terms and conditions as he may determine, for international disaster relief and rehabilitation, including assistance relating to disaster preparedness, and to the prediction of, and contingency planning for, natural disasters abroad.

(c) In carrying out the provisions of this section the President shall insure that the assistance provided by the United States shall, to the greatest extent possible, reach those most in need of relief and rehabilitation as a result of natural and manmade disasters.

Sec. 492.439 Authorization.-(a) 440 There are authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out section 491, $25,000,000 for the fiscal year 1986 and $25,000,000 for the fiscal year 1987.441 Amounts appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available until expended.442

(b) 440 In addition to amounts otherwise available to carry out this chapter, up to $50,000,000 in any fiscal year may be obligated against appropriations under this part (other than this chapter) for use in providing assistance in accordance with the authorities and general policies of section 491. Amounts subsequently appropriated under this chapter with respect to a disaster may be used to reimburse any appropriation account against which obligations were incurred under this subsection with respect to that disaster.

Sec. 493.443 Disaster Assistance-Coordination.-The President is authorized to appoint a Special Coordinator for International Disaster Assistance whose responsibility shall be to promote maximum effectiveness and coordination in responses to foreign disasters by United States agencies and between the United States and other donors. Included among the Special Coordinator's responsibilities shall be the formulation and updating of contingency plans for providing disaster relief.

Sec. 494.444 Disaster Relief Assistance.-There is authorized to be appropriated, in addition to other sums available for such purposes, $65,000,000 for use by the President for disaster relief

439 22 U.S.C. 2292a. Sec. 492 was added by sec. 101(3) of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849). 440 The subsection designation “(a)” and a new subsec. (b) were added by sec. 404(a) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-533; 94 Stat. 3150).

441 The authorization figures for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 were inserted by sec. 404 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1985. (Public Law 99-83; 99 Stat. 219). Authorizations under Sec. 492 in recent years included the following: fiscal year 1979– $25,000,000; fiscal year 1980-$21,800,000; fiscal year 1981-$25,000,000; fiscal year 1982$27,000,000; fiscal year 1983-$27,000,000; fiscal year 1984-$25,000,000; fiscal year 1985-no authorization; fiscal year 1988-no authorization; fiscal year 1989-no authorization; fiscal year 1990-no authorization; fiscal year 1991-no authorization; fiscal year 1992-no authorization; fiscal year 1993—no authorization; fiscal year 1994-no authorization.

Congress did not enact an authorization for fiscal year 1995. Instead, the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1995 (Public Law 103–306) waived the requirements for authorization, and title II of that Act (108 Stat. 1612) provided the following:

"INTERNATIONAL DISASTER ASSISTANCE

"For necessary expenses for international disaster relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction assistance pursuant to section 491 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, $169,998,000 to remain available until expended.".

442 A sentence which called for a quarterly report on the programming and obligation of funds under Sec. 492 and had previously appeared at this point, was struck by Sec. 118(bX2) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-424; 92 Stat. 953). 443 22 U.S.C. 2292b, Sec. 493 was added by sec. 101(3) of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849). 444 22 U.S.C. 2292c. Former sec. 452, which was added by sec. 2(2) of the Foreign Disaster Assistance Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-333), was redesignated as sec. 494 by sec. 101(4) of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849).

and emergency recovery needs in Pakistan, and Nicaragua, under such terms and conditions as he may determine, such sums to remain available until expended.

Sec. 494A.445 Famine and Disaster Relief to DroughtStricken African Nations. * * * [Repealed-1978]

Sec. 494B.446 African Development Program.-* * * [Redesignated-1977]

Sec. 495.447 Cyprus Relief and Rehabilitation.-The President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for the relief and rehabilitation of refugees and other needy people in Cyprus. There is authorized to be appropriated for the purposes of this section, in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes, $40,000,000.448 Such amount is authorized to remain available until expended. Assistance under this section shall be provided in accordance with the policy and general authority contained in section 491.

Sec. 495A.449 Guatemala Relief and Rehabilitation.-*** [Repealed-1978]

Sec. 495B.450 Italy Relief and Rehabilitation.-(a) In addition to amounts otherwise available for such purpose, there is authorized to be appropriated $25,000,000 for the fiscal year 1976 to furnish assistance under this chapter for the relief and rehabilitation of the people who have been victimized by the recent earthquake in Italy. Amounts appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available until expended.

(b) 451 There are authorized to be appropriated to the President $30,000,000 for the fiscal year 1978 for relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction assistance, in accordance with the provisions of section 491 and on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for the people who have been victimized by the recent earthquakes in Italy. Amounts appropriated under this subsection are authorized to remain available until expended.

(c) Obligations incurred prior to the date of enactment of this section against other appropriations or accounts for the purpose of providing relief and rehabilitation assistance to the people of Italy may be charged to the appropriations authorized under this section.

445 Sec. 494A, originally added as sec. 639A by the FA Act of 1973 and subsequently redesignated as sec. 494A by Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849), was repealed by sec. 604 of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-424; 92 Stat. 961).

