K. S. G. Knight of St. George, in Russia.
K. S. L. Knight of the Sun and Lion, in Persia.
K.S.P. Knight of St. Stanislaus, in Poland.
K. S. W. Knight of St. Wladomir, in Russia.
K. W. Knight of St. William, in the Netherlands.
K. T. Knight of the Thistle.

Pot. Pottles.
Prep. Preposition.
Pres. President.
Pret. Preterite.
Prob. Problem.
Prof. Professor.

Kil, Kilderkin.

Kt. Knight.

L. or lib. libra, Pound.

L. or lib. liber, A book.

L. D. Lady Day.

Lap. Lordship.

Lea. Leagues.

Lev. Leviticus.

Lieut. Lieutenant.

LL. D. Legum Doctor, Doctor of Laws.
L. S. Locus Sigilli, The place of the Seal.

M. Mille, a thousand, marquis, minutes, miles; in a recipe, manipulus, a handful, misce, mingle, and mixtura, a mixture; as a brand murder; in astronomical tables, a meridional or meridies.

M.A. Artium Magister, Master of Arts.
Mal. Malachi.

Matt. Matthew.

M. B. Medicinæ Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Physic, or Musica Baccalaureus, Bachelor of Music.

M. D. Medicine Doctor, Doctor of Physic.
Mast'. Master.

Mem. Memento, Remember.

Messrs. Messieurs, Gentlemen.

M. P. Member of Parliament.

Mr. Mister.

Mrs. Mistress.

M. S. Manuscriptum, Manuscript.

M. S. S. Manuscripta, Manuscripts.

N. North, note, noun, or nails.

N. B. Nota bene, observe, take notice.

College.

Pron. Pronoun.

Prop. Proposition

Prov. Provost.

ful.

Parl. Parliament.

Part. Participle.

Per. Cent. Per centum, By the hundred.

Pet, Peter.

Phil. Philip, or Philippians.

Pk. Pecks.

Pl. Plural.

P. M. Post meridiem, Afternoon.

V. A. Verb active.

V. N. Verb neuter.

Viz. Videlicet, That is to say, namely.

W. Wk. Weeks.

Xmas. Christmas. Xn. Christian. Xper. Christopher

lege.

ABBROCHMENT, in law, the forestalling a fair or market.

ABBUTALS, or ABBUTTALS. See ABUTTALS. ABB-WOOL, among clothiers, the wool of a weaver's warp.

ABCAS. See ABASCIA.

ABCEDE, or ABSCEDE, from abcedo, in surgery, to suppurate; an abceded surface, being that whose texture has been vitiated or separated by the formation of pus or purulent matter.

ABCEDARY, or ABCEDARIAN, an epithet given to compositions whose parts are arranged, in the order of the alphabet, chiefly applied to Hebrew writings.

ABDA, a district of Morocco, on the west coast, famous for its grain and for its breed of horses. ABDALAVI, or ABDELAVI, in botany, an Egyptian plant, very like a melon, except that the fruit is more oblong, and acute at the extremities.

ABDALLA, the son of Abdalmothleb, the father of the prophet Mahomet. This parent of the prophet, though a slave, is clothed with such personal attractions by the Arabian historians, that after he had passed the age of 75 his hand was solicited by the fairest and most virtuous women of his tribe; and on the night of his nuptials, we are told, 100 young females expired with grief.

ABDALLATIF, or ABDOLLATIPH, an Arabian physician and author, born at Bagdad, in the year 1161. He studied grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and the Mahometan law. At the age of twenty-eight he began to travel. He resided a year and gave lectures at Mosul, in Mesopotamia. From thence he went to Damascus; and having vanquished, in debate, Alkendi, acelebrated philosopher, he went on to Jerusalem. Saladin, king of the Saracens, had seized upon Egypt, and was at that time endeavouring to drive the Christians from the Holy Land. Abdallatif proceeded to his head-quarters at Acre; but the Saracen monarch, having been signally defeated by the Christians, was unable at that time to admit him to his presence. He was offered the patronage of one of his principal courtiers, and a pension, if he would return to Damascus. He preferred visiting Egypt, and with ample recommendations proceeded to Cairo. Here he became the friend of Maimonides, the eagle of the doctors. After Saladin made peace with the Christians, Abdallatif waited on him at Jerusalem, where he was received in the most flattering manner; and delivered lectures in the great church or temple. From thence he went a third time to Damascus, and gave public lectures, on various subjects, to a numerous audience. He went after this into Greece, where he remained several years; and passed into Syria, Asia Minor, and Armenia, practising physic in various courts. His purpose was at length to retire to Damascus; but he determined previously

to make a pilgrimage to Mecca, in his way to Bagdad, whither he went in order to present his works to the caliph. There he died in the year 1231. A hundred and fifty works have been ascribed to this author: one only, an account of Egypt, now remains. Dr. Pococke brought it to Europe in MS., and deposited it in the Bodleian library. Dr. White published it with a Latin translation, in 1800, and a French translation, by Silvestre de Sacy, appeared at Paris, in 1810. Abdallatif's book on Egypt supplies a valuable link between ancient and modern history, giving us the only account extant of that country in the middle ages.

