JOSHUA BARNES, 1654-1712, was Greek Professor at Cambridge, and a theological writer of considerable note. He wrote a History of Edward III., and published editions of Anacreon, Homer, and Thucydides. He wrote also a Poetical Paraphrase of the Book of Esther, and numerous other works, prose and poetical. His facility in Greek was remarkable. "He could off-hand turn a paragraph in a newspaper, or a hawker's bill, into any kind of Greek metre, and has often been known to do so among his Cambridge friends."- Allibone.

THOMAS DOOLITTLE, 1630-1707, a Non-conformist divine, published A Complete Body of Practical Divinity, besides other theological works.

JOHN GOTHER, 1704, originally a member of the Church of England, became a Catholic priest, and wrote many works, partly controversial and partly practical. His style is very highly commended by Dryden. His principal works are the following: A Papist Misrepresented and Represented, 4to; Nubes Testium, or The Cloud of Witnesses, 4to; Sincere Christian's Guide on the Choice of Religion; Lessons on the Feasts; Sinner's Complaint to God. A collective edition of his Moral and Devotional Writings was published in 16 vols., 12mo. "The reader of Gother's works will perhaps think, with the present writer, that no composition in the English language approaches nearer to the nervous simplicity of the best writings of the Dean of St. Patrick's." Charies Butler.

BENJAMIN KEACH, 1640-1704, a native of Buckinghamshire, was pastor of a Calvinistic Baptist Church in Southwark, London. He was persecuted for the bold advocacy of his religious opinions. He was the author of a great number of controversial writings and tracts. The principal are Travels of True Godliness; Travels of Ungodliness; Gospel Mysteries Opened; A Golden Mine Opened. Keach was a person of great integrity of soul, but his style is spoiled by an excessive use of metaphor and allegory.

THOMAS WARD, 1652-1708, was born at Danby Castle, Yorkshire. Becoming a Catholic, he went to Rome, and remained there some years. In the reign of James II., he returned to England; after the Revolution, he returned to Flanders, and died at St. Germains. His publications were The Errata of the English Bible; Monomachia, a Duel between Dr. Tenison and a Catholic Soldier; Queries to Protestants concerning the English Reformation; England's Reformation, a Poem. This was in the Hudibrastic metre. The following lines are a sample:

"I sing the deeds of great King Harry,

Of Ned his son, and daughter Mary,

Whence England's Common Prayer-Book sprung,

What canticles in kirk are sung."

Ward wrote several other works.

WILLIAM WALL, D. D, 1646-1728, is noted for his various works in defence of infant baptism; History of Infant Baptism, 2 vols., 8vo; Infant Baptism Asserted and Vindicated; Conference between two men who had Doubts about Infant Baptism, etc.

IV. THE EARLY FRIENDS.

George Fox.

George Fox, 1624-1690, the founder of the Society of Friends, was chiefly distinguished by his apostolic zeal and labors as a preacher. He has also claims to consideration as a writer, both for the amount and character of his writings, and for the relation which they bear to a large and influential society of Christians.

Fox was the son of a weaver, and was in his youth occupied in the service of a grazier; while thus engaged, watching the sheep, he had opportunities for meditation, which, to a mind constituted as his was, produced a powerful impression. Becoming the subject of deep religious convictions, he believed himself specially called by the Holy Spirit to make known to his fellow-men the truths which had been impressed upon his own mind and conscience. He addressed himself accordingly to this work, and went about preaching to people, wherever he could find an audience. It is as a persuasive preacher, and as the founder of a religious Society which has exerted great influence upon the world, that Fox is chiefly known. Yet he wrote a good deal, and his writings are held in high esteem.

The following are Fox's principal works: Journal of his Life and Travels; Collection of Christian Epistles, Letters, and Testimonies; Gospel Truth Demonstrated in a Collection of Doctrinal Books, etc. Fox's Journal particularly is worthy of commendation.

