ing out her arm, made a sign to have him bleed her. A very reliable French traveler, M. de Grandpié, an officer of the French Marine, having lived in Angalo two years, relates the following: "The intelligence of this animal is quite extraordinary. It usually goes about armed with the branch of a tree for a club. The negroes are afraid of it, and not without reason, for it treats them very rudely when it meets them. They are so firmly persuaded that the animal can speak, that they invariably speak to it on meeting it. It "In spite of all my efforts to procure an individual of this species I did not succeed, but I saw one on board the vessel on my return. was a female, four feet three inches in height, its arms extending below the knee. It would take too long to recount all the proofs of intelligence given by this animal. I will only mention the most striking. She had learned to heat the oven, and watched carefully lest any coal falling from it should set fire to the vessel. She judged correctly when the oven was hot enough, and never failed to apprise the cook at the right time; and he, in turn, had so much confidence in the judgment of the creature that he brought his pies and put them in at once. When they were preparing to set sail she mounted the yards with the sailors, without being told to do so, and undertook one of the most difficult and perilous parts, and performed her duty as well as the best of them. Finding her hand caught between the foot rope and the yard, she detached it without any outcry or grimace, and when the work was finished and the sailors re tiring, she displayed her superior agility by passing the whole of them at once and descending in the twinkling of an eye. "This animal died on the passage, a victim of the barbarous treatment of the mate. The interesting creature yielded to the violence with a touching gentleness and resignation, stretching out her hands, with a supplicating air, to obtain a cessation of the blows that fell upon her. From that time she refused food, and died of grief on the fifth day, regretted by the sailors as a comrade would have been." In a savage state the male and female always go together, whence they are supposed to be monogamous. When on the ground they hold themselves erect, and carry sticks as weapons of offense and defense. They also use stones, which they throw with great precision, to defend themselves against the negroes, or even to attack them if they venture to penetrate their solitary retreats. These animals live in troops in the depths of the. forests. They seem to understand how to construct tents to keep off the sun and rain, and form little villages, where they afford mutual assistance in case of attacks from men, elephants, and ferocious animals. On these occasions, if one of their comrades is wounded by an arrow or gun, they extract the arrow head or ball from the wound with much skill, they dress the wound with bruised herbs, and bind it up with strips of bark. But the most singular thing about these animals, and that which denotes the greatest intelligence, is, that they bury their dead. They stretch out the body in a crevice, and carefully cover it with leaves and branches of trees. They inhabit their cabins during stormy nights and when they are sick. The female shows much care and tenderness for her little one, carrying it a long time after it is weaned. If it is for a short distance, she carries it in her arms; otherwise she places it on her back, where it holds on with all fours, exactly as the little negroes do. The male drives it away when it knows enough to provide its own food and is strong enough to defend itself. The male seems to love the female tenderly. If surprised by an enemy he arms himself with a stick or with stones, and maintains his ground until the female is out of danger, and then he turns to flee on his own account. The scientific history of the Pongo is quite singular. Buffon, Cuvier, and other savans have differed greatly as to the place that it should hold, and it is even now strongly suspected to be only an old Orang Outang. The principal characteristics in these two animals are quite similar, though the Orang lacks the pouches, and his liver is like that of the human being, while the Pongo has pouches, and his liver is divided into several lobes. The former fact would place him among the last of the apes, the latter at the head of the monkeys. If the Pongo is an old Orang Outang, his case affords a singular anomaly in natural history. In all animals endowed with both instinct and intelligence the latter is comparatively feeble during its early life, and develops progressively until it attains its greatest energy, at about the close of the first third of its term of life. This remains until decreptitude, and, in savage animals, until death. In this case it would be otherwise, if the Pongo is the old Orang Outang, for the latter is gentle, thoughtful, considerate, and quite incapa ble of the petulance and ferocity of the greater part of the monkeys; while the former is fierce, savage, gross, and somewhat nocturnal in its habits. However this matter may stand, it is quite certain that we have two species of the Pongo variety, P. Wurmbii and P. Abelii. An