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THE CHRISTIAN TREASURY.

241

THE SUPERIORITY OF A FREE GRACE TO A SELF-RIGHTEOUS SALVATION, PROVED BY RECENT FACTS.

BY THE REV. J. G. LORIMER, GLASGOW.

NO. I.

THE BEST BOOK HATED, AND THE WORST PRIZED BY ROME.

We have not, for some time, read anything more interesting, in the department of the conversion of sinners to God, than a little tract of forty pages, entitled "Rome Judged by Herself; or, The United Testimony of Four Priests, who have recently Renounced her Communion. Translated from the French." The tract gives a brief and simple, but withal a graphic and instructive, narrative of their conversion to God. Such accounts are at all times interesting. They substantially describe what passes in every heart which is made new. It is useful to see the same divine grace reflected in the experience of others, which has been felt in our own. But it is particularly interesting to mark the work in the case of Popish priests, and especially at the present time, in connection with the existing state and prospects of Popery. From a variety of causes, priests are the most unlikely men to be moved. The triumph of divine grace in their case is the more signal. In apostolic times, one of the most indisputable proofs of progress which is stated is, that "a great company of the (Jewish) priests were obedient to the faith."-Acts vi. 7. The conversion of the same class of men has been most important to the cause of the Gospel ever since, as in the days of the Reformation, both in this country and on the Continent; and, in the present case, the interest is not small. Here are four of them not old, superannuated, ignorant men, but young men, with life before them, as intelligent and accomplished as Rome usually makes hersons, and who had practical experience of her system as priests-no mere novices. It is believed that there are many more throughout the dominions of the Romish Church who feel all the misery which they describe, and though not, it may be, spiritually enlightened in the same degree, would fain break off from the antichristian and oppressive communion to which they belong. Intelligent men, among means of religious good, have suggested the propriety of providing a Refuge for priests anxious to abandon the Church of Rome, but meanwhile restrained by the prospect of starvation, and have expressed their persuasion that were such a temporary provision made, not a few would be encouraged to follow out their convictions more rapidly than can be otherwise expected. The deeply interesting movement which has recently taken place in the Popish Church of Germany, and which is still in extensive proNo. 21.

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gress, originated with, and has been carried forward by, priests of different ages, particularly men in early life. Ronge is but thirty-one years of age. These things all confer great interest upon the conversion of the four priests to whom reference is made. Two of them are Frenchmen, one of them a Belgian, the other a Spaniard.

I. Various important points might be extracted from their " United Testimony." It may be regarded as a confession, and that by the most competent parties, to disputed points between Papist and Protestant. For instance, the priests, from their own experience, vindicate the truth of what Protestants allege of Rome's indifference or hostility to the Scriptures. She denies this: but whether the versions of the Word be her own or those of Protestants, her disregard and dislike are apparent. Thus the young men, though priests, and at a period of life when study could not be supposed to be dismissed, do not seem ever to have read the Scriptures, even in Roman Catholic versions; at least, not to have read them with any regularity. M. L'Hote, the converted priest of Villefavard, when his soul became awakened (for down to this period he had been strong in Infidelity), says: "I drew out from its long accumulated dast a Bible which I had procured in Paris." M. Stilmant, the Belgian priest, gives a similar testimony: "Every true Catholic, of whatever rank or position, was obliged to learn it (a catechism of a few pages), or at least the part of it which had reference to the sacraments, under pain of being deprived of the communion all their lifetime. Thus prepared, they were admitted to the communion at the age of eleven or twelve; after which the catechism is laid aside, and they, for the most part, never think of opening the Old or New Testament all their lives." Again, referring to the counsels which the young men received from their bishop as to their Sabbath preaching and the books which he recommended, M. Stilmant adds: "I do not remember that, in a single instance, he ever urged us to open the Sacred Scriptures." Nay, at a later period, the same priest informs us that he and his colleagues considered the Word of God a very dangerous book, and used active means to destroy it. What will those who deny that Rome is the enemy of the Scriptures, and who allege that all the accounts of Roman Catholic priests burn

July 18, 1845.

ing or burying the Scriptures are Protestant fabrications, say to such a confession as the following:

"One of my principal cares was to prohibit the circulation of bad books; amongst which I placed the Holy Bible in the vulgar tongue. This book caused me much disquietude. I saw with pain that of late years, and especially since the establishment of the fairs of Houdremont, which the colporteurs frequented, the Holy Scriptures began to be widely disseminated. My colleagues and myself were of opinion that all our efforts should be turned in that direction. Some days after one of those fairs, we assembled at the house of the dean of the canton, where we composed a sermon to be preached the following Sabbath in each of our churches. After dwelling at some length on the beauty, the excellence, and the divinity, even of the Scriptures, we added these words: We prohibit your reading the Bible in the vulgar tongue; because such is the commandment of the Church; and he who does not obey the Church, who does not regard her as a good mother, will never have God for a father, and ought to be held as a heathen, excluded from the kingdom of heaven. We prohibit your reading the Bible; because, being an obscure book, it only belongs to the Church to explain it, and to give the meaning of it to the people. We prohibit your reading the Bible; because it is not the authority to be appealed to for the settling of controverted points, nor is it the complete rule of faith. We command you, then, for your soul's good, to bring to us these Bibles, under pain, in case of refusal, of being deprived of the sacraments during life, and of ecclesiastical burial after death. Immediately after I had preached this sermon they brought me ten Bibles, and I had the audacity to commit them to the flames in the presence of my parishioners! Lord, enter not into judgment with me! Little did I then imagine that God would one day give me grace to read and understand those divine words: The statutes of the Lord are right, rejoicing the heart; the commandment of the Lord is pure, enlightening the eyes.”—Ps. xix. 8.

Why does Rome hate the Scriptures, but because she knows they are fatal to her entire system? and what an awful position, for a professed Church of God to be in terror at his Word, and to labour for its extinction !

II. Another point brought out in the confessions of these young men is, the abominable character of the books in which they are instructed at college. Roman Catholics deny this, and charge Protestants, when speaking on this head, with calumny; but what say the priests themselves? They are not old men, who have forgotten what they were trained in when young; they are lately from the Popish college, and the following is their testimony. M. Rouaze

says:

66 Having received the order of deacon, I was obliged to pass through a preparatory class for

the ministry. I had escaped the pollutions of the world, and had been preserved from dan- |· gerous reading. How sad was it then for me, to be obliged to learn by heart the work of M. Bouvier, entitled 'Dissertation upon the Sixth (or according to the Bible, the Seventh) Commandment'-to be under the daily obligation of storing my mind with a book repugnant to every ingenuous heart, in which things were revealed to me with which I was hitherto unacquainted! What conflicts for the imagination and the heart! Many a priest has, I am sure, deplored this grievous trial."

We may well exclaim, What a preparation for the Christian ministry! Who can suppose that Christ, the pattern of purity, meant his servants to be prepared for his work by such pollution, and that all of them, especially young men, should be required to pass through such a school? What notions must Rome entertain of salvation, if this be part of the preparation | of its heralds !

M. Stilmant confirms and enlarges the testimony of his brother. Let the reader mark the boasted unanimity of the Romish fathers, and recollect how stoutly a few years ago many Roman Catholics denied that the Theology of Dens was an authority in the Romish Church.

"The Theology of Dens, which we had most minutely studied in the seminary, much embarrassed me in practice. . This author, himself very rigid in his sentiments, quotes, in the answers which he gives to his questions, the opinions of Thomas, Billuart, Collet, Sylvius, Antoine, Steijaert, Suarez, Daelman, and Busembaum; and there is very little accordance between all these theologians-some being very severe, and others very lax. Amongst others, I recollect that the last-mentioned author, wishing to lay down a certain rule to indicate the degree of drunken- | ness to which a man must arrive in order to constitute it a mortal sin, says: 'I think that a man is perfectly drunk, and in mortal sin, when he can no longer distinguish between another man and a load of hay.' And as this theologian is not condemned by Rome, he is an authority to be followed. On the sixth commandment (the seventh of the Bible) we were to be guided | by the rules given by Bouvier in his treatise on that precept. A more abominable book I believe does not exist, and its study was not to be entered upon till we had received those orders which bound us to the | Romish Church for life.”

