75,000
56,000
48,000
South Carolina, 48,000.

The exact numbers case of a man-a real case-who recently
settled in Texas, and determined to grow
cotton for himself. He had two sons, no
Louisiana, 25,000
Tennessee, 132,000 slaves, no servants, and only a little land,
Florida, 8,000 but he "raised" twenty-two bales, or say
Arkansas, 34,000 ten thousand pounds of cotton, value $1,000,
besides his food. In other words, he made
a profit of £250 a year. That is not pre-
laborer or industrious German emigrant is
cisely the prospect at which a keen Yankee
in the smallest degree likely to sneer.
this crop was raised off new land, with no
buildings, and only settled just as wheat

And

And they do not die of it. Some of the
cities of the South, full of vice and open
drains, are indeed fatal to health, but the
cotton lands are unsurpassed for salubrity,
and the death-rate is lower among whites
than blacks. "The land required for cotton
culture is a light sandy loam, easily worked, land is settled, by the emigrants.
the plowing being done with a light plow
driven by one or two mules, at a quick walk;
the cultivation similar to that of corn, and as
capable of being carried on by improved
machinery, instead of the universal hoe now
used by the slaves. The space required for
each plant varies, according to the richness
of the soil, but by July 1st the ground is
fully covered. During the period of extreme
heat little attention is required, and while
Northern laborers are sweltering in the hay-
field, under a sun as intense as in the South,
the cotton-planter merely watches the growth
of the plant. The work of picking requires
nimble fingers and the close attention of all
hands, men, women, and children. It is con-
tinued through the cool autumn, and in fa-
vorable seasons far into the winter. One of
the great drawbacks to slave cultivation is
the want of a more dense population, from
which to draw an extra force during the
picking season, and fields white with un-
picked cotton are not seldom ploughed up
to make ready for the planting of the new
crop. This would not occur under the small
allotment system of free labor.

difference in product to be caused by a better
We have said nothing whatever of the
agriculture. The Southern planter scarcely
uses the plow, and breaks new land to
avoid manure. He wastes a third of his
crop, the seed, which gives excellent soap
and most valuable oil, and of scientific proc-
esses he never hears. Mr. Atkinson enters
into all these details, but we prefer the broad
simple facts which contain in themselves the
whole case; viz., that the planter now pays
for slave labor wages which would attract the
white, and that the white man could work as
safely as the black on the cotton lands.

If, then, the white man can work on cotton lands as safely as the black man, and the planter can afford wages certain to attract free labor, what imperils the cotton ? We shall be asked where the planter is to get capital to pay wages, and we answer, just where he gets it now-from the cottonfactor, who now helps him to buy the black, whose cost amounts to fair wages. Mr. Atkinson may well demand the extension of freedom over a soil so attractive to the emigrant population of the North. Take the

We must make one more extract from Mr. Atkinson. It is a dry column of figures, but it is nevertheless worth a cursory glance from those who believe slavery to be at worst an evil necessity:

Delware,
Maryland,

Sq. miles. Free negroes, 1860. Av. sq. m

S. Carolina, 29,385
Georgia, 58,000
Florida, 59,268
Alabama,
Mississippi, 47,156
Louisiana, 41,255

Texas,
Arkansas,

2,120

19,723

9.30

11,124

83,718

7.52

13,244

103,441

7.81

Sq. miles.

Slaves in 1860.

Av. to sq.m.

402,541

13.70

50,722

237,504

52,198

Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

BY HIS EXCELLENCY,

JOHN A. ANDREW, Governor.

A PROCLAMATION FOR A DAY OF PUB-
LIC THANKSGIVING AND PRAISE.

THE examples of the Fathers, and the dictates of piety and gratitude, summon the people of Massachusetts, at this, the harvest season, crowning the year with the rich proofs of the Wisdom and Love of God, to join in a solemn and joyful act of united Praise and Thanksgiving to the Bountiful Giver of every good and perfect gift.

down to the sea in ships, of those who search
the depths of the ocean to add to the food of
men, and of those whose busy skill and han-
dicraft combine to prepare for various use
the of the earth and the sea;
crops

For the advantages of sound learning, placed within the reach of all the children of the people, and the freedom and alacrity with which these advantages are embraced and improved ;

For the opportunities of religious instruction and worship, universally enjoyed by consciences untrammelled by any human authority;

For "the redemption of the world by Jesus Christ, for the means of grace and the hope of glory."

