"St. John the Divine," and inhabited by about 50 monks, subject to the patriarch of Constantinople. On the E. side of the island there is a small village and a good port. The island is subject to the Turks, but the inhabitants, 4,000 in number, are all Greeks. They subsist chiefly by agricultural labor on the mainland or the more fertile islands, migrating for the purpose every summer.

PATNA, a district of British India, in the lieutenant-governorship of Bengal, bounded by the districts of Sarun, Tirhoot, Monghyr, Shahabad, and Bahar, extending from lat. 25° 3′ to 25° 38′ N., and long. 84° 45' to 86° 10' E.; area, 1,828 sq. m.; pop. 1,200,000. Beside the capital, of the same name, the chief towns are Dinapore, a large military station, and Phatuka. The Ganges flows along its N. frontier, and the river Sone forms the W. and N. W. boundary and is navigable for a considerable distance. There are many smaller streams, and during the rainy season the province is intersected by water courses in every direction. It is fertile and highly cultivated. The climate is very hot in summer. The growth of the white poppy, from which opium is made, is a monopoly rented to the Patna opium company by the government. About 6,500,000 lbs. of poppy juice are annually manufactured, yielding a revenue of £3,500,000. The East India railway passes through the province. Patna was included under the grant of Bengal, Bahar, and Orissa, made by Shah Alum to the English in 1765. It was the scene of some of the most memorable events in the great mutiny of 1857, every part of the district except the capital having been for a long time in the hands of the insurgents.-PATNA, the capital of the above described district and of the province of Bahar, is situated on the right bank of the Ganges, 300 m. N.W. from Calcutta; pop. 284,132. The city proper, or fort, is of rectangular form, surrounded by a wall which extends about 13 m. along the bank of the river, and § m. inland. The suburbs are very extensive, and stretch about 74 m. along the Ganges. The principal thoroughfare, parallel to the river, is wide, though neither straight nor regular; and the other streets and lanes are narrow and crooked. Some of the houses are built of brick, and have flat roofs and balconies; but many of them are made of mud, and covered with tiles and thatch. There are several Mohammedan mosques, but they are regarded with little reverence, and most of them are now used as warehouses. There is a school where the English language and literature, history, and mathematics are taught. The manufactures of Patna are not very important; and the chief trade is in opium, rice, indigo, wheat, and sugar. A great deal of traffic is carried on upon the Ganges, and Patna is a station on the East India railway. Patna was taken by the British in 1764, when they defeated the troops of the nabob of Bengal under its walls. A monument is erected in the city to the memory

of 200 of their countrymen who were cruelly murdered by the nabob a few months before his defeat.

PATOOK, or PATUCA, a river of Honduras, falling into the bay of Honduras, about 110 m. E. of the port of Truxillo. It rises in the heart of the department of Olancho, in the vicinity of the city of Juticalpa, and is formed by the junction of the rivers Jalan, Tinto, Guayape, and Guallambre, all celebrated for their gold washings. Through the coast alluvions, for a distance of 60 m., it is a deep and navigable stream; but above that point it is interrupted by numerous rapids, and among them what is called the Portal del Infierno, a deep and narrow chasm, through which the river rushes with irresistible force. The principal mouth of the Patook opens directly into the sea, and is obstructed by a bad and shifting bar, with only from 8 to 10 feet of water. The second mouth of the Patook opens into Brus or Brewer's lagoon, but will not admit vessels of more than 6 feet draft. The total length of the river is about 150 m., and it affords the best means of communication with the large and rich department of Olancho.