individual of the latter species was killed at Sumatra. Like the preceding species, he walked upright with ease, ran swiftly, and climbed the trees with great agility. He still fought after having received five balls in his body and several lance strokes. At last, enfeebled by the loss of blood, he fell like Cæsar, and, yielding to his evil fortune, he placed his hands upon the deep wounds whence the blood was escaping in floods, and while expiring he cast upon his assailants a look so full of supplication and sorrow that they were moved even to tears, and repented having unnecessarily killed a creature so much like themselves. It appeared that this animal did not ordinarily inhabit the coast of Sumatra where it was found, for the inhabitants had never seen one like it before, and at the same time remarked that they had heard strange cries in the night-time. Besides, this Pongo had his feet covered with mud up to the knees, just as a man might have who had been taking a long journey. His strength was prodigious, so that when mortally wounded and having lost much blood, he readily snapped in two the wood of the lances with which he was pierced. He measured after death six feet and five inches in height. DR. LIVINGSTON, AND HIS AFRICAN to races to whom it had not previously DAVID DISCOVERIES. | been conveyed. To qualify himself for this task, he sought an accurate acquaintance with the language of the nativesthe soft, mellifluous, Italian-like tongue of the Bechuanas-spoken by the numerous sections of the nation, scattered over a vast range of country, extending from the borders of the Orange River far into intertropical Africa. With this object in view he separated from civilized society to dwell among them; boldly pushed his way northward to the Bamangwato, dwelling under the tropic; founded a station with another tribe at Mabotsa, on returning to the south, to which he brought a missionary from Kuruman in 1843; and having mar his own residence, in 1845, with Sichele, the chief of the Backwains. AVID LIVINGSTON was born in the year 1813, at Blantyre, a village in the neighborhood of Glasgow. In youth he exhibited the marks of a resolute and vigorous character; and the parents were frequently congratulated upon the promising conduct of their son. A portion of his time was spent in a cotton factory, and the remainder in attending classes, both literary and medical, at the University of Glasgow. Much was he interested in the latter study, and such encouragement was given him to prosecute it, as, under ordinary circumstances, would have led to his establishment as a prac-ried a daughter of Mr. Moffat, he took up titioner in his native country. But the purpose had been previously formed to devote himself to the cause of missions; and in the year 1837 he offered his services to the London Missionary Society. This offer being accepted, he continued his studies, both ministerial and medical, under its auspices; obtained his medical diploma; was ordained as an evangelist to South Africa; and sailed early in 1841 for his destined sphere of labor. In the April of that year the missionary landed at Port Elizabeth, on the west coast of Algoa Bay, with a brave heart and high objects in view, though little appreciating at that time the perils and fatigue to be encountered in penetrating the unknown lands of a region "whose soil is fire, and wind a flame." Dangers from exposure to intense heat, from length of way, from hostile and treacherous natives, from wild animals and venomous snakes, from starvation, from the dire torment of thirst, from miasmatic swamps, and from disease in various forms, have been confronted by this remarkable man, with a fearlessness which provokes admiration, and with a success in which the blessing of Providence upon his mission is signally apparent. From the coast Dr. Livingston proceeded to Kuruman, where, after spending three months, devoted to preliminary inquiries, he entered actively upon his mission, and commenced that career of perilous enterprise in which his face has been furrowed with hardships, and blackened by exposure to the fierce sun of tropical latitudes. From the first he contemplated gazing upon earth and sky which no European had ever seen, and preaching the Gospel These tribes, and many others known by different names, are essentially the same people, Bechuanas, formed into separate communities, independent of each other, dwelling in towns and villages, under the government of hereditary rulers. Only the Bechuanas of the south have yet come within the sphere of improving European influences. Those who are beyond it, like their brethren formerly in similar circumstances, are the wildest savages, inveterate thieves, the dupes of rain-makers, but occasionally their butchers, when the wizards have raised high expectations of showers which the heavens refuse to fulfill. So far from being given to idolatry, not the least trace of it is found among them, for no notion is entertained of any superior being; and no distinction is known between man and brute, except that man may be the greater rogue of the two. They stretch northward, with their dingy brown complexion, beautified with grease and red ocher, to the eboncolored