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its way into India from Babylonia; and | Dū-zi is associated with Cittu, the sun, in he reminds us that Tiglath-Pileser II. W. A. I. ii. 59, and Istar seems there to penetrated as far as the valley of Indus, appear as his mother. The translation of while Sennacherib speaks of the precious Tam-zi. on the other hand, leads us to wood of Sinda, and Col. Taylor has found the Biblical Enoch, whose name (like that pieces of teak at Mugheir. We may add of 'Saving in Berosus) may be explained by to this the mention of Mitra in a mytho- kha-Enu-ci, “the fish of Hea,” that is, Melogical tablet as a name of the sun. Von rodach at the close of the year. Now Bohlen long ago ventured on the conjec- Merodach was primarily solar, as is shown ture that Eden in Gen. iii. was India, and by his Accadian name Amar-ud or Amarthe land of Andiu, which is described by utuci," the circle of the sun," and he might the Assyrian king as "a distant place" be described as rising either out of the (W. A. Í. i. 35, 9), may very possibly con- earth (Hea) or out of the water. The name firm this, the loss of the initial sibilant of Tam-zi's father, again, Ubara-tutu, or shewing that the name had made its way "the glow of sunset" (see W. A. I. ii. 2, into Assyria through the medium of a 254) perhaps reminds us of "the setting' Persian population. sun. How Tam-zi comes to be called The more I investigate the mythology Sisuthrus by Berosus it is not very easy of Accad, the more I am convinced that to say; since Sisuthrus must be Susru, it is for the most part of solar origin. The an old Chaldean name of Anu, or Na," the larger part of the gods, such as Adar, sky." Na or Nakh, however, seems to "the sun of the south," or Rimmon, "the claim kindred with the Biblical Noah, and south sun in Elam" resolve themselves an ancient Accadian ritual speaks of " the into the great luminary of day. Hence it great flood of Anu in the midst of heaven" is not surprising that the epic cycle of (W. A. I. ii. 19, 40). It is possible, thereBabylonia should revolve round the same fore, that Anu was rather the sky of day, centre. Gisdhubar, whose ship is called as synonymous with the sun, his mother "the ship gis-tuk" in W. A. I. ii. 46, 3, Zigara, or "heaven," being the sky propmay be the god of fire, with dhu, " mass," erly so-called; and it is noticeable that or "body," inserted in the middle of the Nagidhdha, the wife of Anu, is "the compound; and the name read "Sisit" queen-mother, the moon." At the same by Mr. Smith means "the sun of life," time a geographical discrepancy has to be which would be pronounced Tam-si in Ac- admitted: Gutium or Kutu which seems cadian. It is impossible not to compare to be the country between the Euphrates this with Tammuz. The character of Tam- and Syria, is called "the fortress of Anu" muz, however, better suits the first hus- (W. A. I. ii. 48, 14), while Nizir was the band of Allat-Istar, whose name would mountainous district to the east of Asbe read in Accadian Du-zi (see W. A. I. syria, which according to Assur-nazir-pal, iii. 70, 120). Now this exactly agrees with was called by its inhabitants Lullu of CiDüzu, the Assyrian form of the month nipa. Still the situation of Gutium is not Tammuz, and we can only account for the quite certain; and we find Anu entitled variant Tammuz by a confusion of Tam-the lord of the land of the East" (W. zi and Dū-zi, two several forms of the sun.

A. I ii. 54, 45).

Of the pres

THE Gerarchia Cattolica for 1873, which was these appointments are vacant. published at Rome last week, gives some ent cardinals, eight were appointed by Pope curious statistics about the cardinals of the Gregory XVI. and thirty-seven by Pius IX. Roman Catholic Church. The total number During the long pontificate of the latter no of the existing cardinals is forty-five, but fewer than ninety-seven cardinals have died, there are twenty-seven vacancies. Twenty- most of whom were appointed by himself. one of the cardinals are upwards of seventy The number of nuncios and internuncios of years of age; the youngest cardinal is Prince the Holy See at foreign Courts is eight: one Lucien Bonaparte, who is forty-five, and was in Austria, one in Bavaria, one in Belgium, made cardinal at the age of forty. Of the one in Brazil, one in France, one in Holland, other high functionaries of the Church, in- one in Portugal, and one in Switzerland. Becluding bishops, vicars apostolic, and prefects sides these there are three delegates in the apostolic, the total number is 975. (This is South American Republics and the West Ininclusive of Monsignor Mermillod.) 103 of dies. The diplomatic corps accredited to the

