An Evolutionary Basis for Pollination Ecology

anemogamous anemophilous Angiospermae anthophilous insects anthophily developed Apiaceae Apoidea Apoidea and Lepidoptera apomorphous Baltic amber bee-pollinated flowers bees beetles blossoms butterfly carpel Cenomanian central European flora Coleoptera dichogamy dioecy Diptera direct predecessors earliest Angiospermae entomophilous entomophilous flowers entomophilous pollination types Eocene facultative and obligatory families feed on nectar flies flower visits flowers are visited fly-pollinated flowers fossil record fp entomogamous frequencies gynomonoecy haustellum hermaphroditic homogamy Hymenoptera indicate inflorescences insects Jurassic Knuth larvae Lepidoptera longer-tongued insects Maestrichtian mainly melittogamous melittophilous moth-pollinated flowers nectar Nemestrinidae non-apoid Hymenoptera non-specialized entomogamous obligatory pollination types occur Oligocene ovaries ovules per stigma phylogeny plesiomorphous pollen-feeding pollination pollination system pollination units possible present probably protandry protogyny psychogamous psychophilous Qualitative analysis Recent reproductive structures solitary flowers specialized for longer-tongued species stamens Symphyta synapomorphies transformation series type fp type pollen Upper Cretaceous various insect groups visit flowers yellow