ABDALMALEK, the 5th khalif of the race of the Ommiades, called the skinner of a stone, because of his extreme avarice; as also Aboulzebah, because his breath was said to be so poisonous as to kill all the flies which rested on his face. He surpassed all his predecessors in power and dominion; penetrating to India in the east, and Spain in the west: he likewise made himself master of Medina and Mecca. His reign began in the 65th of the hegira, A.D. 685, and continued twenty-one years.

ABDALMELEK, (Ben Zohar,) an eminent Spanish physician, of the 12th century called by the Europeans AVENZOR, which see.

ABDALONYMUS, or ABDOLONYMUS, (in classic history,) of the royal family of Sidon, and descended from king Cyniras. Alexander the Great having deposed Strato, inquired whether any of the race of Cyniras was living, that he might set him on the throne; and found this prince happy in his poverty: "I wish," said Abdalonymus, "I may bear my new condition as well; these hands have supplied my necessities: I have had nothing, and I have wanted nothing." This answer pleased Alexander so much, that, besides giving him all that was Strato's, he augmented his dominions, and presented him with a large portion of the Persian spoils.

ABDALS, in the eastern countries, fanatics, supposed to be inspired to a degree of madness. The word comes, perhaps, from the Arabic, Abdallah, the servant of God. The Persians call them devaneh khoda, q. d. furentes deo, raging with the god. They have been known in India to run about the streets, and kill all they meet of a different religion.

ABDARA, or ABDERA, in ancient geography, a town of Botica in Spain, a Phoenician colony; now called Adra, to the west of Almeria, in Granada.

ABDELAVI. See ABDALAVI.

ABDERA, in ancient geography, a maritime town of Thrace, near the mouth of the Nessus, on the east. Timesius the Clazomenian attempted to found it, but was forced to give it up by the Thracians. The Teians, however, succeeded, and settled in it to avoid the Persians. Pliny and Justin report that the grass of Abdera was so strong that such horses as eat of it ran mad. It is famous for being the birth-place of Protagoras, Democritus, Anaxarchus, Hecatæus the historian, Nicenatus the poet, &c. Many accounts are given of its unwholesome atmosphere, and of the pride of its inhabitants. Hence the phrases, abderitica mens, and abderian laughter.

ABDERAHMA, a Saracen viceroy in Spain, who revolted and set up an independent principality at Cordova. He had several successors of the same name.

ABDEST, a Persian word literally signifying the water placed in a bason for washing the hands, but used to express the purifications practised by the Mahometans before they enter on their religious ceremonies.

ABDEVENAM, in astrology, the head of the 12th house in the scheme of the heavens.

ABDI, 8, Heb. i. e. my servant. The father of Kish, and grand-father of king Saul. ABDICARIA propositio, in logic, a negative proposition.

ABDICATIO, añoкnρužic, a Grecian custom of renouncing children, prohibited by the Roman laws. Lucian. AB'DICATE, Ab: dico, dien, right, to go ABDICATION, from a right; to go from, quit, AB DICATIVE. or leave, put away from, or deABDICAN'T, prive of that which has been possessed by law and right. To resign,disclaim, renounce, dispossess.

By avowing to govern by a despotic power unknown to the constitution, and inconsistent therewith, he (King James) hath renounced to be a king according to the law; such a king as he swore to be at the coronation; such a king to whom the allegiance of an English subject is due; and hath set up another kind of dominion, which is to all intents an abdication or abandoning of his legal title, as fully as if it had been done by express words.

Speech of Lord Somers, in 1688, on King James's vacating the throne.

O Saviour, it was ever thy manner to call all men unto thee when didst thou drive any one from thee? neither had it been so now but to draw them closer unto thee, whom thou seemest for the time to abdicate. Bishop Hall's Works. The father will disinherit or abdicate his child, quite cashier him.

Burton's Anat. Mel. p. xxxv. He cannot abdicate for his children, otherwise than by his own consent, in form to a bill from the two Swift.

houses.