446 Sec. 494B, originally added as sec. 639B of this Act by the FA Act of 1973 and later redesignated as sec. 494B in 1975, was subsequently redesignated as sec. 120 (Sahel Development Program-Planning) by sec. 115 of Public Law 95-88 (91 Stat. 539).

44722 U.S.C. 2292f. Sec. 495 was added by sec. 101(8) of Public Law 94-161 (89 Stat. 849). 448 Sec. 402 of the International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-329; 90 Stat. 757) inserted "$40,000,000" in lieu of "$30,000,000".

The FA Appropriations Act, 1976, provided the following: "Cyprus relief and rehabilitation: For necessary expenses to carry out the provisions of section 495, $25,000,000.".

For "Cyprus relief and rehabilitation" for the period July 1, 1976, through September 30, 1976, $5,000,000.

449 Sec. 495A, as added by Public Law 94-276 (90 Stat. 397), was repealed by sec. 604 of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-424; 92 Stat. 961). 450 22 U.S.C. 2292h. Sec. 495B was added by sec. 415 of the International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976 (Public Law 94-329; 90 Stat. 761).

451 Sec. 120 of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-88; 91 Stat. 541) redesignated subsec. (b) as subsec. (c) and added this new subsec. (b). The FA Appropriations Act, 1978, provided the following:

"Italy relief and rehabilitation assistance: For necessary expenses to carry out the provisions of section 495B, $25,000,000.".

(d) 452 (1) The Congress recognizes that prompt United States assistance is necessary to alleviate the human suffering arising from the earthquakes in southern Italy in late 1980. Accordingly, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President, in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purpose, $50,000,000 for the fiscal year 1981 for relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction assistance for the victims of those earthquakes. Such assistance shall be provided in accordance with the policies and general authorities of section 491 and on such terms and conditions as the President may determine.

(2) Amounts appropriated under this subsection are authorized to remain available until expended.

(3) Obligations incurred against other appropriations or accounts for the purpose of providing relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction assistance for the victims of the late 1980 earthquakes in southern Italy may be charged to appropriations, enacted after those obligations were incurred, for assistance for that purpose under this chapter.

Sec. 495C.453 Lebanon Relief and Rehabilitation.-(a) The Congress, recognizing that prompt United States assistance is necessary to alleviate the human suffering arising from the civil strife in Lebanon and to restore the confidence of the people of Lebanon, authorizes the President to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for the relief and rehabilitation of refugees and other needy people in Lebanon.

(b) There is authorized to be appropriated to the President for the purposes of this section, in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes, $20,000,000, which amount is authorized to remain available until expended.454

(c) Assistance under this section shall be provided in accordance with the policies and general authority contained in section 491.

(d) Obligations incurred prior to the date of enactment of this section against other appropriations or accounts for the purpose of providing relief and rehabilitation assistance to the people of Lebanon may be charged to the appropriations authorized under this section.

(e) 455 ***

[Repealed-1978]

452 Subsec. (d) was added by Public Law 96-525 (94 Stat. 3043).

The full $50,000,000 authorized in this subsection for Italian earthquake disaster assistance was appropriated by Public Law 96-536, the continuing resolution providing foreign aid funds for fiscal year 1981. This $50,000,000 was designated as an earmarking out of the total of $73,000,000 appropriated in fiscal year 1981 for international disaster assistance. The FA Appropriations, 1982, also provided that of the $27,000,000 made available under sec. 491, "not less than $10,000,000 shall be used for earthquake relief and reconstruction in southern Italy.". The FA Appropriations Act, 1984 (sec. 101(b)1) of the Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 1984) further provided that out of the $25,000,000 made available under sec. 491, "$10,000,000 shall be used only for earthquake relief and reconstruction in southern Italy, which amount may be derived either from amounts appropriated to carry out the provisions of section 491 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 or from up to $10,000,000 of amounts heretofore appropriated pursuant to chapter 4 of part II of such Act for Syria which are, if deobligated, hereby continued available for the purposes of section 491 or for other programs for Italy consistent with sections 103 through 106 of such Act.".

453 22 U.S.C. 2292i. Sec. 495C was added by sec. 416 of the International Security Assistance and Arms Export Control Act of 1976 (Public Law 94–329; 90 Stat. 762).

454 The FA Appropriations Act, 1977, provided the following: "For necessary expenses to carry out the provisions of section 495C, $20,000,000.".

455 Subsec. (e), which called for a quarterly report on programing and obligation of funds under sec. 495C and had previously appeared at this point, was repealed by sec. 502(dX1) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-424; 92 Stat.

Sec. 495D.456 Romanian Relief and Rehabilitation. (a) The Congress, recognizing that prompt United States assistance is necessary to alleviate the human suffering arising from recent earthquakes in Romania, authorizes the President to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for the relief and rehabilitation of refugees and other earthquake victims in Romania.

