An Evolutionary Basis for Pollination Ecology

adaptation adults already analysis anemogamous anemophilous Angiospermae anthophilous Apoidea apomorphous appearance associated attracted bees beetles blossoms butterfly Cenomanian central European character Coleoptera colours comparatively concluded considered Curculionidae derived differentiation Diptera direct predecessors ditto earliest early entomogamous entomophilous Eocene established families favouring feed feeding-habits female flies floral fossil fossil record frequencies functional hermaphroditic included increase indicate inflorescences insect groups Jurassic known Knuth larvae late latter Lepidoptera less longer-tongued insects Maestrichtian mainly male means melittogamous mentioned middle nectar non-apoid Hymenoptera non-specialized entomogamous obligatory observed occur origin ovaries ovules phylogeny plants Pleistocene plesiomorphous pollination system pollination types possible present probably protandry Recent regard relationships represent reproductive structures sister-group solitary flowers specialized specialized for longer-tongued species stamens stigma suggested taxa Tertiary tion transformation series Upper Cretaceous visited visitors yellow