PATRAS, PATRASSO, or BALIABArda (anc. Patra), a fortified seaport town of Greece, in the N. W. part of the Morea, on the gulf of the same name, capital of the prefecture of Achaia and Elis; pop. about 8,000. It is situated partly on a spur of Mt. Voidhia, on which stood the ancient town, and principally on the level plain below it. The streets are broad and straight, intersecting one another at right angles; the houses are mostly of one story, being built low as the best security against earthquakes. The most important public building is the castle, which is situated on the site of the ancient acropolis. Patras is the principal seat of the foreign trade in the Morea. For the protection of the harbor, which is unsafe and exposed to heavy seas, a mole has been constructed.-The ancient city was founded by the Ionians, from whom it was wrested by the Achæans under Patreus; from him the city received its name of Patræ. During the Peloponnesian war it alone of the Achæan towns embraced the side of the Athenians. In 419 B. C. Alcibiades persuaded the inhabitants to join the city and port by a long wall. It was a member of the Achæan league, and during the war between the Achæans and Romans it suffered extremely, and became an insignificant town. In that condition it remained until the reign of Augustus, who selected it as one of the two Roman colonies established on the W. coast of Greece. It was destroyed by an earthquake in the 6th century; subsequently it was a dukedom of the Byzantine empire; was sold to the Venetians in 1408; was taken by the Turks in 1446, was after a vigorous de fence retaken by Andrea Doria in 1532, and again recovered by the Turks, in whose hands it remained until the Greek revolution. It was the first city to raise the standard of re

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volt, but during the war the castle was held by a Turkish garrison, which capitulated in 1828 to a French force. The gulf of Patras lies between Ætolia and the N. W. coast of the Morea, and between the gulf of Lepanto on the E. and the Ionian sea on the W. Its greatest length is 30 m., its greatest breadth 14 m. Its navigation is difficult, and during the winter months sometimes dangerous.

PATRIARCH (Gr. maтplaрyns, chief of a race), a title applied to the fathers or heads of generations mentioned by the sacred writers from Adam to Jacob. After the destruction of Jerusalem it was the title of the chief religious rulers of the Jews in Asia; and in early Christian times it became the designation of certain bishops who exercised superior jurisdiction. These were the bishops of the 5 chief dioceses of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. Certain other bishops were likewise termed patriarchs in course of time, especially those of newly converted nations. In modern times patriarchs have jurisdiction over all the bishops and metropolitans or archbishops of their patriarchates, but their authority extends little beyond the right of convoking councils and exercising a general watchfulness over the conduct of their subordinate prelates. The patriarchs at present in communion with the see of Rome are those of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, the East Indies, Venice, and Lisbon, beside those of the Melchites, Maronites, and Syrians at Antioch, Armenians in Cilicia, and Nestorians (Chaldeans) nominally at Babylon. In the orthodox Greek church the title of patriarch is attached to the sees of Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, and various Christian sects of the East have patriarchs.

PATRICIANS (Lat. patricii, from pater, a father), the name given by the Romans to the members and descendants, by blood or adoption, of the original houses of which the populus Romanus was wholly composed until the establishment of the plebeian order. They were at first divided into the tribes of Ramnenses, Titienses, and Lucerenses, each tribe consisting of 10 curia, and each curia of 10 gentes, or in regard to representation and war of 10 decurio. The gens, all the members of which bore the same gentile name, sent its leader to the senate. Originally the two tribes of Ramnenses and Titienses enjoyed exclusive political privileges, but the Etruscan tribe of Lucerenses was admitted to the same rights by Tarquinius Priscus, and the number of senators, which before had been 200, was in consequence increased to 300. To distinguish the old senators from the new, the former were called patres majorum gentium, and the latter patres minorum gentium. At this period, all the population who were not patricians were clients or slaves. After the formation of the plebeian order, the patrician became a real aristocracy of birth, which held possession of all the civil and religious offices. No matter how poor he was,