No wonder that the same witness, at a later date, should say: "I visited the dean and the other priests of the canton, and charity forbids me to reveal all that I saw and heard in their social intercourse; suffice it to say, that after continuing to frequent their society for some time, I found myself completely unhappy." What could be expected from such training? M. Stilmant was by this time spiritually awakened, and therefore, happily for him, he was miserable; but how many young men would first be seared and then take pleasure in wickedness! Yet these are

THE PILGRIM FATHERS.

the instructors of millions bearing the name of Christ! The instructors systematically made worse than the people to be taught! How truly is there here "the working of Satan," under the name of religion !

Had we nothing else, the two classes of facts to which we refer would stamp the character of Rome, and, be it remembered, stamp it not in the obsolete past, but in the living present, and that in two of the most important countries of modern Popery-Belgium and France. Here young men training for the ministry are denied the best of books-the Book of books-the Word of God; yea, taught to despise and destroy it; while they are sedulously and minutely instructed in the worst, the most polluting of books, from which they should shrink with horror; nay, are taught to esteem and reverence them; and all this under the pretence of religion! What can better proclaim the character of Rome? Surely there is nothing in the religions of heathenism more contradictory-morally and spiritually more fatal. Well might Cecil declare Popery "Satan's master-piece." It is at every point the antagonist of Christ; and yet, after all the struggles of the Reformation, in the midst of the light and freedom of the nineteenth century, the leading statesmen of Britain and the great mass of her legislators, in spite of every remonstrance, welcome Popery anew into the constitution of these lands, and bestow upon her power and permanency, as if she were the very pillar of divine truth. What good can be expected from such a course?— rather, what evils may not be dreaded? Meanwhile, it is well to know the true existing

character of Rome.

THE PILGRIM FATHERS;

OR,

THE VOYAGE OF THE "MAYFLOWER." [THIS admirable sketch of the sufferings and hardships of the first emigrant Puritans, compelled by persecution to leave their native land, is understood to be from the pen of the Rev. Dr Vaughan of London. It forms part of a singularly interesting article in the first Number of the British Quarterly Review.]

On the 6th of September, 1620, the "Mayflower" sailed from Plymouth, and made her way, with a fair wind, to the south-west, until the faint headlands of Old England became to the pilgrims like so much faded cloud, and at length wholly disappeared. They had most of them sighed farewell to the coast of their mother country before, when they had fled from her shores in search of a resting-place in Holland; but this farewell must have been uttered with a deeper feeling, as being more like their last!

The voyage was long, rough, and painful, and at more than one time perilous. In the ninth week the pilgrims came within sight of land, which, on a nearer approach, proved to be that of Cape Cod. The Hudson River, their place of destination, lay farther southward. But the weary voyager, on regaining the sight of the green earth, is eager to plant his foot upon it. The pilgrims yielded to this imfell upon their pulse, and as they reached the shore, knees, and blessed the God of heaven, who had

It

brought them over the vast and furious ocean, and
is not too much to say, that in that first prayer from
delivered them from many perils and miseries."
the soil of the New World, ascending from so feeble
a brotherhood amidst a wilderness so desolate, there
were the seeds of a new civilization for mankind, the
elements of all freedom for all nations, and the
power which in its turn shall regenerate all the em-
pires of the earth. Half a day was thus spent. The
pilgrims then urged the captain to pursue his course
southward. But the Dutch had resolved to establish
settlements of their own in those parts, and had
This he did by en-
bribed the commander to frustrate the purpose of
the colonists in that respect.
tangling the ship amidst shoals and breakers, instead
the early part of the second day, they were driven
of putting out to sea, and foul weather coming on in
back to the Cape. It was now the middle of Novem-
ber. The shelter offered at the Cape was inviting.
He admonished them that nothing
The captain became impatient to dispose of his com-
pany and return.
should induce him to expose himself and his men to
therefore, that he should at once set them and their
the hazard of wanting provisions. Unless they meant,
goods on shore and leave them to their course, it
would behove them to adopt their own measures and
to act upon them without delay. They knew that
the documents they had brought with them from
ment on the land now before them; but the plea of
England gave them no authority to attempt a settle-
to justify them in selecting a home wherever it might
necessity was upon them, and was more than enough
be found. The voyage had reduced most of them to
a weak and sickly condition. The wild country, as
they gazed upon it from their ship, was seen to be
covered with thickets and dense woods, and already
wore the aspect of winter. No medical aid awaited
them on that shore-no friendly greetings; but hard-
ship and danger in every form. They felt that their
safety, and such poor comfort as might be left to
them, must depend in their power to confide in God
flower," they constituted themselves, as subjects of
and in each other. Hence, before they left the "May-
"their dread sovereign lord, King James," into a
body politic, and bound themselves to such obedience
in all things as the majority should impose. The
men all signed the instrument drawn up for this pur-
pose; but they did not exceed forty-one in number-
themselves and their families numbering one hundred
and one.