"It is one of the most extraordinary and instructive narratives in the world; which no reader of competent judgment can peruse without revering the virtue of the writer." Sir James Mackintosh.

"I have read through the ponderous folio of George Fox. The kind-hearted owner trusted it to me for six months. I think I was about as many days in getting through it, and I do not think that I skipped a word of it."— Charles Lamb.

Barclay.

Robert Barclay, 1648-1690, was an early member and the most renowned apologist of the Society of Friends.

Career. Barclay was of noble family, and received a thorough education. He attended the Scots College in Paris, of which his uncle was Principal, and while there became thoroughly adept in the French and Latin tongues, speaking and writing them with facility. Subse

quently he gained a knowledge of Greek and Hebrew. From his uncommon abilities and his superior education, and from his powerful family connections, in both the Protestant and Catholic branches, worldly prospects of a most brilliant kind awaited him, should he adhere to either of the two great religious parties into which the kingdom was then divided. But he early reached the conviction that the new doctrines proclaimed by George Fox were the true teachings of the Holy Scriptures, and having reached this conclusion, he at once cast in his lot with this despised and persecuted people, and thenceforth to the end of his days devoted his entire energies to the propagation and defence of their opinions. He had a kindred spirit in William Penn, with whom he was on terms of intimacy, and who was like himself a gentleman of birth and education. Barclay suffered much persecution, being repeatedly imprisoned and enduring hardships of various kinds. Having more education than most of the early leaders of the Society, it fell to his lot to be their champion by the pen. As in those days George Fox was their chief preacher, so Barclay was their chief writer.

Works. Barclay's first publication, written in 1670, when he was at the age of twenty-two, was Truth Cleared of Calumnies, in reply to a pamphlet by William Mitchell against the Quakers. A second treatise soon followed, Some Things of Weighty Concernment, also directed against Mitchell. Still a third treatise, W. Mitchell Unmasked appeared before the close of 1671. In 1675, appeared A Catechism and Confession of Faith, “containing a true and faithful account of the principles and doctrines which are most surely believed by the churches of Christ in Great Britain and Ireland, who are reproachfully called by the name of Quakers." In this work, the author undertakes to set forth affirmatively what the doctrines of his society were, and to show that they were the perfection of Protestantism. The next work, 1676, was The Anarchy of the Ranters, and was intended to show that the Friends were not liable to the objections urged against the Ranters. In 1679, he published A Vindication of "The Anarchy," in consequence of the sharp criticism which it had provoked. His next work was A True and Faithful Account of his Disputes at the University of Aberdeen. Another work, published in 1077, and written while he was in prison, is an appeal for toleration in matters of religion. Its title is Universal Love Considered and Established upon its Right Foundation, etc. In 1686, appeared the Possibility and Necessity of the Inward and Immediate Revelation of the Spirit of God, written both in Latin and English.

The Apology. The greatest of all Barclay's works, and that for which these special controversies served as a preparative, was An Apology for the true Christian Divinity, as the same is held forth and preached by the People called in Scorn, Quakers. Barclay's Apology is an acknowledged classic in the theological literature of the Society. It has been translated into most of the languages of Europe. Before the close of his life, on the accession of James II., Barclay was in great favor at Court, and his last days were serene and peaceful.

William Penn.

William Penn, 1644-1718, the Founder of Pennsylvania, was, next to Barclay, the ablest advocate and exponent of the doctrines of the Friends. His distinguished social position, and his eminent public services, if they did not add to the force of his arguments, gained for them respectful attention, and helped to give protection and security to the rising sect.

His Career. - William Penn was the oldest son of Admiral Penn. He was entered at Oxford at the age of fifteen, and while there became acquainted with John Locke. He distinguished himself not only in his studies, but in boating and other athletic exercises. Attending the preaching of the Quaker Thomas Loe, Penn and other students adopted the new views, and showed their convictions by abstaining from the religious observances of the University and by holding religious meetings of their own. They even went further, and tore off the surplices from those students who wore them in obedience to the command of the King. For these irregularities the young Non-conformist and his associates were dismissed from the University. The disgrace was a bitter mortification to the old Admiral, who attempted to reclaim his son by entreaties, arguments, and even by blows.