a patrician could not become a plebeian unless he voluntarily left his gens and curia, and gave up its obligations and privileges; and no matter how wealthy he was, a plebeian_could not become a patrician except in accordance with the lex curiata, and this was rarely the case. At the end of the republic the number of patrician families had diminished to about 50, and both Julius Cæsar and Augustus and the succeeding emperors found it necessary to raise plebeians to the patrician rank. The long struggle in which the plebeians were engaged for the possession of their political rights resulted in their complete victory, only a few insignificant offices being retained by the patricians. The formation of the new aristocracy, founded upon wealth and upon the holding of the offices of consul, prætor, and curule ædile, rendered the old patrician families of still less account. During the empire the Roman citizens were divided into the two classes of populus and patricii. At the accession of Constantine the patrician families had almost entirely died out, and that monarch made it a personal title instead of a hereditary distinction. It was granted to all, without regard to birth, who had made themselves eminent by their services to the empire or the emperors. With the exception of the consuls, they constituted the highest rank in the state. Those members of the patrician body who were in actual service, as usually most of them were, went under the name of patricii præsentales; the others were called patricii codicillares or honorarii. This distinction was conferred by most emperors with much caution, but some granted it even to eunuchs. It was also conferred at times on foreign princes; and the governor of Ravenna, who exercised the power of a supreme magistrate, was styled indifferently exarch or patrician. After the loss of Italy, the Romans conferred this title on their rulers and protectors, such as Charles Martel and his descendants; and in this capacity Henry IV. claimed the right to depose Pope Gregory VII. During the middle ages families entitled patrician sprang up in many of the cities. In Venice members of the great council and their descendants were called patricians. After 1297 no person was created patrician, but all descendants of those who had belonged to that body became members by right at the age of 25. In Rome, Genoa, and other cities of Italy, the title of patrician was and is still used to denote a member of the nobility.

PATRICK, a S. co. of Va., bordering on N. O., and drained by the Dan, Smith's, and North and South Mayo rivers, all of which have their sources in the Blue ridge, which forms its N. W. boundary; area about 500 sq. m.; pop. in 1860, 9,359, of whom 2,070 were slaves. It has a mountainous surface, and is noted for its picturesque scenery; much of the soil is fertile, and iron ore is abundant. The productions in 1850 were 248,868 bushels of Indian corn, 90,441 of oats, 12,755 of wheat, 429,699 lbs. of

tobacco, 8,523 of wool, and 66,957 of butter. There were 2 grist mills, 2 tanneries, 1 furnace, 1 forge, 18 tobacco factories, 12 churches, and 826 pupils attending public schools. Value of real estate in 1856, $1,321,719, showing an increase since 1850 of 76 per cent. Capital, Taylorsville.

PATRICK (PATRICIUS), SAINT, the patron saint of Ireland, born, according to most authorities, near the site of Kilpatrick, at the mouth of the Clyde, in Scotland, in 372, died at Down, Ulster, probably in 464. At the age of 16 he was carried captive to Ireland by a band of marauders, but made his escape after 6 months and reached Scotland. Carried off a second time, and again escaping, he resolved to become a missionary to the Irish, was ordained in Scotland, and after a long preparation was consecrated bishop. Having previously, according to some accounts, visited Gaul and perhaps Italy, he passed over to his chosen field of labor about 432, and preached the gospel with such extraordinary effect that, although not absolutely the first to introduce Christianity into that country, he has always received the credit of its general conversion. He baptized the kings of Dublin and Munster, and the 7 sons of the king of Connaught, with the greater part of their subjects, and before his death had converted almost the whole island to the faith. St. Bernard testifies that he fixed his metropolitan see at Armagh, and it appears that he appointed several other bishops, with whom he held councils to settle the discipline of the church which he had planted. In his old age he wrote his" Confession," the authenticity of which, however, is doubted. It may be found in Sir James Ware's edition of the works of St. Patrick (8vo., London, 1658). The Roman Catholic church keeps his festival on March 17. A popular legend ascribes to him the banishment of all venomous creatures from the island by means of his crosier or staff, which Ralph Higden in his "Polychronicon" mentions as being kept with great veneration at Dublin in 1360.

PATRICK, SIMON, an English prelate and author, born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, in 1626, died May 31, 1707. He was the son of a mercer in his native town, and was educated at Queen's college, Cambridge, where he received a fellowship in 1648. In 1658 he was presented with the living of Battersea, and about this time published his "Mensa Mystica, or a Discourse concerning the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper; to which is added a Discourse concerning Baptism." The following year he produced a treatise entitled "The Heart's Ease, or a Remedy against all Troubles;" and in 1660 another under the title of "Jewish Hypocrisy, a Caveat to the Present Generation." By the earl of Bedford he was presented with the living of St. Paul's, Covent Garden, where he remained several years. In 1679 he became dean of Peterborough, in 1689 bishop of Chichester, and in 1691 bishop of Ely.