Mr John Carver was chosen as their governor for
one year, and the first act of the new chief was to
the purpose of exploring the country. When they
place himself at the head of sixteen armed men, for
had extended their inspections to somewhat more
than a mile from the coast, they discovered five In-
dians, whom they followed several miles farther, in
Directing their
the hope of bringing them to some friendly com-
munication; but without success.
steps again towards the shore, they came to a cleared.
But no spot proper to become
space, where some families of Indians had been not
long since resident.
their home presented itself. One of their number-
saw a young tree bent down to the earth, apparently
by artificial means, and being curious to know what
this thing meant, the white man ventured near, when
on a sudden the tree sprung up, and in a moment our
good pilgrim was seen suspended by the heel in the
air. He had been caught in an Indian deer-trap,
and we can suppose that even so grave a company
would be somewhat amused at such an incident, espe-
cially when they had fully extricated their incau-
tious brother without further mischief.

The Bay of Cape Cod is formed by a tongue of land, which juts out from the continent for thirty miles directly eastward into the sea; it then curves.

to the north, and stretches as a still narrower strip in that direction to about the same extent. The bay itself, accordingly, is somewhere about thirty miles across either way; being bounded by the mainland on the west, by a curved tongue of land on the south and east, and being open to the sea, in its full width, on the north. The second exploring expedition from the "Mayflower" was made with a boat, under the direction of the master, and consisted of thirty men. They sailed several leagues along the coast without discovering any inlet which could serve the purpose of a harbour. In running up a small creek, sufficient to receive boats, but too shallow for shipping, they saw two huts, formed with stakes and covered with mats, which, on their approach, were hastily deserted by the natives who inhabited them. Some of the company would have attempted a settlement at that point, the ground being already cleared, and the place being such as promised to be healthy, while it admitted of being put into a posture of defence. The setting in of winter, of which the colonists were made more sensible every day, manifestly prompted this counsel. But others advised that an excursion should be made twenty leagues northward, where it was certain they might secure good harbours and fishing stations. The boat, however, returned, and a third expedition, which should go round the shores of the whole bay, was resolved upon.

The chief of the colonists were of this company; Carver, Bradford, Winslow, and Standish-all afterwards men of renown-were of the number, with eight or ten seamen. It was the 6th of December when they descended from the deck of the " Mayflower" to the boat. So extreme was the cold, that the spray of the sea, as it fell on them, became ice, and was shaken in heavy fragments from their apparel, which at times was so overlaid as to give them the appearance of men clad in mail. The landscape, as they coasted along, presented little to attract them. Its forests were black and leafless, and its open spaces were covered with snow more than half a foot deep. As they looked round on that scene, they had to remember that they were five hundred miles from the nearest English settlement, and that Port Royal, the nearest French colony, was at a still greater distance. In prospect of such a region, they might well have prayed that their landing might not be in winterbut such was their lot. That day they reached the spot now known by the name of Billingsgate Point, at the bottom of the bay. Landing in the evening, they passed the night on shore without disturbance. In the morning they divided their company, and directing their course westward, some coasted along in the boat, and others explored the land, crossing its snow-covered hills, and threading its dells and forests with no little difficulty. But this second day was as barren of discovery as the preceding. In the evening, they ran the boat into a creek, and constructing a barricade of trees and logs, they all slept on shore.

They rose at five in the morning, and continued in their prayers till daybreak, when suddenly loud and strange cries were heard, and a shower of arrows was poured in upon them. The Indians had attacked them. They seized their arms; but had not more than four muskets with them, the remainder being left in the boat. The assailants did not disperse on the first fire. One of them, with great courage and dexterity, took his position behind a tree, withstood three volleys, and discharged three arrows in return. But the object of the enemy was to scare rather than to conquer, and when they had retired, the pilgrims again bowed themselves in prayer and thanksgiving before God. They now committed themselves to their third day of search.