I do, therefore, with the advice and consent of the Council, appoint THURSDAY, the twenty-first day of November next, the same being the anniversary of that day in the And with one accord, let us bless and year of our Lord sixteen hundred and praise God for the oneness of heart, mind, twenty, on which the Pilgrims of Massachu- and purpose in which he has united the peosetts, on board the Mayflower, united them- ple of this ancient Commonwealth for the selves in a solemn and written compact of defence of the rights, liberties, and honor of government, to be observed by the people our beloved country. of Massachusetts as a day of Public Thanksgiving and Praise. And I invoke its observance by all people with devout and religious joy.

For the many and gentle alleviations of the hardships, which, in the present time of public disorder, have afflicted the various pursuits of industry;

May we stand forever in the same mind, remembering the devoted lives of our fathers, the precious inheritance of freedom received at their hands, the weight of glory which awaits the faithful, and the infinity of blessing which it is our privilege, if we will, to transmit to the countless generations of the future.

And, while our tears flow in a stream of cordial sympathy with the daughters of our the wicked and rebellious, of the fathers, people, just now bereft, by the violence of and husbands, and brothers, and sons, whose heroic blood has made verily sacred the soil of Virginia, and, mingling with the waters of the Potomac, has made the river now and forever ours; let our souls arise to God on the wings of praise, in thanksgiving that he has àgain granted to us the privilege of living unselfishly, and of dying nobly, in a grand and righteous cause;

For the precious and rare possession of so much devoted valor and manly heroism; For the sentiment of pious duty which distinguished our fallen in the camp and in the field;

And for the sweet and blessed consolations which accompany the memories of For the early evidence of the reviving en- these dear sons of Massachusetts on to im-ergies of the business of the people;

For the measures of success which has attended the enterprise of those who go

mortality.

And in our praise let us also be penitent. Let us "seek the truth and ensue it," and

THANKSGIVING PROCLAMATION.

521

prepare our minds for whatever duty shall | them down, O, Lord, our shield."-Psalms
59: 11.
be manifested hereafter.

May the controversy in which we stand, be found worthy in its consummation of the heroic sacrifices of the people, and the precious blood of their sons, of the doctrine and faith of the fathers, and consistent with the honor of God, and with justice to all men. And,

Given at the Council Chamber, this thirty-
first day of October, in the year of our
Lord one thousand eight hundred and
sixty-one, and the eighty-sixth of the
Independence of the United States of
America.
JOHN A. ANDREW.

"Let God arise, let his enemies be scattered; let them also that hate him flee be- By His Excellency the Governor, with the fore him.

"As smoke is driven away, so drive them away."-Psalms 68: 1, 2.

"Scatter them by thy power, and bring

advice and consent of the Council.

OLIVER WARNER, Secretary.

God Save the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

KING COTTON'S REMONSTRANCE.

NEGRO MELODY" Poor Old Ned."

Оí, I once was free as air, I could travel any

where,

To my Manchester well welcomed I could go Now I'm bound by a blockade, and in prison am laid,

I

on his cards, and uses no inscription whatever. The portrait system has become low, for everybody has a face, or what by a stretch of courtesy be called one. But few people, comparamay So here is an inventively, have country seats. tion for the exclusives. We shall probably see it adopted in England. Eaton Hall will call upon Castle Howard, and Holland House leaves howThough I ruin those who keep me there I a card with Pembroke Lodge. The plan, ever, will necessitate the binding up a huge Burden. Then lay down the rifle and the bow-series of Country Houses with one's "Where Is -ie knife: and take up the shovel and the hoe: Cease your fratricidal war, and let King Cotton

know.

go once more

To the countries where King Cotton ought

Intervention in their favor they may gain. Burden. Oh, lay down the rifle, &c.

To North then and to South I appeal by Punch his mouth,

To cease fighting and to set King Cotton free: Blood and treasure both may waste that can never be replaced,

But they'll ne'er be brought together, save by

1

:

It?" for it will be awkward to make mistakes, and fancy that the photograph on your halltable is Broadlands, when it is Hughenden Manor, or vice versa, when you are in hopes of being invited to the counsels of your Sovereign by the party leader, and equally awkward to go flourishing about a picture of what used to be called Denman Priory, and showing it to your friends as proof of a visit from Knowsley or Chatsworth. There will be no mistakes about Mr. Punch's cards; first, because he never leaves any; and secondly, because the immortal window in Fleet Street is as well known as the front of the house at Stratford-upon-Avon; but he recommends to his Swell friends, if they intend to adopt the plan, a course of careful study of what Mr. Disraeli in Popanilla cleverly calls the sciences of Architecture and Parkitecture. Punch.

