sengers, and invalids frequently receive in them very little of the care and attention which they require, whilst the expense is the same as that by the regular and comfortable sailing packets from London.

There are a number of very comfortable boarding-houses in Funchal, of which a considerable proportion of the visitors avail themselves. The usual charge for board is fifty dollars, or rather more than £10 per month; and it is generally required that an engagement be made for three or four months. There is no such thing as lodgings, where a person might engage rooms, and provide his own food-a state of matters which has been felt as a great disappointment by sundry who have had occasion to visit Madeira. Many of the visitors prefer taking a furnished house, engaging their own servants, and living as they choose. A furnished house may be had for from two hundred and fifty or three hundred dollars, up to seven hundred dollars for the season; if taken for the year, a small addition is made to these sums. This is the most economical and comfortable way for a family, and even for two or three individuals who may find it convenient and agreeable to join together.

There is scarcely any level ground in the neighbourhood of Funchal; and this, together with the nature of the climate, makes walking by no means a suitable exercise for invalids; and, indeed, it does not seem to be much in favour with any class of the British. All ride, and though the up-hill and down-hill nature of the roads, and their skirting course along the edge of ravines and precipices, make many, at first, feel a little nervous, it is surprising how soon the most timid get accustomed to the exercise, and how much they come to enjoy it. Boating is also much recommended for invalids, and a good deal practised by a number of them. Both horses and boats can be had to hire on reasonable terms.

With regard to the benefit to be derived from the climate of Madeira, much, under God, depends on the state of the health when the patient goes out to it. When nothing more than a tendency to chest complaint is manifested, decided advantage may be derived-the tendency may be warded off, the health established, and the constitution confirmed. There are many cases, too, where disease seems to have commenced, in which, by escaping from our chill, variable climate, and by a residence of a year or two in the mild, equable climate of Madeira, disease seems to be entirely checked, and a large measure of health is afterwards enjoyed. And even where disease has made such progress as to make cure hopeless, many instances occur in which life is apparently prolonged for many years by a continuous residence in Madeira, with, it may be, an occa sional visit, during the summer, to our own country. Still, beyond all question, it is only on the threatening of pulmonary disease, or in its

earlier stages, that benefit can be expected from a temporary residence in Madeira. Many leave this country and go out to Madeira too latewhen they are far gone in disease. And then comforts are not awanting to such, and mary. attentions are paid to them, still they have n the comforts of home-they want the presence and soothing attentions of loving and beloved kindred. They come to the island exhausted by the fatigues of a voyage which, in their state of weakness, they were little able to bear, and they droop and die among strangers, their heart yearning for their kindred and their home.

There is a Free church and an Episcopa chapel in Funchal; but of these more here after.

We have occupied this paper with brief notes of information, which perhaps may be useful to some who may have occasion to think of going out to Madeira. We had some doubt whether these notes were suitable for the "CHRISTLAY TREASURY," but it seems not inconsistent with the kindness which we owe to one another, to contribute in any measure to allay the anxieties and smooth the way of those who are advised to visit that distant island, and to whose inex perience and want of knowledge the undertak ing appears not a little formidable and difficult. This must be our apology. From experiece we know the value of hints, however meagre.

Often was I deeply struck, during my resi dence in Madeira, with the difference between men's care for the life of the body and their care for the life of the soul. I saw my countrymen and countrywomen coming out to that far island, leaving behind them beautiful residences

happy homes-beloved kindred. I witnessed them undergoing much trouble and fatigue, and incurring a great expense, which, in some instances, could be but ill afforded; in short, doing everything that possibly could be done, either by exertion or sacrifice, for the restora tion of their health, and the prolongation of their life; and rightly so.

But how seldom do we witness anything of the kind with regard to the health and the life of the soul! How far from being general is a thorough sacrificing earnestness to have cured the disease of sin-to avoid spiritual death-to secure spiritual life! As I have pondered the striking difference between the one and the other, often have our Saviour's words occurred to me: "The children of this world are, in their generation, wiser than the children of light." Will the reader of these sentences think how it is with him in regard to this matter?

JERUSALEM.

(Continued from Ewald's “Journal of Missionary Labor in the City of Jerusalem").

POPULATION.

THE number of the resident inhabitants in the Holy City amounts to about eighteen thousand souls: of whom there are eight thousand who profess the

Mohammedan religion; six thousand are Jews; and four thousand Christians of various creeds, namely, Greeks, Armenians, Syrians, Latins, Copts, Abyssinians, and Protestants. During the time when the pilgrims are in Jerusalem, which is from December to April, the number increases to twenty-eight thouBand.

THE JEWS.

The Jewish quarter is on the declivity of Mount Zion towards the east, opposite Moriah.