Nearly fifty miles of coast they inspected; but the

long-sought good-a convenient harbour-was still undiscovered. The pilot, however, had visited those regions before, and assured them, that if they would trust themselves to his guidance, they would reach a good haven before night. But the clements did not seem to favour this prediction. The heavens became dark; heavy rain and snow begin to fall; the wind becomes boisterous; the sea swells; and in the tossings which foliow, the rudder is broken, and the boat must now be steered by oars. The men look with anxiety to the sky, the sea, and the land; but all is gloomy, pitiless, and menacing. The storm increases. It is perilous to bear much sail; but all that can be borne must be spread, or it will be in vain to dream of reaching the expected shelter before night. A sudden wave throws the boat upon the wind; in a moment her mast is rifted into three pieces. Mast, sail and tackling are cut away with the utmost speed, and are seen floating on the distant waves. The tide, however, is favourable; but the pilot in dismay would now run the boat on shore, in a cove full of breakers. The moment is as the hinge of life to all on board. A stout-hearted seamen exclaims: "If you are men, about with her, or we are gone!" The words are electric; the prow of the boat is again turned to the elements; they make their way through the surf: and within an hour they enter a fair sound, and shelter themselves under the lee of a small rise of land. It is now dark; the rain beats furiously; that dimly seen shore is the home, probably, of savage men; to descend upon it and to kindle a fire must be perilous -may be fatal. But the men are so wet, so cold, so exhausted! They resolve to land. With difficulty the newly-gathered wood is made to send forth its welcome glow, and then they make such provision as they may for the night.

As the day began to dawn, they found the place on which they had landed to be a small island within the entrance of a harbour. This day was Saturday, and many of their company were so weak and sickly that the greater part of it was given to rest, and to such preparations as were necessary for exploring the country. But the next day, being the Sabbath, could not be so employed. The pilgrims felt the advancing season, knew the haste of the captain and crew to return, and remembered the suspense of their families and brethren, from whom they had now been absent three days; but nothing could induce them to overlook the claims of the Christian's day of rest. On the morning of Monday, the 11th of December (old style), these fathers landed at a point, to which they gave the name of New Plymouth, in grateful memory of the hospitality shown them in the last English port from which they sailed. On that spot they resolved to fix their settlement. The anniver sary of their landing still calls forth the gratitude and reverence of their posterity, and the rock on which they first planted their foot may be seen within an appropriate enclosure in front of a building of the modern town, which bears the name of the Pilgrims' Hall.

In a few days the "Mayflower" entered the harbour of New Plymouth; but the shore was such, that in landing their goods it was necessary the men should wade considerably in water; which added greatly to the subsequent sickness among them. On the 19th, all quited the ship, and were immediately employed in building a storehouse-in raising small dwellinghouses, and in disposing of the adjacent ground.

But intent as the settlers were on raising their places of abode, their labour in that respect pro- || ceeded slowly. The season of the year left them only short days, and often on those days only brief intervals, between the storms of sleet and snow, could be so employed. Nearly all were suffering from fevers, and coughs, and general sickness,

that

THE TRIAL OF GALILEO.

brought on by long exposure to unwonted hardships. As the cold increased, disease strengthened, and deaths became frequent. The comparatively healthy were little able to bestow the required attention on the sick, and every funeral was as if the dying had been called to the burying of the dead. At one season, there were not more than seven persons capable of performing such offices. Among those who were the earliest cut off, was a son of Carver, the governor. His own sickness and death soon followed, and then his affectionate wife sunk broken-hearted to the grave. Carver was a man of a noble and generous nature. He had sold considerable estates, and had assigned the whole value to the benefit of his companions. In all their trouble, no man descended more readily to the humblest service in behalf of the meanest. The mourning colonists buried him with such military honours as they could command, discharging several volleys of musketry over his grave. William Bradford, the subsequent historian of the colony, was chosen his successor. But in the course

of this melancholy winter, of the hundred and one settlers, fifty were removed by death!