GOOD ADVICE.-A few weeks ago a young foreigner made himself remarkable at one of the rouge-et-noir tables, in Baden Baden, by his reckless and desperate gambling. For many hours in succession he had invariably lost upon every point on which he had ventured. At length, taking a single golden Napoleen between his finger and thumb, he showed it to the croupier. 'Here," said he, "is the last piece of gold of which I am now the owner. Where, my friend, Monsieur," would you advise me to put it?" replied the croupier, "as you ask my opinion, and appeal to me as a friend, and tell me that it is your last Napoleon, my advice to you is to

The "THIS IS NO MINE AIN HOUSE." French Swells have hit upon an invention in the carte de visite line, intended to prevent imitation by the masses. The lucky possessor or lessee of a country seat, has a view of it photographed | put it-in your pocket.”

From The New York Evening Post.

Some of the Mistakes of Educated Men; a
Biennial Address at Pennsylvania College.
By John S. Hart, Esq. Philadelphia:

C. Iberman & Son. 1861.

He

severely the life-force. We have to learn that
the man of superior intellect, who puts forth
his power with resolute vigor, requires more
bodily health and force to sustain the strain
than an ordinary laboring man does. Instead
of being pale, delicate, feeble, and sickly, the
student needs to be stalwart and hardy.
should have tougher thews and stronger sin-
ews, and a more vigorous pulse than the man
He need not
who merely plows the soil.
have the brawn and bone of the athlete and
the gladiator. He need not be a Spartacus
or a Heenan. But he should be of all men
a man of good, sound, vigorous, working
bodily health."

HERE we have much good sense, conveyed in simple and terse language, yet with evident honesty of conviction and an earnestness of purpose which easily warms into the most persuasive eloquence. Mr. Hart does not forget that he is addressing young educated men, and he gives them, in a familiar way, the best results of his own studies and experience. His advice to them embraces four or five topics, which are all urged with force and illustrated with grace. First in place, as in importance, is the necessity for the care of bodily health, of which he says:"My first advice, then, to young men pursuing or completing a course of liberal studies is, take care of your bodily health. Without this your intellectual attainments will be shorn of more than half their value. Idwell upon this point, and emphasize it, because on every side of me, in professional life, and especially in the clerical profession, I see so many helpless, hopeless wrecks. Verily there is some grievous mistake among us in this matter. Whether it be our climate, or our habits of student life, or our social and domestic habits, I am not prepared to say. But of the fact I make no doubt. Our edu-dustry. General conversation is a bore to cated men do not achieve half that they might achieve for the want of the necessary physical vigor. It is painful to see the dyspeptic, sore-throated, attenuated, cadaverous specimens of humanity that student-life so often produces among us-men afraid of a puff of air, afraid of the heat, afraid of the cold, afraid to eat a piece of pie or good roast beef -men obliged to live on stale bread and molasses, who take cold if they get wet, who must make a reconnoissance of a room to see that they can secure a place out of a draft before they dare to take a seat men who by dint of coaxing and nursing and pampering drag out a feeble existence for a few short years, and then drop into a premature grave-martyrs to intellectual exertion!

He then passes to the importance of the habit of being beforehand in whatever you undertake, to the necessity of holding on to the calling one chooses, to the value of some fresh intellectual acquisitions every day, to the beneficial effects of a varied and liberal culture apart from one's speciality, and the propriety of cultivating the art of conversation. On the latter head he says truly:

"I do not recommend the fox-hunting carousals of the old time English clergy. We need not go back to the material apotheosis of the classical ages. But verily we have something to learn in this matter. We have to learn that high mental exertion taxes most

"Excuse my dwelling a little on this point. There is among our best educated men, I am sorry to say, a large amount of vis inertia in regard to this matter of conversation. Very many such persons are disposed to rely for their success and their position in society solely upon their professional skill and in

them. They have never duly considered the advantages it might bring them. They are disposed to leave all that to those more ambitious of social distinction. When they are in company, they speak, indeed, if appealed to, or if it comes entirely in their way to do so, but they feel no responsibility for keeping conversation afloat. Allow me to say, gentlemen, this is all wrong. Independently of all considerations of interest and policy, there is a clear duty in this matter. Every man who mingles in the society of his fellows is bound to contribute his quota to the common entertainment, just as much as in a joint excursion of any kind he would be bound to pay his share of the reckoning. Educated men, beyond all others, should settle it as a clear duty to learn how to talk well in company. Conversation is an art} but it is an art which can be acquired, and depend upon it no acquisition gives a surer or more ample return for the amount of effort needed."