Great Pan, who wont to chase the fair,
And lov'd the spreading oak, was there,
Old Saturn too, with upcast eyes,
Beheld his abdicated skies.

Addison's Poem to Sir Godfrey Kneller. The mortification of unreasonable desires, the suppression of irregular passions, the loving and blessing our enemies, the renouncing worldly vanities and pleasures, the rejoicing in afflictions, the voluntary abdication of our estates in some cases, yea, exposing life itself to inevitable hazard and loss, are not chimerical propositions of impossible performances; but duties really practicable. Barrow's Sermons.

What is all righteousness that men devise? What, but a sordid bargain for the skies? But Christ as soon would abdicate his own, As stoop from heaven to sell the proud a throne. Cowper's Truth. ABDITARIUM, O. L. A chest in which relics were kept, or a place to hide goods, plate

or money.

ABDÓLLATIPH.See ABDALLATIF. ABDOMEN. n. s. Lat. from abdo, to hide; a cavity commonly called the lower venter, or belly: it contains the stomach, guts, liver, spleen,

and bladder, and is within lined with a membrane, called the peritonæum. See ANATOMY. ABDOMINAL, adj. relating to the abdomen ABDOMINALES, in ichthyology, fish which have the ventral fins placed behind the pectoral in the abdomen, and constitute the order of the fourth class of animals in the Linnæan System. See ICHTHYOLOGY and ZOOLOGY.

ABDON, one of the Papuan isles, N. of Wageeoo, in N. lat. 0°, 30', E. long. 131°, 15. ABDUCE', v. Ab: duco, to lead from; to ABDUCTION, draw, bring or take away from; to withdraw; chiefly a scientific word applied in physic and in logic; in the one, it signifies flexion or extension of the muscles; in the other, a particular kind of argument.—Abduction is also used in law, and is the act of carrying off a woman and marrying her against her will;-it refers also to the forcible taking away a wife or child, and to common kidnapping.

If, beholding a candle, we protrude either upward or downward the pupil of one eye, and behold it with one, it will then appear but single; and if we abduce the eye unto either corner, the object will not duplicate; for, in that position, the axis of the cones remain in the same plane, as is demonstrated in the opticks, and delivered by Galen.

Brown's Vulgar Errours. They (the muscles) can stir the limb inward, outward, forward, backward, upward, downward; they can perform adduction, abduction; flexion, extension. Smith's Old Age, p. 62.

The forcible abduction or stealing away of man, woman, or child, from their own country, and selling them into another, was capital by the Jewish law.

Blackstone's Commentaries.

ABDUCENS labiorum, in anatomy, a name given by Spigellius to a muscle, which is the levator anguli oris of Albinus, and the caninus elevator of others.

ABDUCENTES NERVI, that part of the sixth pair of nerves, which is lost on the abductores oculi.

ABDUCTION, in logic, by the Greeks called apagoge, is an argument from the conclusion to the demonstration of the proposition assumed.

ABDUCTION, in law, the forcible carrying away of a person, as of an heiress, &c. To enter a woman's house forcibly, carry off, and marry her without her own consent, has in Scotland been punished with death.

ABDUCTION, in surgery, a species of fracture, wherein the broken parts of the bone recede from each other, after the manner of a stalk.

ABDUCTOR AURIS, called also posterior auris, by Winslow, a muscle that pulls the ear backwards.

ABDUCTOR AURICULARIS, or of the little finger, called by Winslow, hypothenar, arises from the annular ligament, and the third and fourth bones of the carpus in the second rank; and is inserted externally into the first bone of the little finger: it serves to draw that finger from the rest, and also to bend it a little.

ABDUCTORES FEMORIS. Anatomists reckon four of these. Their use is to move the thigh bone, according to their different directions.

ABDUCTOR INDICIS, or of the fore-finger, arises from the inside of the bone of the thumb,

and is inserted into the first bone of the fore-finger, which it draws from the rest towards the thumb. ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI MANUS. See AB

DUCTOR AURICULARIS.

ABDUCTOR MINIMI DIGITI PEDIS, or of the little toe, arises from the outside of the os calcis, near the exterior bone of the metatarsus, and is inserted laterally into the outside of the second bone of that toe, which it pulls from the rest.

ABDUCTOR OCULI, or of the eye, is one of the four recti, or straight muscles, arising from the bottom of the orbit, and spread over the first proper tunic; serving to draw the eye towards the outer canthus. It is also called the scornful

muscle.

ABDUCTOR POLLICIS MANUS, called also Thenar, springs from the annular ligament and first bone of the carpus; from whence passing the thumb, it makes that fleshy body called mons lunæ it draws the thumb from the fingers.