In March the cold abated; the wind came from the south, and "the birds sung pleasantly in the woods." The "Mayflower" now left the harbour, and returned to England. But after so many had fallen victims to exposure and climate, the remainder were in danger of perishing from want. In the autumn new emigrants arrived. They came without provision. The pilgrim families could not see them die of hunger, and, during six months, they all subsisted on half allowance only. "I have seen men stagger," says Winslow, "by reason of faintness for want of food." At one juncture, it appeared to be their doom that famine should destroy them. They were saved by the compassion of fishermen, whom foul weather had driven to their coast. Nor did these things soon end. Even in the third year of their settlement, their provisions were so far spent, that, in their own language, "they knew not at night where to find a bit in the morning." It is said, that in the spring of 1623, they were reduced to the last pint of corn. That precious pittance, we are told, was parched, and distributed equally among them, and yielded them five grains a-piece. In the summer of that year they had no corn whatever, during a space of three or four months. When some of their old friends from Leyden arrived to join them, a piece of fish, with a cup of spring-water, but with out bread, was the best supply to which they could bid them welcome. Yet their heart drooped not. The God who had tried them would not forsake them. Such was their faith, and such has become their history.

One cause of this protracted suffering was the common property system, on which the settlement had been founded. Even in a colony of pilgrims, such a merging of the individual in the general interest was found to be too large a demand on the selfdenial of human nature. Religion and philosophy may dream of communities as prospering on such a basis, but it will be all a dream. Amidst the extreme privations of the spring of 1623, it was resolved that this policy should be abandoned. Each family was in future to possess its own piece of land, and to reap the fruit of its own toil. Contentment and general activity were the result. Even women and children went into the work of the field, and before many more springs had passed, the corn raised in the neighbourhood of New Plymouth became an important article of traffic.

Happily, the danger of the colonists from the Indians in those early days was not considerable. Had they proceeded, according to their original intention, to the Hudson River, the tribes in possession

245

of those parts were so powerful as to leave little room to doubt that the fate of so feeble a company would have been to perish by the weapons of the natives. But in the neighbourhood of New Plymouth, the tribe which had for some time peopled that district had been of late almost wholly swept away by the ravages of the small-pox. Some small groups of Indians hovered at intervals in the neighbourhood of New Plymouth, from the time when the pilgrims took up their abode in it; but it was not until the 16th of March, about three months after their landing, that the first conference took place between the strangers and a native. On that day an Indian, who had learned a little English from some English fishermen, entered the town. His bow and arrows were in his hand; but his manner, while erect and self-possessed, was peaceful. He exclaimed, and repeated the exclamation: "Welcome, English!" The name of this man was Samoset; the country of his tribe extended to about five days' journey distant. The settlers showed their best hospitality to the visitor, and obtained from him information concerning the nature of the country, and the number and condition of its inhabitants. Some days afterwards, Samoset revisited the colony, bringing along with him several of his countrymen. The chief of this company wore a wild cat-skin on his arm, as the badge of his superiority; the rest were partially clothed in deer-skins, but Samoset was naked, with the exception of a garment of leather worn about his waist. Their hair was short in front, but hung a great length down their backs. They are described as being tall, wellformed men, of a gipsy-colour in complexion. The colonists feasted their visitors, and their visitors, in return, amused them with some Indian dances; and, on taking their leave, promised to bring Massasoiet, their king, to pay his respects to his new neighbours

very soon.

[Massasoiet soon visited them; and treaties being made with the Indian chiefs, the colony, under the Divine blessing, prospered beyond measure.]

"Friendly and prosperous colonies rose at convenient distances on either side of them; and before the oldest of the pilgrims was removed by death, it became manifest that the small company which left England in the Mayflower,' had been the means of founding a new empire in the New World-an empire not only additional to all that had gone before, but different in its spirit, its institutions, and its religion, from all that had hitherto obtained a place in history."

FAITH, PRAISE, AND PRAYER.
Each branch of piety delight inspires:
Faith builds a bridge from this world to the next,
O'er death's dark gulf, and all its horror hides;
Praise, the sweet exhalation of our joy,
That joy exalts, and makes it sweeter still;
Prayer ardent opens heaven-lets down a stream
Of glory on the consecrated hour

Of man in audience with the Deity.
Who worships the great God, that instant joins
The first in heaven, and sets his foot on hell.

YOUNG.

THE TRIAL OF GALILEO. WHEN Galileo first announced his discovery of the satellites of Jupiter, the majority of the astronomers of the age refused to believe in its truth; and, even when these were shown to them through the telescope of the philosopher, they asserted and maintained it to be a mere optical delusion. "There are only seven

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