After a partial reconciliation, Penn was sent to the continent with the hope that travel and gay society might dissipate these religious notions. He was recalled from his European tour to take charge of the estate while the Admiral was absent in fighting the Dutch. Penn's seriousness returning, he was sent to Ireland to join the gay court of the Duke of Ormond, and while there had some experience of military life, and almost determined to become a soldier. The only authentic portrait of him was painted at this time, and represents him in military costume. At Cork, where he went on business for his father, he again attended the preaching of Thomas Loe, and all his early convictions were revived.

From that time, Penn's resolution was taken, and he never swerved from it. The breach between him and his father increased, and he was finally driven an exile from his father's house. Soon after this, in 1668, Penn began to preach and to write in defence of the new doctrines. He suffered frequent persecutions and imprisonments, but steadfastly maintained his doctrine and practice. A reconciliation took place between Penn and his father, before the death of the latter.

The death of the Admiral left Penn in the possession of an ample in

come.

Colonization Scheme. One item in the property which Penn inherited from his father was a claim against the Government of £16,000 for services rendered. Believing that he could best realize his views in regard to religious and civil liberty in a new country, he sold his claim to the Government for the territory which afterwards became the Province of Pennsylvania, with the right to colonize the same. Penn came to his new colony in 1682, and remained until 1684, regulating its affairs. Returning to England, he took an active part in the political affairs of England, and was a great favorite with James II.

Works. -Penn's writings were numerous and exerted a powerful influence. They were published in a collected form in 1728, in 2 vols., folio. Those of most note are Truth Exalted; The Sandy Foundation Shaken; No Cross, No Crown; Quakerism a New Name for Old Christianity; The Great Law of Liberty of Conscience Debated and Defended; Truth Recovered from Imposture, etc.

ISAAC PENINGTON, 1617-1679, was connected by marriage with William Penn, and was a zealous advocate of the doctrines of the Friends.

Penington travelled a good deal as a preacher, and was six times imprisoned. His publications were numerous, and were reprinted after his death in a folio volume, called The Works of the Long-Mournful and Soul-Distressed Isaac Penington. The titles of some of these pieces are A Word for the Common Weal; The Fundamental Right, Safety, and Liberty of the People Briefly Asserted; Testimony Concerning Church Governments and Liberty of Conscience, etc. Mr. John Penington, the late amiable and intelligent bookseller of Philadelphia, to whom, during his life, almost every literary man of that city was under personal obligations, was a descendant in the fifth degree from the good old Quaker, Isaac Penington.

GEORGE WHITEHEAD, 1636-1723, a preacher of note among the Friends, was born at Sunbigg, Westmoreland. He labored with great zeal for the spread of the gospel, nothing daunted by persecutions and discouragements. His printed works are the Nature of Christianity in the True Light; The Christian Quaker, written jointly by Penn and Whitehead; Enthusiasm above Atheism; The Way of Life and Perfection Livingly Demonstrated; Christian Progress of George Whitehead, being Memoirs of his Life; An Antidote against the Venom of the Snake in the Grass.

THOMAS ELWOOD, 1639-1713, was a member of the Society of Friends, and one of their preachers. He is connected in a pleasant manner with the history of Milton, having been employed for some time to read to the poet after the latter had become blind. Milton having submitted to Elwood the manuscript of Paradise Lost for his judgment thereon, Elwood replied: "Thou hast said much here of Paradise Lost; but what hast thou to say of Paradise Found?" Whereupon, says Elwood, Milton "made no answer, but sat some time in a muse." This remark is supposed to have first suggested the idea of Paradise Regained. Elwood wrote Davideis, a sacred Poem; The