The Jews were not permitted to settle permanently in the capital of their own country, till it was conquered by the Mohammedans; from that time they have increased almost annually, till their number has amounted to six thousand souls. The quarter in which the Jews reside, comprises only the twentieth part of the town; and if the whole city were inhabited in proportion to that quarter, Jerusalem would have a population of one hundred and twenty thousand.

The Jews in Jerusalem form two distinct bodiesthe Spanish community, and the German community. The former are the most numerous, natives of the country, subjects of the port, and are under the jurisdiction of their own chief Rabbi, who is the head of the civil as well as the ecclesiastical court, and bears the title of "Hakkam Pasha." They have four commodious synagogues, and several colleges.

The German Jews are those who have emigrated from various parts of Germany, Poland, and other places in Europe to the Holy Land. They enjoy the protection of their respective consuls, and are on that account less oppressed by the local government.

They, again, are divided into two distinct communities. The Perooshim (Pharisees), and Chasidim (Pious). Each of these communities possesses two synagogues, and is governed by a chief Rabbi.

Generally speaking, the Jews in the Holy City are all learned men, whose chief occupation consists in studying Jewish literature. In fact, they are maintained on that account, and for that purpose, by all the Jews over the whole world. Contributions are sent to Jerusalem from all the quarters of the globe, which are divided among all according to established laws and regulations.

The various synagogues send also their messengers, from time to time, abroad to collect money. There are thirty-six Jewish colleges in Jerusalem, in which the professors who teach, and the students who learn, are paid. These colleges are maintained by certain funds accumulated by legacies which have been left by pious Jews for that purpose.

On that account few Jews in Jerusalem follow any trade, except those without which the Jewish community could not exist, as bakers, butchers, and grocers; for, according to their law, they must purchase their bread, meat, and various other articles of

the Jews.

THE MOHAMMEDANS.

Bezetha, situated to the north-east, may be called the Mohammedan quarter, for it is entirely inhabited by Moslems, and encloses the most ruinous part of the town. They are the lords of the land; are proud, overbearing, and fanatic; style themselves "effendim"-noblemen, though there is very little of nobility about them. The nine soap manufactories of the city, the oil presses, and the above-mentioned leather factory, are in their hands. They possess, likewise, one bazaar exclusively, called the "Sook

375

Alchawatshad"-the Bazaar of the Gentlemen, where they sell various articles, chiefly for the use of the Arabs.

Learning is at a very low ebb with them. There are few who know the grammar of their own language. As to arts and sciences, they are not known. They have several public schools, where the boys, squatted on the floor, are taught to read the Koran. Their girls are never sent to school, nor is it considered necessary that the females should visit the mosques, or attend any kind of public worship. It is, however, one of their chief duties to visit the tombs of their departed relatives, to keep them in repair, and to whitewash them. The Mohammedan believes that the soul of every true Moslem goes to a happy place till the day of resurrection, when it will be reunited to the body, and then enter Paradise. Every Friday the soul visits the grave of its respective body. You see, therefore, on that day, the burial-ground covered with Mohammedan females, who converse with the souls of their departed friends as if they actually saw them. They tell them all their family concerns, all the news of the day, and at evening take leave, with the promise to see them soon again.

THE LEPER VILLAGE.

Near the Zion gate is the wretched village of the miserable lepers. This unfortunate and pitiable race consists of about one hundred. They are compelled to live separate from all, intermarry, and are thus allowed to propagate their miseries from one generation to another. The malady appears generally when they are about twelve or fourteen years old, and increases every year till they lose literally one limb after the other; as they grow older their sight fails, their throat and lungs become infected, till death ends their protracted sufferings. They live upon charity, which they receive from the pilgrims and other persons.

THOMAS BILNEY, THE MARTYR.

BY THE REV, JOHN FAIRBAIRN, ALLANTON.

SOME have denied Christ; some have died for him; some have both denied him and died for him. Judas denied him from want of principle-he had not faith: Peter from pressure of temptation-his faith failed him for the time; yet his faith was habitually strong -as strong as his heart was warm and his affections ardent. "A proud look before a fall;" this was "What? strongly exemplified in the case of Peter. deny thee? Surely this love I am conscious of towards thee shall carry me through fire and flood with thee. Though all should deny thee, yet shall Think not so unworthily, O I never deny thee. Lord, of thy servant." The disciple was counting upon his own strength; he had forgotten that it is only through grace that any man can stand. Being full of this self-confident spirit-we may call it this carnal pride-what a poor part did he act when it came to the extremity? Not silently denying Christnot, by giving no answer to their questions, tacitly admitting their charge; but with stormy words giving it a flat contradiction. His passion getting up, too, amongst his fears, he curses and swears, as one would suppose, to give them a proof of what he said, leaving them to infer (if, indeed, he was at the moment capable of reasoning) that one with so foul a tongue

