FAASV

Copperhead is fired from existing 155mm howitzers. It uses a built-in, semiactive laser seeker which makes it possible for the round to destroy stationary or moving armored and other high value targets, at ranges up to 16 kilometers, with a high single shot kill probability. As the projectile descends toward the intended target, its laser seeker searches for and acquires the reflections of a laser beam. This beam can be projected onto the target by G/VLLD, FISTV, AHIP or Apache helicopters or by a remotely piloted vehicle. The projectile corrects its course through the use of its fins as it "homes" to the laser spot on the target.

Copperhead has been in production since 1981 with over 15,745 rounds produced through FY85. Since July 1982, Copperhead has demonstrated better than 80% reliability. FY87 funding will be used to maintain production at efficient rate while continuing to build up our war reserve inventory.

As a part of our modernization effort, we are also looking at improvements in ammunition hauling, handling, and survivability. In FY83 we initiated procurement of the Field Artillery Ammunition Support Vehicle (FAASV), which is equal in mobility to the self-propelled howitzers in our inventory and provides armored protection for both crew and ammunition. FAASV is being procured for deployment in Europe, Korea and select CONUS units. The FY87 request will add 141 FAASVs to the Army inventory.

AIR DEFENSE

The Army's Air Defense mission area includes those activities involved with the detection and engagement of the enemy air threat with ground-toair gun and missile systems, in coordination with the other combined arms and Air Force interceptor aircraft.

Without adequate air defense coverage, ground combat elements, supply lines, command centers, Air Force strike bases and other high-value targets are exposed to destruction by fixed-wing and rotary-wing attack aircraft. Warsaw Pact forces have over 3,600 combat aircraft in Central Europe, including bombers, fighters, and helicopters. Quality and quantity are on the rise. Ground attack aircraft such as Flogger, Fencer, and a new production ground support fighter, combined with the HIND and HAVOC attack helicopters pose a deadly threat to armor and mechanized forces. In addition to the aircraft threat, there is an increasing threat from the growing numbers and types of tactical missiles and air-launched missiles.

For many years, short range air defense was provided by Redeye, Vulcan and Chaparral with medium to high altitude air defense provided by HAWK and Nike-Hercules. The Army's current air defense modernization program provides a new mix of systems that will be effective against the growing air threat through the 1990's.

In future wars, we can expect to experience saturation raids by large numbers of sophisticated aircraft employing intense electronic countermeasures. In response to this, we are fielding Patriot as a replacement to Nike-Hercules and improving the HAWK missile system.

One of the main shortcomings of Nike-Hercules, which was in the force from 1958 to 1985, was that a battery could only engage one target at a time. The operator had to wait until the missile intercepted the target before firing another missile. Patriot, on the other hand, can attack and destroy several enemy targets while simultaneously tracking other targets.

Due to its advanced technology, Patriot is operated with fewer soldiers than its predecessors. Each Patriot launching station contains four readyto-fire missiles. The missiles, which are sealed in canisters that serve as both shipping containers and launcher tubes, require no field maintenance. Each Patriot battery contains up to eight trailer-mounted launchers that can be

Soviet air threat

Air defense modernization

Patriot: A key system

Reduced Manpower

Multiple engagement capabilities

I-HAWK

Enemy targets can be tracked and prioritized for destruction through the interaction of Patriot's radar and computer. The radar can guide several missiles at the same time, updating priorities as threat aircraft are engaged. Patriot employs a new guidance concept called Track-Via- Missile. As the missile reaches the area of an enemy aircraft, it informs the radar where it is in relation to the target. A computer then makes calculations and directs the missile on a path that insures a kill. Operating modes vary from manual mode to fully automatic mode. The system's two operators always retain full

override capability over computer decisions. The Patriot system is currently in production and is being adopted by our NATO allies. The first fully trained and operational battalion was deployed to Europe in early 1985. The second battalion was deployed in September 1985. The FY 87 budget will support the procurement of additional fire units and the continued fielding of the system.