ABDUCTOR POLLICIS PEDIS, or of the great toe, springs from the inside of the os calcis, and the greater os cuneiforme; and is inserted into the outside of the exterior os sesamoideum pollicis; it serves to draw the great toe from the rest. ABEAR', v. See BEAR. ABEARING. S

Applied to the behaviour or conduct.-The word abearance instead of abearyng, is used by modern writers in English law.

offence.

Upon assurance takyn of the said Hunyldus, that there after he shulde be of good abearynge to warde the king, he clerely forgaue vnto hym all his former Fabyan, repr. 1811, p. 141. So did the Faery Knight himselfe abeare, And stouped oft, his head from shame to shield; No shame to stoupe one's head more high to reare, And much to gaine, a little for to yield: So stoutest knights doen oftentimes in field.

Spenser's Faerie Queene, v. can. xii. The other species of recognizance with sureties is for the good abearance, or good behaviour.

Blackstone's Commentaries. Not to be released, till they found sureties for their good abearing.

Lord Herbert's Hist. of Hen. VIII. p. 381.
ABED', a. On bed. See BED.
Some radde, that hir ssoide wende in at on hepe,
To habbe inome hom vnarmed, and somme abedde
aslepe.
R. Gloucester, p. 547.

Hir kyrtells, and hir mantell eke,
Abrode vpon his bedde he spredde,
And thus ther slepen both abedde.

Gower, Con. A. b. v.

The sullen night had her black curtain spread,
Low'ring that day had tarried up so long;
And that the morrow might lie long abed,
She all the heaven with dusky clouds had hung.
Drayton's Barons' Wars.

Delight is layd abedd; and pleasure, past;
No sunne now shines; clouds han all overcast.
Spenser's Shepherds' Calendar.
She has not been abed, but in her chapel
All night devoutly watch'd.

Dryden's Span. Friar. It was a shame for them to mar their complexions, yea, and conditions too, with long lying abed: when she was of their age, she would have made a handkerchief by that time o'day. Sydney, b. ii. ABEDNEGO, the name given by Nebuchad

nezzar to one of the three captive Jewish children, who were miraculously delivered from the fiery furnace. Dan. iii.

ABEILLE, (Gasper,) an eminent wit, of the 16th century; was born at Reiz in 1648, and died at Paris in 1718. He wrote several dramatic pieces, but his genius was not equal to the wit of his conversation, which appears to have been singularly aided by an unseemly wrinkled countenance, susceptible of the most ludicrous expression.

ABEILLÉ, (L. P.) a writer on agriculture, and natural history, inspector general of the manufactures of France, and secretary to the council of trades before the revolution; born at Toulouse, 1719; died at Paris 1807.

ABEL,, Heb. Vanity, the 2d son of Adam and Eve, who was a shepherd, and was killed by his brother Cain, from envy of the superior mark of divine favour bestowed on him. Though he was the first martyr, his name is not to be found in any catalogue of church, earlier than the 10th century. Several saints or martyrs, either in the Greek or Roman Roman litanies however contain prayers to him, for persons at the point of death.

He

ABEL, (Charles Frederick,) an eminent musician and composer, was by birth a German. He came to England in 1759, and was soon appointed chamber-musician to the queen. died at London in 1787. BURNEY, in his history of music, says, "The knowledge Abel had acquired in Germany, in every part of musical science, rendered him the umpire in all difficult points. His concertos, and other pieces were very popular, and frequently played on public occasions." He excelled on the viol di gamba.

ABELA, (J. F.) commander of the Order of Malta, born 1622; was the author of "Malta Illustrata," an able work on the topography and history of the island.

ABELARD, (Peter,) a famous doctor of the 12th century, born at Palais in Britany. He was eminent for his acuteness in logic, of which he gave proofs wherever he travelled, by disputing with, and baffling all who would enter the lists with him. He read lectures with great applause at Paris, where he lodged with one Fulbert, a canon, who had a beautiful niece, called Eloise. Abelard was appointed her preceptor; but instead of the sciences, he taught her love; and Eloise proving with child, he sent her to a sister of his in Britany, where she was delivered of a son. To soften the canon's anger, he offered to marry Eloise privately; and the old man was better pleased with the proposal than the niece; who, from a singular excess of passion, chose to be Abelard's mistress, rather than his wife. She married, however; but used often to protest upon oath that she was single, which provoked the canon to use her ill. Upon this, Abelard sent her to the monastery of Argenteuil; where she put on a religious habit, but did not take the veil. Eloise's relations considering this into his chamber in the dead of night, emascuas a second treachery, hired ruffians, who, forcing lated him. This infamous treatment made him fly to the gloom of a cloister. He assumed the