He published, beside a translation of Grotius De Veritate, a large number of works, chiefly devotional, the most important of which was his "Commentary and Paraphrase on the Old Testament" (14 vols. 4to., London, 1695); it extends to Solomon's Song, and was completed by Lowth and Whitby for the whole Bible. Dr. Patrick's writings gave him considerable reputation in his day, and are still valued. He was selected to revise the collects of the whole year after his appointment as one of the commissioners for the review of the liturgy, but the revision never came into use. The first collected edition of his works was printed by the Oxford press in 9 vols. 8vo. (1859).

PATRIMONY OF ST. PETER, the name formerly applied to a part of the Papal States, consisting mainly of the territory given to the church by the countess Matilda in 1077. It corresponds to the modern delegation of Civita Vecchia, together with the S. part of Viterbo, and the N. W. part of the comarca di Roma.

PATROCLUS, a Greek legendary hero, the inseparable friend of Achilles, and son of Menotius of Opus. While a boy he accidentally killed Clysonymus, and in consequence was sent to the court of his kinsman Peleus, and brought up with Achilles, whom he accompanied in the expedition against Troy. He occupied a prominent position in the siege until his friend absented himself from the conflict by reason of his quarrel with Agamemnon, when Patroclus also withdrew; but the affairs of the Greeks becoming desperate, he obtained from Achilles his armor and his troops, and with their assistance drove back the Trojans and saved the ships from burning. During the conflict he was struck senseless by Apollo, and was killed by Euphorbus and Hector, the latter taking possession of the armor. In the fight that ensued for the dead body the Greeks were successful. His ashes were buried under a mound, which not long afterward was opened to receive the dead body of Achilles, who had revenged his friend by the death of Hector.

PATRON (Lat. patronus, from pater, a father), an appellation given by the Romans to a patrician who had plebeians, called clients (see CLIENT), under his protection, or to a master who had freed his slave. When a slave. was manumitted, he himself was called libertus or freedman, and his master patronus, and between them existed certain duties and privileges, which however seem to have been more fixed by custom than by law. The patron took the freedman under his protection, and the freedman owed to his former master respect and gratitude, and was bound to support both him and his children in cases of necessity. By a special agreement the libertus after he was freed took an oath to make an offering to the patron of gifts and services, the latter being of two kinds, services of respect and services of labor. The former ended with the death of the patron, but the latter were due also to his heirs. The patron was not entitled to any ser

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vices that were either dangerous or disgraceful; and by the lex Julia et Papia Poppaa freedmen, with a few exceptions, were discharged from all requirements as to gifts and services, if they were the parents of two children who were in their possession, or were the parents of one child 5 years old. The most important relation existing between the patron and freedman was the right of the former in certain cases to become the heir of the whole or a portion of the property of the latter. By the laws of the 12 tables, if a freedman died intestate without heirs of his own, the patron became his heir, as he was supposed to stand in the relation of an agnatus. By the lex Papia, when a freedman left property valued as high as 100,000 sesterces, some of it went to the patron whether a will had been made or not. If there were 3 children, however, the patron had no share. These rights of a patron extended to his direct but never to his collateral heirs, and the privileges of the liberti in regard to the succession of property extended only to those who were Roman citizens and not to the Latin freedmen. The latter "lost their life and their liberty at the same time," and their property passed into the hands of those who had manumitted them. In many other points the succession to their property differed from the succession to that of the Roman freedmen, and on this subject laws were passed during the reigns of Claudius and Trajan. These regulations were radically changed under Justinian, who gave to the Latin freedmen the same privileges as were possessed by the Romans. If a freedman was guilty of ingratitude, his patron might punish him summarily, and in later times he had the right to relegate him some distance from Rome. In the time of Nero an effort to pass a decree enabling a patron to reduce his freedman again to slavery failed, but afterward it was successful. The patron lost his rights, however, if he neglected to support his freedman in a case of necessity. The libertus assumed on his manumission the gentile name of his patron.-In the canon law, a patron is a man who has the right of disposing of a ben efice, from the fact that it was founded or endowed by him or by those to whose rights he has succeeded. This right is said by some to have sprung up about the close of the 4th century, and was probably intended to offer inducements to the wealthy to found churches with the privilege of naming the person who should officiate. In the Roman Catholic church, a patron is a saint under whose protection a person places himself, often from bearing the same name, or who holds that relation to a community; or a saint to whom a particular church or order is dedicated.