From The Saturday Review, 2 Nov.
VISCOUNT MONCK.

were no more than the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland is, a well-dressed lay figure in the THE Canadians will learn, by this week's centre of a mimic court, the want of intelmail, with feelings of qualified satisfaction, lectual power would be a positive recomthat rumor has not exaggerated the intensity mendation. An apprenticeship under Sir of Lord Palmerston's devotion to his friends. William Hayter was perhaps the fittest Tuesday's Gazette announces that Lord schooling for a post of mere representation Mulgrave is no longer the only whipper-in that can be conceived. There is no better to whom the colonies have been made to pay preparation for the duty of flattering intracta rich reward for useful, though humble, able colonists than the duty of wheeservices in the lobbies of the House of Com-dling malcontent M.P.'s Unfortunately, the mons. Setting aside the antiquated notion duties of governors extend rather beyond that the power of governing is a useful ac- this range. Recent experience in New complishment in a governor, this disposal of Zealand has given us a costly warning of a patronage is not unnatural. It is very diffi- governor's power for good or evil over the cult to know what to do with whippers-in. lives and fortunes of our fellow-subjects, They are selected exclusively for their social and over our own finances. The Governqualities-in fact, any higher capacity would ment in Downing Street have felt the full unfit them for their duties; and in this hard gravity of the emergency, and have endeavprosaic world the rewards of social amiabil- ored to atone for the careless patronage to ity are few. Occasionally, they are shelved which Colonel Browne owes the post he in some cosy corner of a public office. But lately held by promptly superseding him, the English public are too keenly interested and sending the ablest administrator in the in the exercise of domestic patronage to whole colonial service to fill his place. Even permit this to be a very safe proceeding. It with this assistance, we shall be fortunate if is better to ship them off to some refuge we escape the reproach and the burden of beyond the seas, where distance may lend an internecine waf of races. But the obscurity to the view. It is a far cry from troubles of New Zealand are a pastime comCanada to England; and nobody reads colo-pared to the difficulties that await the new nial newspapers in London. Even if any governor-general of Canada; and Colonel importunate enthusiast should try to excite Browne is a Richelieu compared to the the indignation of the House of Commons, whipper-in who has been sent to meet them. it is always easy to rescue him, as Colonel A greater complication of perplexities and Gore Browne has been rescued, by the safe dangers never before greeted a young aspiand simple machinery of a count-out. With rant trying his 'prentice-hand at governso much to be said in its favor, and two suc-ment for the first time. There is the hatred cessive precedents to establish it, there can of the Americans, which he must guard be little doubt that the claim of subordi- against, and yet not provoke; there is the nate whippers-in to colonial governorships Abolitionism of the colonists, which he must will become part of our unwritten constitu- humor, and yet curb; and there is the tional law. It is said that Mr. Knatchbull- changeful policy of his chiefs at home, to Huguessen has already applied for the rever-which he must be always ready, at the first sion of Australia when it falls in; and if hint, to adapt his own. Colonel Rankin's there should be a change of government, we understand that, in conformity with Lord Palmerston's new standard of qualification, Lord Henry Lennox's claim to the governorgeneralship of India is regarded in Conservative circles as indefeasible.

If a governor were merely a sort of idol a rude representation of distant royalty, set up to enable the colonists to exercise their loyal feelings without too great an effort of imagination we should take no exception to this new system of appointments. If he

arrest and Mr. Seward's Circular indicate, with sufficient clearness, the explosive nature of the materials over which Lord Monck will have to watch. Nothing is more difficult than to preserve at once the inaction and the immunities of a neutral in the immediate neighborhood of two embittered combatants. All along the enormous frontier of the valley of the St. Lawrence, and throughout the whole expanse of the ocean in which the rival privateers are cruising and Canadian vessels may be trading, occasions