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STUDENT'S JOURNAL.

Beautifully printed and filled with the most useful matter relating to STANDARD PHONOGRAPHY (the best system of Shorthand Writing), MUSIC, PHILOLOGY, (with instruction in languages). HYGIENE. BIBLIOGRAPHY (with careful and useful reviews of books), BRIEF LONGHAND, &c. With a Valuable list of Useful Books for Students. $1 a year. Specimen copy, 10 cents or free. ANDREW J. GRAHAM, 563 Broadway, New York.

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II. INNOCENT: A Tale of Modern Life. By Mrs.
Oliphant, author of "Salem Chapel,'
"The
Minister's Wife," " Squire Arden," etc.
Part IV.,

III. SIR JOHN BURGOYNE,

IV. THE PARISIANS. By Lord Lytton, author of "The Last Days of Pompeii," "My Novel," "The Caxtons," etc. Part X.,

V. THE COLLIERS OF CARRICK,. VI. STORY OF A FRENCH Refugee,

VII. THE LATE EMPEROR'S SUPERSTITION,

VIII. THE PROgress of the Spanish RevolutION,

GOLDEN SAILS,
WILLY,

MISCELLANY,

POETRY.

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PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY BY
LITTELL & GAY, BOSTON.

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For EIGHT DOLlars, remitted directly to the Publishers, the LIVING AGE will be punctually forwarded for a year, free of postage. But we do not prepay postage on less than a year, nor when we have to pay commission for forwarding the money; nor when we club the LIVING Age with another periodical.

An extra copy of THE LIVING AGE is sent gratis to any one getting up a club of Five New Subscribers. Remittances should be made by bank draft or check, or by post-office money-order, if possible. If neither of these can be procured, the money should be sent in a registered letter. All postmasters are obliged to register letters when requested to do so. Drafts, checks and money-orders should be made payable to the order of LITTELL & GAY.

514

GOLDEN SAILS.

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In hope I wait; the years go by;

I gaze across the cruel tide, The kind-heart gossips draw them nigh, To weep in pity at my side. They tell me of wild stormy skies,

Of one that comes no more to me, They whisper how he drownèd lies,

Ah, dead! my love, far out at sea. But, when my broken spirit fails,

A glimpse of other worlds is given: The jasper sea, glad Home-set sails, All golden with the lights of Heaven.

The Month.

WILLY.

F. E. W.

He sits upon his mother's knee,
Patient, with eyes that cannot see.
He hears the soughing of the trees,
He hears the booming of the bees

Among the myrtles and the thyme.

He knows when one has stayed his boom,
In sweeping through the sunny room,
Knows that its velvet body lies
Drawing the sweetness of its prize
Out of the slender lily's chime.

He knows the time for flowers to blow;
What time the first red rose should show;
When the first nest is lined, to hold
Its little eggs; and just how old

The starlings are, beneath the thatch.

But if the trees be green or not;
Or if the bumble-bee have spot
Upon his velvet legs or head;
Or if the eggs the sparrow laid
Be blue, or brown, or all to match,

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He talks to God, in angel's tongue,
And in his heart such songs are sung
As our dull ears can never hear.
He would not have us drop one tear,
Since he is happy, having God.
Willy in darkness is not sad.

We, who have sight, and all things glad,
Are we as patient as is he?
Father, oh teach us so to be,
And in the end, let Willy see!
Good Things.

C. C. FRASER-TYTLER.

AN ENGLISH SWALLOW-SONG.
THE Rhodians in their sunny isle
Sang swallow-songs to greet
Thy sight, where roses ever smile,
And all the skies are sweet.

Here, myriad welcomes greet thy wing,
That gladsome twitt'ring cry,
As down the river, bird of Spring,
Thou sweepest glitt'ring by!

A speck that dims the living blue,
An instant dost thou gleam,
A sudden flash of light shot through
The joys of April's dream.

For many a day beside the flow

Of waters may we pass,
No blossoms by the current blow,
No daisies star the grass;

The sullen streams in eddies curl
'Neath clouds piled ridge o'er ridge;
O bliss! when first in joyous whirl
Thou dashest round the bridge;
For, gleeful creature, on thy flight
Perpetual summer tends;
Egypt's hot sands thou quitt'st at night,
To glad with morn old friends;
To circle o'er the drowsy wood;

Beneath my roof to rear

In trustful guilelessness thy brood;
To skim the lilied mere;

Charming me daily with thy wheels
Above the murm'rous lime,
Soothing my fancy till it feels
No more the weight of time;

Till hopes long dead and love's sweet pain
Revive before thy wing,

And youthful longings bud again,

As in Life's golden Spring.

A myriad welcomes, then, be thine,
Bright bird! for thou hast brought
Old mem'ries to me, pleasures fine,
And many a precious thought!

Ah! cheer my garden, cheer the land,
Where'er thy pinions roam!
And round these limes, by zephyrs fanned,
Forget the salt sea-foam!

Chambers' Journal.