PATTERSON, DANIEL T., an officer of the U. S. navy, born in the state of New York, died in Washington, Aug. 15, 1839. He entered the navy as a midshipman in 1800, and was attached to the frigate Philadelphia, Capt. William Bainbridge, when she ran upon a reef

of rocks off Tripoli in Oct. 1803, and, being in a defenceless condition, surrendered to a flotilla of Tripolitan gun boats. (See BAINBRIDGE, WILLIAM.) He remained a prisoner in Tripoli until peace was concluded with that regency in 1805. In 1807 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant, and in 1813 to that of master commandant. In 1814 he commanded the naval forces of the United States at New Orleans, and cooperated so ably with Gen. Jackson in the defence of that city that he received the thanks of congress. He was promoted to the rank of captain in Feb. 1815, served as navy commissioner from 1828 to 1832, and in command of a squadron in the Mediterranan from 1832 to 1835. He died while in command of the navy yard at Washington.

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PATTISON, ROBERT EVERETT, D.D., American clergyman and teacher, born in Benson, Vt., Aug. 19, 1800. He was graduated at Amherst college in 1826, was soon after appointed a tutor in Columbian college, D. C., was ordained as a Baptist minister in Sept. 1829, at Salem, Mass., and in March, 1830, settled as pastor of the first Baptist church in Providence, R. I. From this post he was called to a professorship in Waterville college, Me., and in 1836 to the presidency of that college, which he resigned in 1840. He then returned to his pastoral charge at Providence. In 1843 he was elected one of the corresponding secretaries of the Baptist board of foreign missions. In 1846 the trustees of the western Baptist theological institute, at Covington, Ky., elected him president and professor of Christian theology. In this position he continued till 1848, when by an act of the Kentucky legislature, subsequently decided by the supreme court of the state to be unconstitutional, the control of the seminary was wrested from the trustees and placed in other hands, and the professors were dismissed. Dr. Pattison was immediately appointed to a similar professorship in the Newton theological seminary, Mass., from which, after 5 years' service, he was again called to the presidency of Waterville college in 1853. After some years he resigned on account of his health, and he is now at the head of the Oread female institute at Worcester, Mass. He received the degree of D.D. from Brown university in 1838. Beside contributions to periodicals and one or two addresses, he has written a "Commentary, Explanatory, Doctrinal, and Practical, on the Epistle to the Ephesians" (Boston, 1859).

PATUXENT, a river of Md., rising about 20 m. from Frederic City, and after a S. E. course of about 40 m. and a nearly S. course of 50 m., discharging itself through an estuary 2 or 3 m. wide into Chesapeake bay. It forms the dividing line between Montgomery, Prince George, Charles, and St. Mary counties on the S. and W., and Howard, Anne Arundel, and Calvert counties on the N. and E. Small vessels can ascend it 50 m. to Nottingham.

PAU, a town of France, capital of the department of Basses-Pyrénées, on the right bank

of the Gave de Pau, 470 m. S. by W. from Paris; pop. in 1856, 17,238. It is regularly laid out and well built, having a broad main street, several squares, and fine public walks on its outskirts. Its situation on a precipitous height is delightful; in the vicinity are picturesque valleys, and on the S. the eye rests in the distance upon the snowy peaks of the Pyrénées. The charm of the scenery and the mild and healthful climate attract to Pau a considerable number of foreign visitors and permanent residents. Linen cloths, renowned as toiles de Béarn, and fine table cloths, tapestry carpets, and cutlery are manufactured.-Pau was founded in the 10th century; a viscount of Béarn built a strong castle on the top of a hill, and having marked the limits of the ground with stakes or paus, the town which formed itself around retained the appellation. In the 14th century the castle was rebuilt by Gaston Phébus, count of Foix, and the city became the chief town of Béarn. The castle was enlarged and embellished during the 16th century. Henry IV. was born there; and the room where this event took place has still its ancient portraits and furniture, as well as the tortoise shell that was used as a cradle for the infant prince. The castle itself was repaired and renovated in the time of Louis Philippe; it is one of the summer resorts of Napoleon III. and his court. A marble statue of Henry IV. stands in the vestibule of the castle; and two others, one of white marble erected in 1843, and one in bronze, adorn the principal squares.

