pendent words, for the cohesion of the foot is in these three cases of different strength. It is better to classify as C1 those verses with a simple word in the foot of three members (types 61-63), as C2 those with a compound (64—66) and as C3 those with two independent words (67-70). The fact that these three groups are of various frequency proves that they were felt to be different by the poets. In the first 1000 verses of Beowulf we find C1 (types 61-63) 23+5 times, C2 (64-66) 130+50 times and C3 (67-70) 35+150 times. Thus C1 and C2 are found chiefly in the first half-line, and C3 in the second. In C3 the unity of the foot of three members is weak, so that the scheme of the verse is 1+(1+2) rather than 1+3.

§ 77. Types 71-90 (Sievers' D1).

In D1 verses, as in D2 verses, the foot of one member at the beginning of the line is formed by an independent alliterating word of the form (types 71, 74, 77, 80, 83, 86, 89) or ux (72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87, 90) or -X (73, 76, 79, 82, 85, 88). The last group, which belongs to the so-called 'extended' D verses (§ 33, 72), occurs only in the first half-line.

The final foot of three members is formed like that of C1 (types 61-63) by a simple word with a middle syllable which is long because it contains either a long vowel or a vowel followed by more than one consonant (type 71: stīg wīsōde, 72: gode pancōde, 73: Beowulf madelōde 74: să-lidende, 75: selerædende, 76: ēdel Scyldinga). Words of the form uu_x, e.g. madelöde, lifigende are classed with those of the form, since they are comparati

vely rare. Similarly the rare verses and-swarōde Beow. 258, 340, peod-cyninga 2, cniht-wesende 372, 535, in which a word of the form _x, as the second part of a compound, forms the foot of three members, have not been separately classed, but arranged with the verses ending --x, e.g. sa-lidende, with which they agree in gradation of stress.

Further the foot of three members, like that of C2 (types 64-66), can be a compound of the form -lux (type 77: léof land-fruma, 78: brego BeorhtDena, 79: mare mearc-stapa) or xl_x (type 80: féond man-cynnes, 81: fromum feoh-giftum, 82: side să-næssas) or vul_x (type 83: heall heorudrēore, 84: hroden ealo-wage, 85: hwetton higerofne).

Finally, as in D1 verses, two independent words, closely connected grammatically, may form the foot of three members. These may be only as in C3 type 67, a monosyllabic word of the form with a disyllabic word of the form ux (type 86: bōt eft cuman, 87: swutol sang scopes, 88: scencte scir wered), but not as in C types 68-70.

§ 78. Types 89, 90 (Sievers' A2k). The last types of D1 are 89: güd-rinc monig and 90: mago-driht micel. Here the foot of three members corresponds exactly to that in types 86 to 88, but the first member is not an independent monosyllable of the form but the second part

of a compound or ul. Here, as in D2 types 49 and 50 (§ 73), we must assume level stress at the beginning of the verse. Sievers classifies these as 'shortened' A verses, or A2k verses, in which the second haupthebung is shortened in consequence of the strong subsidiary stress in the first foot. But the subsidiary stress in the first foot does not in other cases hinder the second foot from being composed by a simple or compound word of the form -X (wis-fæst wordum, snellīc să-rinc). We cannot look on these verses as A verses, because the chief characteristic of A verses, namely feminine ending, is here wanting. They are D1 verses, similar to types 87 and 88 (bōt eft cuman, swutol sang scopes), but the position of the double alliteration is altered because of the level stress of the compound at the beginning of the verse: syndolh sweotol, mago-driht micel. The normal alliteration of D1 verses is moreover found in: mihtmōd wera Exodus 149 or wē-wurt skihit Hildebr. 49.

§ 79. Use of the Parts of Speech in Verse:

a) Strongly stressed Parts of Speech.

In the above paragraphs an attempt has been made to analyse the verse we have, in order to determine the extent and the order of the four members of alliterative verse. The old poets used the parts of speech in verse as follows:

a) Strongly stressed parts of speech. In OE. there were strongly stressed words (nouns, adjectives,

numerals, verbs, adjectival adverbs) of the following forms:

× (god), (gōd, word), u (stede, fela), ux (scipes, Denā), -× (hwīle, wordum), ☺ux (metodes, fremedon), u_x (cyninges, wesende), -×× (pancōde), uuxx (madelōde), (Scyldinga, murnende), ☺☺_× œđelingas, lifigende), compounds of the form: xl_ (frum-sceaft, wœl-dead), 1x (sīd-fæt, prýdlic), _|_ (wīs-fæst, gūd-rinc), uu|_ (fela-hrōr, mago-driht), -luu (folc-stede, nÿd-wracu), ☺uluu (mægen-wudu), _lux (geār-dagum), uulux (mere-faran), ×1_× (hronrāde, lof-dādum), _|_× (sā-næssas, mann-cynnes), uul_x (lagu-strāte), uuluux fæder-ædelum), _lv_x (andswarōde, peod-cyninga), _|__x (sæ-līđende), _luv_x (unlifigende), uul__x (sele-rādende), _xl_ (middan-geard, hilde-dēor), -×|_× (hilde-wāpnum). Of these 1. the words of the form x, and (god god, word stede, fela) form one member always. They can be used, therefore, as the last member of B, D2 and E verses, as the first member of D2 and D1 verses, and together with a more weakly stressed word in the first foot of A (5—9, 14-17) or in the second foot of B (34-36).

2. Words of the form ux (scipes, Denā) are at the end of the verse two members (C 67, D1 86 to 90), but make one member at the beginning of a verse and within a verse, as first member of D2 (42, 45, 47), D1 (72, 75, 78, 81, 84, 87) and A (5 to 9, 14-17), as second member of B (34-36). 3. Words of the form -> and ʊʊx (hwile, wor

dum-metodes, fremedon) and corresponding compounds ×_, _lx, -l-, uul-, -luu and uuluu (frum-sceaft sid-fæt, prydlic - wis-fæst wis-fæst fela

hrōr folc-stede, nyd-wracu mægen-wudu) are generally two members, and can, therefore, form the first or second foot of A, or the middle foot of B, or also the second part of the foot with three members of C (68-70).

dead gud-rinc

Compounds of the form x_, _|_, or uul_ (wælmago-driht) can also with level stress be used for the first two members of D2 (49, 50) or D1 (89, 90).

Simple words of the form x (grētte, māre, side), and more rarely the corresponding compounds _× or (prýdlic Beowulf) can be used as one member at the beginning of the verse in the 'extended' verses A (4, 10), D2 (43, 48) and D1 (73, 76, 79, 82, 85, 88).

4. Words of the form - (cyninges), standing alone, are used as two members, but as the second part of compounds (see below, no. 7) can be used as three members.

5. Words of the form xx (pancode) and uuxx (madelōde) at the end of a verse are always of three members, and compose, therefore, the last foot of C (61) or D1 (71—73); at the beginning of a verse they are rarer and are used sometimes as two members (A 29, 30), and sometimes as three members (E 51).

6. Simple words of the form

and 11X