been wicked men, had rather be hanged than abide it. As Ahithophel, that traitor to David, like an ambitious wretch, thought to have come to higher promotion, and therefore conspired with Absalom against his master, David;-he, when he saw his counsel took no place, goes and hangs himself, in contemplation of this evil-favoured face of death. Judas, also, when he came with ambushments to take his master, Christ, in beholding this horrible face, hanged himself. Yea, the elect people of God, the faithful, having the beholding of this face (though God hath always preserved them-such a good God is he to them that believe in him, that he will not suffer them to be tempted above that they are able to bear'), yet for all that, there is nothing that they complain more sore than of this horror of death. I knew a man myself, Bilney, little Bilney, that blessed martyr of God, what time he had borne his faggot [abjured] and was come again to Cambridge, had such conflicts within himself, beholding this image of death, that his friends were afraid to let him be alone; they were fain to be with him day and night, and comforted him as they could; but no comforts would serve. As for the comfortable places of Scripture, to bring them unto him, it was as though a man would run him through the heart with a sword."*

Out of this fearful state Bilney was at length delivered. He was again restored to peace and comfort. The countenance of his gracious Redeemer shone in upon his soul, and filled it with abundant joy. He immediately took his resolution. He found that it would not do for him to remain silent-he must be up and about his Master's work. In the hall of Trinity College, he one evening took farewell of his friends, never again to return to their society, though it so turned out, in the dealings of Providence, that Latimer and he were afterwards associated in prison. From Cambridge, he hastened into Norfolk, his native county, and preached the Gospel, first in private houses, and then openly in the fields. In this work he was not long engaged until he was apprehended, and put upon his trial. Of the details of his trial we do not stop to give an account; nor of the answers which, by writing and otherwise, he gave to the charges brought against him. During his imprisonment he corresponded with Latimer, who was also in prison, and at first kept in a separate apartment, although afterwards he, and Bilney, and Cranmer, were confined in the same chamber-the prison becoming crowded by many recent arrestments. The letters that passed between them are very interesting. The reader will find some of them in Fox. One extract of a letter of Latimer to Bilney we quote, as characteristic of its writer and of the times. Bilney was consulting him as to the defences he should put in.

Better," writes Latimer, "a few things well pondered, than to trouble the memory with too much. You shall prevail more with praying than with studying, though mixture be best; for so one shall alleviate the tediousness of the other. I intend not to contend much with them in words, after a reasonable account of my faith given; for it shall be but in vain. They will say as their fathers did, when they have no

* Latimer-7th Sermon before Edward VI.

377 more to say: We have a law, and by our law he ought to die.""

SPAIN-POPERY. NO. II.

MORAL AND RELIGIOUS CHARACTER OF THE

PRIESTHOOD.

BUT what is the character of the priesthood? This is a point of chief importance. They form a very numerous body in Spain; they exert an immense influence upon others, and they may be expected to reflect, most exactly, the spirit and tendency of the religion of which they are the administrators. It is no breach of charity, with the evidenee which we possess before us, to say that there is among the ecclesiastical body much ignorance and irreligion, infidelity and immorality. If the condition of the people at large be so wretched as the facts which have been quoted attest, it is not to be expected that their teachers would be blameless; there is too close a connection between the parties to allow us to entertain this idea for a moment; but let us advert for a little, on the authority of the Rev. Mr Rule, to the moral and religious condition of the people generally, before tracing it up to the character of their priesthood.

The scientific ignorance even of educated men is marvellous. It seems as if Providence had allowed some countries, and particularly Spain, to come down to modern times nearly as they were in the middle ages, the better to show what was the real state of things at that period, and to put to the blush the foolish admiration which is often expressed for these ages. The design, at least the result, serves also to show the real character of Popery when unchecked by the presence of Protestantism. Our author gives a ludicrous instance of ignorance in the medical department. One of his children having become seriously ill, from the carelessness of the nurse allowing it to take poison, a doctor was called, of whom he says "A pompous practitioner prescribed, but so ridiculously, that his treatment may be mentioned in illustration of the wretched state of the healing art in Spain, or rather the empiricism which unworthily assumes the name. An emollient syrup steeped in white wine, to be laid on the stomach, were prescribed as remedies to neutralize the effects of mineral poison!" Thus does Popery, where pure and unbroken, drag down the interests of man in every form, whether temporal or eternal. It is the foe of science as well as of true Christianity. But to refer to the higher interests of our nature-what can be more melancholy than the combined irreligion and