PAUL, the name of several popes, of whom the most distinguished are the following. I. PAUL III. (ALESSANDRO FARNESE), born in Rome in 1465, died in Nov. 1549. He succeeded Clement VII. in 1534, and summoned a general council to meet at Mantua, but afterward transferred it to Trent, where the first session was held in Dec. 1545. He made an abortive league with the emperor and the republic of Venice against the Turks, and induced Francis I. and Charles V. to conclude a truce for 10 years at Nice (1538), which was not however observed. He excommunicated Henry VIII. of England, established the inquisition at Naples, approved the society of Jesus, sent a contingent of 12,000 foot and 1,000 horse to join the emperor's forces in Germany against the Protestants, and opposed the religious pacification called the interim granted by Charles V. in 1547. He exerted himself zealously to subdue the turbulent feudatories of the Papal States, and expelled the powerful Colonna family from Rome. Before becoming a priest he had a son and daughter, the former of whom was created duke of Parma and Piacenza. II. PAUL IV. (GIOVANNI PIETRO CARAFFA), born in 1475, died Aug. 18, 1559. He succeeded Marcellus II. in 1555, and displayed an energy in his administration which had not been expected from his advanced age and previous studious habits. He concluded an alliance with Henry II. of France against the emperor Charles V.

(Dec. 1555), and afterward against Philip II., in consequence of which his dominions were invaded by the duke of Alva, and the Spanish troops advanced almost to the gates of Rome. A peace however was concluded in 1557. The emperor Ferdinand I. having accepted the throne without consulting the holy see, the pope dismissed the imperial ambassador, and Ferdinand accordingly did not come to Rome to be crowned, an omission which was imitated by all the succeeding emperors. Paul IV. was a zealous opponent of the Protestants, against whom he issued a bull in 1559, and cooperated earnestly with Queen Mary in her attempts to restore Catholicity in England. He introduced the inquisition into his states, labored assiduously for the reformation of the clergy, and founded the order of Theatines, who took their name from the archbishopric of Theate or Chieti, which he had held before he became pope. He raised his nephews to the highest honors in the state, and made one of them a cardinal, though his past life had been that of a soldier and a libertine; but hearing that they abused their power, he banished them from Rome in 1559. He was hated by his subjects, who rose in tumult on the news of his death, and threw down his statue, crying: "Death to the Caraffas." III. PAUL V. (CAMILLO BORGHESE), born in Rome in 1552, died Jan. 16, 1621. He succeeded Leo XI. in 1605, and soon after his accession was involved in a dispute with the republic of Venice respecting the foundation of religious houses, the alienation of charitable bequests, and the trial of ecclesiastics by lay tribunals. He excommunicated the doge and the senate, and laid the republic under an interdict which the senate forbade to be published, and which only the Jesuits, Theatines, and Capuchins observed. These three orders were consequently banished. The pope on his side prepared to take up arms; but fearing, from an intercepted letter of Father Paul Sarpi, that advantage would be taken of such an event to introduce Calvinism into Venice, he invited the mediation of Henry IV. of France, and the dispute was settled by a compromise in 1607. The condemnation by the parliament of Paris of the Defensio Fidei of Suarez was the cause of angry relations with France in 1614. In the mean time Paul had devoted himself with great zeal to reforming the administration of his temporal government, embellishing Rome, and restoring ancient monuments. He exerted himself to send missionaries to the East, and received embassies from Japan, from several princes of India, and from Congo.

PAUL, FATHER. See SARPI, PIETRO.

PAUL I., PETROVITCH, emperor of Russia, born Oct. 12, 1754, assassinated March 23, 1801. A son of Peter III. and Catharine II., Paul inherited the weakness and pusillanimity of his father, with few of the intellectual qualities of his mother. The hatred which his parents bore to each other, and which resulted in the assassination of Peter at the instigation of his