512

THE Chinese take a curious method to pre

Holy See consists of representatives of Austria, Bavaria, Belgium, Brazil, France, Mona-vent their pigeons from being attacked by birds co, Peru, Portugal, and San Salvador. It thus of prey while circling over the cities or moving appears that although there is a Papal nuncio from place to place. This consists in the emat Amsterdam, Holland does not send a diplo- ployment of small, short cylinders of bamboo, matic representative to the Pope. Pall Mall. arranged so as to form a whistle or reed pipe, in groups of three or four, or more. These are attached to the back of the bird, and so adjusted that as it flies through the air a very sharp sound is produced. Varying lengths of the bamboo give variety of tones to this instrument; and when a large number of birds are flying together in a single flock, as is very frequently the case, the sound produced by them is distinctly audible for a great distance. It is said that rapacious birds are effectively repelled by this precaution, so that the pigeons make their flights with perfect safety from one point to another. Varnish is used for coating these bamboo whistles to protect them from This practice is said to have been moisture. in vogue among the Chinese for a great many years.

A REMARKABLE instance of canine sagacity is reported by the Ellenville (New York) Press. About three weeks ago Mr. Enderby, of Napanoch, was engaged in transacting business in that village, and left his horse attached to a chaise tied under a shed. Remaining with the horse was a faithful coach dog, who took advantage of his master's absence to enjoy a hurried nap in the vehicle. In the meantime the horse somehow became untied, and started off at a furious gallop. This awakened the dog, who, at once seeing the state of affairs, attempted to seize the reins with his mouth, but was unable to do so owing to their being covered by a rug and overcoat. Fortunately, however, on reaching Centre-street Bridge, the reins fell from the vehicle on to the ground, when the dog, with singular presence of mind, leaped nimbly after them, caught them in his mouth, reined the horse to a standstill, and held the reins firmly until he delivered them with a graceful wag of the tail to a stranger, whom, under ordinary circumstances, he would not have permitted on any account to approach his master's property.

Pall Mall.

Nature.

FOR the preservation of old manuscripts we have chiefly to thank our friends the monks, to whom the book-stealer was an object of horror. "This book belongs to St. Mary of Robertsbridge;' is written in Latin in a work in the Bodleian; 'whoever shall steal it, or sell it, or in any way alienate it from the house, or mutilate it, let him be Anathema-maranatha Amen.' And underneath is written by another hand: 'I, John, Bishop of Exeter, know not where the aforesaid house is, nor have I stolen this book, but I have acquired it in a lawful way.' "Another of such subscriptions ends thus: 'Whosoever removes this volume from this convent may the anger of the Lord overtake him in this world and in the next to all eternity. Amen.'

Pall Mall.

THE Marquis of Salisbury has contributed to the April number of the Philosophical Magazine, an original paper “On Spectral Lines of Low Temperature." If a thermometer be fixed on an insulated metal plate connected with one of the secondary poles of a powerful inductorium, the discharge produces a green light in the vacuum above the mercury in the thermometer-tube. This light, though accom- It is well known to experimentalists that panied by only the slightest possible develop- when a properly shaped piece of heated metal ment of heat, is sufficiently strong to admit of is placed on a cold metallic surface, the hot spectroscopic study. Different thermometers body is thrown into a state of vibration, and exhibit considerable differences in their spec- rapidly rocks to and fro on its points of suptra. While instruments by the best makers port. Although Sir J. Leslie long ago attribshow only three bright mercury-lines, other uted these effects to the expansion of the cold thermometers exhibit lines coincident with block by the heat flowing into it from the those given by certain compounds of carbon. heated rocker, it has been objected by high These carbon-lines are probably due to small authorities that such rapid vibrations could quantities of grease retained in the thermome- not result from the slow conduction of heat ter-tubes, and as the hydrogen of the grease and consequent expansion of the metallic supdoes not exhibit any of its characteristic lines, port. Mr. A. S. Davis, of Leeds, has thereit would seem that this element does not before entered into a mathematical investigation come luminous under electric influence at this of the subject, and has published his work in low temperature. The light examined in these the Philosophical Magazine. The conclusions experiments was produced at a temperature at which he arrives confirm the truth of Sir J. below 600 Fahr. Leslie's original explanation.

Athenæum.

Athenæum

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