races, black and bright as jet, the true negroes, with whom they intermingle. Early in the present century the rumor of a great lake in the interior of Southern Africa reached the ears of Europeans; but as no information respecting it of a trustworthy nature could be obtained, its existence remained doubtful. The rumor grew stronger with the northerly progress of discovery. Still, travelers and hunters in vain expended their energies and resources in attempts to ascertain the truth or falsity of the report; and in Mr. Moffat's map, of 1842, the lake figures as an undetermined natural feature of the country. These failures were caused by the Kalahari desert, the Sahara of the south, which it was found impossible to cross, owing to the want of water; but the happy thought occurred to Dr. Livingston, that, by skirting the terrible wilderness on the eastern side, instead of attempting the direct passage, he might solve the geographical problem by a circuitous route, and remove the vail from a fertile and populous region, if an extensive freshwater expanse really existed. Accordingly, accompanied by Messrs. Murray and Oswell, gentlemen travelers, with wagons, bullocks, and a retinue of native attendants, he started on the expedition. a passage of about three hundred miles, following the windings, early in August they joyfully beheld the oft-reported and long- mysterious expanse, brilliantly reflecting from its surface the bright sky of Africa. The lake is known locally by a variety of names, as Inghàbé, the "giraffe," Noka ea Mokorion," lake of boats," and Ngami, "the waters," the last of which has been adopted by geographers. Though not so large as at first represented, it is a fine sheet of water, perhaps seventy miles in circuit, considerably contracted in the middle, so as to resemble, according to some early native descriptions, the shape of a pair of spectacles. The discovery of this new field for the missionary, the geographer, the naturalist, and the trader, excited no little interest in the civilized world; and appropriately the Royal Geographical Society of London awarded to Dr. Livingston one half of the royal premium for the year, in the shape of a chronometer watch. Fain would he have gone further north, especially on learning that he was only about ten days' journey from Sebitoané, chief of the Makololo, of whom he had previously heard as anxious to be brought in direct communication with the white men. But as the means of advancing at that time were wanting, the party retraced their steps to Kolobeng. In 1851, having carefully prepared for another effort, Dr. Livingston, again ac The party left Kolobeng on the 1st of June, 1849. "I do not wish," wrote the explorer, "to convey hopes of speedily effecting any great work through my own intrumentality; but I hope to be permitted to labor, as long as I live, beyond the line of other men's things, and plant the seed of the Gospel where others have not planted, though every excursion for that purpose will involve separation from my family for periods of four or five months." This was a noble aspiration, and nobly has its sincerity been illustrated, the separation from home, wife, children, and countrymen having been undergone for years, instead of months. For three hundred miles the route lay through a dreary and sterile region, where the principal vegetation consisted of "wait-a-bit” thorns, and no wa-companied by his family, and also by Mr. ter could be obtained for successive days, causing intense distress to the travelers and their cattle. After proceeding in a northerly direction for upward of a month, they emerged from this arid waste, and found themselves, on the 4th of July, on the banks of a fine and stately river, the Zouga, flowing to the eastward. A broad belt of reeds and rushes fringed the stream, with timber and fruit-trees, among which the enormous baobob, from sixty to seventy feet round the stem, reared its head above the highest giant of the forest, while beautiful parasitical plants and creepers hung in festoons among the branches. Here and there limestone rocks formed the margin, rendering the scenery charming, and reviving in the mind of the Scotchman the remembrance of his native Clyde. Learning from inhabitants on its borders that the river issued from a distant lake, the adventurers ascended its course, and, after VOL. XI.-16 or Oswell, who had been in the interval to the Cape, started from Kolobeng. After crossing the Zouga, a northerly course led them to some great superficial depressions, salt-pans," coated with saline incrustations, and containing springs of brackish water. Bending round to the northwest, a well-wooded limestone region was traversed, then a dismal swamp, and finally, having struck on the large river Chobe, its channel conducted the travelers to Linyanti, the capital of the Makololo, and residence of Sebitaoné. The chief was manifestly delighted at the visit. Being a Bechuana from the south, little difficulty was experienced in communicating with him. The country which had now been entered, presented a totally different aspect to any that had yet been traversed. It was a vast level, rich and fertile, intersected with numberless streams, and hence |