who leave our country for foreign seat, and all the church crammed by twice shores. But there is a class whose moral as many people as used to be; and to my and religious wants she has not been great joy find Mr. Frampton in the pulpit, equally careful to bear in mind. Very and I think the best sermon for goodness scanty provision has as yet been made and oratory, without affectation or study, for the multitudes of British sailors who that I ever heard in my life. The truth throng every foreign seaport. The chapis, he preaches the most like the apostles lains who were appointed under the that ever I heard man; and it was much Consular Act were instructed to regard the best time that ever I spent in my life British seamen as part of their charge. at church." Bishop Frampton was suc- In some of the more important harbors, ceeded at Aleppo by Robert Huntingdon, to replace that national aid which was fellow of Merton College, who subse withdrawn in 1875, a fresh machinery is quently became provost of Trinity College, being supplied by such institutions as the Dublin, and Bishop of Raphoe, in Ireland. societies called Missions to Seamen, St. The chaplaincy at Algiers was held from Andrew's Waterside Church Mission, and 1719 to 1731 by the Rev. Thomas Shaw, the Gibraltar Diocesan Spiritual Aid D.D., F.R.S., fellow of Queen's College, Fund. By the help which these instituOxford, a man of great learning, who sub- tions provide, chaplaincies, lay-readersequently became regius professor of ships, homes," and "institutes " for Greek, principal of St. Edmund Hall, British seamen are gradually being estab editor of some classical books, and author|lished. But in many ports, especially of of a valuable work, entitled "Travels in northern Europe, our national Church Barbary and the Levant." has done little as yet for her sailor sons. Efforts are now being made to found a bishopric for the supervision of English congregations in central and northern Europe. If such efforts should meet with success, one of the first enterprises which will claim the attention of the new bishop will be to overtake the arrears which this vast field of pastoral labor presents. From 1825 to 1875, at all the important centres of commerce where British consuls were stationed, the affairs of our Church were regulated according to the provisions of an act of Parliament, generally called the Consular Act, 6 George IV., cap. 87. The Levant Company, which had liberally supported the chaplaincies at Smyrna and elsewhere, after an existence C. W. GIBRALTAR. 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