habit at St. Denis: but the disorders of the house soon drove him from thence. He was afterwards charged with heresy; and having endured several persecutions for his religious sentiments, he settled in a solitude in the diocese of Troyes, where he built an oratory, to which he gave the name of the Paraclete. He was afterwards chosen superior of the abbey of Ruis, in the diocese of Vannes; when the nuns being expelled from the nunnery in which Eloise had been placed, he gave her his oratory; where she settled with some of her sister nuns, and became their prioress. Abelard mixed the philosophy of Aristotle with his divinity, and in 1140 was condemned by the council of Rheims and Sens. Pope Innocent II. ordered him to be imprisoned, his books to be burnt, and forbade him ever teaching again. However, he was soon after pardoned, at the solicitation of Peter the Venerable, who received him into his abbey of Cluni, where he led an exemplary life. He died in the priory of St. Marcel, at Chalons, April 21, 1142, aged 63. His corpse was sent to Eloise, who buried it in the Paraclete. He left several works; the most celebrated of which are the letters that passed between him and Eloise, with the account of their misfortunes prefixed; which have been translated into English, and immortalised by the harmony of Mr. Pope's

numbers.

ABEL-BETHMAACAH, or ABEL-MAIM, a city of Judea, south of Mount Lebanon. Tiglathpileser, king of Assyria, took it, and carried the inhabitants captive. It was afterwards rebuilt, and became the capital of Abilene in Syria.

ABELIANS, or ABELINS, in church history, a sect of heretics mentioned by St. Austin, who pretended to regulate marriage after the example of Abel; allowing each man to marry one woman, but enjoined them to live in continence.

ABELIN, a large hamlet in Palestine, containing a castle of the same name, eight miles from Acre. Some have conjectured that the ruins in the vicinity are those of the ancient Zabulon.

ABELL, (John,) an English musician, and celebrated singer of the 17th century, who quitted this country, at the revolution, for his attachment to popery. Being at Warsaw, he was summoned to court to display his talents, but refused to go: the king then sent for him peremptorily; and on Abell's appearance, he was drawn up in a chair to the top of a spacious hall, at one end of which sat the king and his nobles in a gallery. Some wild bears were now turned into the apartment, and Abell was called upon to sing or be let down amongst them. He preferred, of course, the former, and said that he never made a better use of his voice. In 1701, he published a collection of songs in several languages.

ABELLA, an ancient town of Campania, near the river Clanis, now called AVELLA. Its nuts, called avellana, were very famous, as also its apples.

ABEL-MIZRAIM, a place between Jordan and Jericho, supposed to have been near Hebron, where the Egyptians celebrated Jacob's funeral. It was also called the threshing floor of Atad.

ABEL-MOSCH, or ABEL-MUSCH, in botany, a species of the HIBISCHUS, which see. ÁBELOITES, or ABELONIANS. See ABE

LIANS.

ABEN-EZRA, (Abraham,) a celebrated rabbi, born at Toledo, in 1099. He was much admired for his learning, being not only skilled in philosophy, astronomy, medicine, and poetry, but a complete master of the Arabic. He was styled by his brethren, the wise and admirable Doctor. His principal works are, Commentaries on the Old Testament, which are printed in Bomberg's and Buxtorf's Hebrew Bibles, and Jesud Mora, a work (now very scarce,) intended to recommend the study of the Talmud. His style is elegant and concise. He died in 1174, aged 75. ABENRADE, or APENRADE, a jurisdiction, and town of Denmark in Sleswick. It is seated on a spacious open bay, in the Baltic, surrounded on three sides by high mountains. Just without the town stands the castle of Brunbend. Lon. 9° 24′, E. Lat. 55° 6′, N.

ABENS, or ABENTZ, a river of Upper Bavaria, joining the Danube 4 mi. below Abensberg. ABENSBERG, or ABENSPURG, a district and town of Bavaria, circle of Regen, seated on the Abens, near the Danube, S. W. of Ratisbon. Lon. 11° 15', E. Lat. 48° 46', N.

ABER, an old British or Welsh word, signify ing the fall of a lesser water into a greater, as of a brook into a river, or of a river into the sea: also, the mouth of the river. In both these senses, it makes part of the names of many towns in Britain. See the following articles.

ABERAVON, a borough town of Glamerganshire, governed by a port-reeve, seated on the mouth of the Avon, 19 miles W. of Cowbridge, and 195 W. from London. The iron and copper works contiguous, have given it some importance. The delightful seat of Lord Vernon stands in the neighbourhood.

The

The