The mainstay of the Army's low to medium altitude air defense is the HAWK missile system. Although Patriot will replace some HAWK units, the HAWK force will be retained indefinitely. Ongoing and planned product improvements will upgrade Hawk performance to meet the projected threat through the 1990's. HAWK will have simultaneous engagement capability against close-in saturation attackers, increased detection range, improved reliability, and greater effectiveness against jamming. Twenty-two foreign countries have the system, and procurement interest has been expressed by several others. Part of this worldwide acceptance can be attributed to HAWK's performance in the 1973 Mideast War, where, in its basic configuration, it destroyed more than 20 MiG's and other aircraft. The FY87 budget will continue the product improvement program and will procure replacement rocket motors.

The Army-led, Antitactical Missile (ATM) program began in FY83 to develop counters to the growing tactical surface-to- surface missile threat. The program consists of concurrent near-term to long-term approaches to solve counterforce, terminal defense, and battle management problems. Nearterm efforts upgrade existing air defense systems to field an early point terminal defense capability against conventional tactical missiles. Mid-term efforts focus on development of counterforce and anti-cruise missile capabilities. The full solution will include both active and passive countermeasures, and will require a combination of systems, including Army TACMS and current Army air defense systems as well as possible new systems, sensors and battle management capability. FY87 funds will provide for research and development work in threat vulnerability, counterforce requirements and terminal defense capability.

The Army is committed, as a top priority, to solve the critical shortfall in air defense for our forward maneuver elements created by the SGT YORK program termination. A Forward Area Air Defense Working Group (FAADWG) has developed a Counter Air Concept using air defense artillery, the other combined arms and the U. S. Air Force to counter the growing air threat. The FAADWG identified an air defense program that integrates weapon systems, sensors and command, control and communications architecture into a system optimized to counter the entire spectrum of the air threat. The FAAD program is a system of major subsystems consisting of a command, control and intelligence subsystem; a non-line of sight weapon; line of sight weapons for the forward and rear of the division; and combined arms initiatives including air-to-air Stinger, improved tank ammunition and potential improvements to the Bradley Fighting Vehicle gun and fire control. Combinations of available air defense weapons and new technologies are being carefully looked at to provide the needed forward air defense. A final

New Guidance concept

I-HAWK: Upgraded and reliable

list of candidates will be identified and evaluated in FY86/FY87. FY87 funding is essential to the rapid fielding of this integrated air defense program.

The first major element and keystone of the FAAD system is a modern command, control, and intelligence subsystem which will integrate forward air defense weapons into a quick reacting, comprehensive, and lethal arsenal. The Forward Area Air Defense Command and Control and Intelligence (FAAD C21) subsystem (formerly SHORAD C2) is being developed to provide maximum effectiveness from our forward area air defense weapons. This C2I effort focuses on increasing the probability of successful engagement of hostile targets by insuring rapid, timely acquisition and dissemination of information on the air combat situation.

The present forward area air defense method of accomplishing command and control is totally manual. Weapons control information and sensor data from Air Force and high to medium altitude air defense systems is provided to forward area air defense weapons via voice communications. This information is received at a central control facility at the forward area battalion where it is manually filtered, plotted and retransmitted by voice to the appropriate air defense and ground combat elements. This method is time consuming and limits the probability of successful air defense operations.

The FAAD C2I development will automate and streamline this process to enable us to successfully engage the air threat within the division airspace. Computer processors, graphic displays, control terminals and data links will replace most human actions and voice communications. The new subsystem will provide forward area gunners and commanders with the required data quickly and simply and with responsive, flexible, less restrictive weapons controls. The FY87 funds continue full-scale engineering development of the switching architecture and selection of the ground sensor that is planned to begin in FY86. FY87 will also continue concept development for an aerial

sensor.

Tri-service

development of
"friend or foe"
identification system

The intelligence part of FAAD C21 includes the sorting of friendly and hostile aircraft during aerial combat. The ability to positively identify hostile aircraft remains a significant limitation to our air defense forces, particularly for short range air defense weapons which are currently limited to visual aircraft identification and identification friend or foe localized to individual weapons. In the future we expect to be able to operate beyond visual range through our weapons improvement and acquisition programs. Our efforts are focused on noncooperative identification of both hostile and friendly aircraft. Several of these have shown excellent potential in early demonstrations. We are making limited improvements in our current cooperative friendly identification systems and participating in tri-service development of a new cooperative friendly identification system for selected air defense systems.

Improved positive hostile and friendly identification capabilities combined with improved, automated command and control capabilities will maximize