From The Fortnightly Review. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE MORALITY.

of strong national feeling. Still, the idea of the State as almost a personal being, as a I was led lately, in the course of lec- living parent whose welfare should be presturing at the Royal Institution on what I ent to every man's thoughts at every moventured to call Comparative Politics, ment of his life, the feeling which reached into a somewhat full examination, and its height when the personified City of into a still further course of reflexion, as Rome became an object of worship and to the different ideas of the State, as enter- sacrifice, is certainly felt in Modern Eutained in the small commonwealths of old rope in a much lower degree than it was Greece and in the large countries of mod- in Athens or Florence. The difference ern Europe. In what the main difference is, I think, one of the unavoidable differconsists is obvious. In the one case, the ences between large and small states; for State of which a man is a member, and to we must remember that, in contrast to which his public duties are owing, is con- the city-communities of Greece and Italy, ceived as being a city; in the other case the smallest European kingdom must be it is conceived as being a nation or coun- counted as a large state. Of small states try of large extent, whether kingdom or on the ancient or mediæval scale, modern commonwealth matters not. The train of Europe can no longer show any examthought into which that inquiry led made ples. Andorre and San Marino are rathme think whether it was not closely con- er curious survivals of a past state of nected with another which had been for things than practical members of the Eusome time in my mind, but which would ropean body. The smaller Cantons of have been quite unfit for discussion in Switzerland, the few surviving Free Cities what was meant to be a scientific compar- of Germany, still keep much in common ison of various forms of government and with the ancient commonwealths; but their origin. Many things, both great the restrictions of the Federal tie hinder and small, forcibly bring before the mind them from showing forth their political the thought that there is a sense in which life in all its fulness. And Switzerland, we who live in the great kingdoms and as a whole, undoubtedly ranks as a large commonwealths of modern Europe, are state compared with Athens or Sparta. I less patriotic than the citizens of the an- insist on this question of size, because I cient city-communities. There are many feel sure that the difference of which I points in which our political life is far speak has more to do with the size of the more healthy than theirs was; but it cer- state than with the form of its governtainly seems that we have not, as a rule, ment, shutting out, of course, mere anthat living feeling of the State, as some-archy and mere tyranny, as not worthy to thing ever present to our thoughts, as be called forms of government at all. In something demanding of us constant ef- a large state, in our sense, be it of the forts and constant sacrifices, which the size of Denmark or of the size of Russia, loyal citizens of an ancient or mediæval it is impossible that the existence of the commonwealth certainly had. Modern State can be brought home to every man European nations are certainly not lacking in national feeling, nor are they lacking in readiness to do their duty to their country to the full under the pressure and excitement of actual warfare. The last great war has fully shown this; no one can charge either the French or the German army with any failure either in pro- city-commonwealth. Be the constitution fessional courage or in patriotic feeling of a higher kind. The very cry of "nous sommes trahis" on every occasion of defeat, utterly unreasonable as it is, and fatal to all energetic action, is itself a sign

as something in which he is personally and daily concerned, in the same way in which it can in a state composed only of a single city. The average citizen cannot have the same constant personal knowledge of public affairs, the same personal share in them, which he may have in a

of the State never so free, the ordinary citizen hears more of a government which is set over him than of a commonwealth of which he forms a part. The natural, the unavoidable, result is a comparative

deadness of public feeling. On a great
emergency, a war for instance, when the
being of the State and his personal duties
towards it are strongly brought home to
him, the citizen of a large state will be as
ready for patriotic action as the citizen of
a small state. But he needs to have the
existence of the State, and his duties to-
wards it, brought home to him in this
special way.
He is not, like the citizen
of the small commonwealth, brought face
to face with them every moment of his
life.

loved Athens so well that he would give her what he deemed the best form of government at any hazard and at any sacrifice. Traitors of this kind, traitors who

their country to such a pitch as to become treason to their country itself, are as natural a growth of a small commonwealth as are the patriots of a more enlightened kind. In a large state party spirit does not run so high; it does not

great days of her democracy. But we may be also sure that the number of men who would betray their country for their own gain, the number of men who would seek to win party ends by surrendering or jeoparding the independence of their country, is relatively smaller in a yet higher degree. The patriot and the traitor in truth sprang from the same root; the traitor was perhaps very often a patriot in his own eyes. We must not think that every oligarch who thought to overthrow the democracy, or even every It must, of course, not be forgotten, in oligarch who was ready to purchase the comparing the two systems and their dif-destruction of the democracy at the cost ferent results, that, if we reap the fruits of receiving a Spartan garrison, was in of the worse side of the difference, we his own eyes an enemy of his country. reap the fruits of the good side also. If His argument would rather be that he the patriotism of a small state is ardent and active, it is also apt to be turbulent and aggressive. Men who are ready to give their goods and their lives for their own commonwealth are also apt to forget thus pushed their zeal for a party within that other commonwealths have equal rights with their own. The ideal Roman, in whose eyes Rome was so precious that himself and all that he had seemed as nothing when compared with her interests, was, from the very same cause, ready to sacrifice truth and justice when- get so easily mixed up with personal enever it seemed that by the sacrifice of truth and justice the interests of Rome could be furthered. The vice and the virtue, the heroic sacrifice of self and the contemptuous disregard for the rights of others, are here so closely connected, the two spring so directly from the same source, that it is hardly possible to draw the line between them. And, following the law which seems to have decreed that the same soil should be fertile in fruits of opposite kinds, where we find the most abundant supply of the most ardent patriotism, we may also look for a corresponding supply of its opposite. As an ascetic age is commonly also a profligate age, so, where patriots are thickest on the ground, we not uncommonly find traitors thickest also. We may be sure that the number of men in England who would willingly die for their country is putting the case of exposure in warfare out of sight in both cases relatively smaller than it was at Athens in the

mities. And again, in modern times the political parties in any state for the most part begin and end within that state. Kings have indeed sometimes banded together to destroy popular rights everywhere, and republican propagandists have less commonly preached the overthrow of kings everywhere; but, as a rule, no purely political party in a modern European state would seek to overthrow its political rivals by the help of a foreign force. This again is one of the results of the difference between large and small states. A political party in a modern state may sympathize with the corresponding party in any other state; but it seldom happens that their communications with each other are so easy, or their objects so exactly the same, that they can do much more than sympathize. The feeling of nationality, the difference of language and the like, steps in, and a man feels that he has really more in common with his own countrymen of an op

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