(b) There are hereby authorized to be appropriated to the President for the fiscal year 1977, notwithstanding any other provisions of this Act, in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes, not to exceed $20,000,000, which amount is authorized to remain available until expended.457'

(c) Assistance under this section shall be provided in accordance with the policies and general authority contained in section 491.

(d) Obligations incurred prior to the date of enactment of this section against other appropriations or accounts for the purpose of providing relief and rehabilitation assistance to the people of Romania may be charged to the appropriations authorized under this section.

(e) 458*** [Repealed-1981]

(f) Nothing in this section shall be interpreted as endorsing any measure undertaken by the Government of Romania which would suppress human rights as defined in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (Helsinki) Final Act and the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights, or as constituting a precedent for or commitment to provide United States development assistance to Romania, and the Romanian Government shall be so notified when aid is furnished under this section.

Sec. 495E.459 Turkey Relief, Rehabilitation, and Reconstruction.-The President is requested to use up to $10,000,000 of the funds made available under section 492 of this Act to provide relief, rehabilitation, and reconstruction assistance to the victims of the recent earthquakes in Turkey.

Sec. 495F.460 African Rehabilitation and Resettlement.—(a) The Congress recognizes that United States assistance is necessary to help developing countries in Africa meet the longer term rehabilitation and resettlement needs of displaced persons and other in

456 22 U.S.C. 2292j. Sec. 495D was added by Public Law 95-21 (91 Stat. 48). 457 The FA Appropriations Act, 1978, provided the following:

"SEC. 601. For expenses necessary to carry out the provisions of section 495D of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended, $13,000,000 for the fiscal year 1977 for Romanian relief and rehabilitation assistance, to remain available until expended.".

458 Subsec. (e), which had required a quarterly report from the President on the programing and obligation of funds under this section, was repealed by sec. 734(aX1) of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1981 (Public Law 97-113; 95 Stat. 1560).

458 22 U.S.C. 2292k. Sec. 495E was originally added as sec. 495D by sec. 121 of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-88; 91 Stat. 541). It was redesignated as sec. 495E by sec. 119(1) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-424; 92 Stat. 953).

460 22 U.S.C. 22921. Sec. 495F, as added by sec. 119(2) of the International Development and Food Assistance Act of 1978 (Public Law 95-424; 92 Stat. 953), was amended and restated by sec. 405 of the International Security and Development Cooperation Act of 1980 (Public Law 96-533; 94 Stat. 3150). It formerly read as follows:

"SEC. 495F. ASSISTANCE TO AFRICAN REFUGEES.-The President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, exclusively for the relief and rehabilitation of African refugees and other needy people located in Africa. There is authorized to be appropriated for the fiscal year 1980 for purposes of this section in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes, $14,920,000, which amount is authorized to remain available until expended. Assistance under this section shall be provided in accordance with the policies and general authorities contained in section 491.".

nocent victims of civil strife. Therefore, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for the longer term rehabilitation and resettlement needs of such victims. Funds for this purpose should be used to assist African governments in providing semipermanent housing, potable water supply systems, and sanitary facilities which are generally not provided by existing refugee relief agencies.

(b) There are authorized to be appropriated to the President for the purposes of this section, in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes, $15,000,000 for the fiscal year 1981.461 Amounts appropriated under this subsection are authorized to remain available until expended.

(c) Assistance under this section shall be provided in accordance with the policies and general authorities contained in section 491. Sec. 495G.462 Special Caribbean Hurricane Relief Assistance. The President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for disaster relief and reconstruction in the Caribbean to assist in alleviating the human suffering caused by recent hurricanes in that region. In addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes, there is authorized to be appropriated for purposes of this section $25,000,000 for the fiscal year 1980, which amount is authorized to remain available until expended.463 Assistance under this section shall be provided in accordance with the policies and general authorities contained in section 491.

Sec. 495H.464 Cambodian Disaster Relief Assistance.-(a) The Congress recognizes that prompt United States assistance is necessary to alleviate the human suffering arising from famine and disease in Cambodia. Accordingly, the President is authorized to furnish assistance, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for disaster relief to alleviate the suffering of the victims of famine and disease in Cambodia. Assistance provided under this section shall be for humanitarian purposes and limited to the civilian population, with emphasis on providing food, medicine and medical care, clothing, temporary shelter, transportation for emer

461 Authorizations under sec. 495F during recent years included the following: fiscal year 1979 $15,000,000; fiscal year 1980-$14,920,000.

During fiscal year 1981, foreign assistance programs operated pursuant to a series of continuing resolutions. The last continuing resolution in the series (H.J. Res. 644, Public Law 96-536) provided (with several exceptions) such amounts as may be necessary for continuing projects or activities "which were conducted in fiscal year 1980 and would be provided for in H.R. 7854, the Foreign Assistance and Related Programs Appropriation Act, 1981, as reported July 29, 1980, at a rate of operations not in excess of the rate which would have been provided under the terms of the conference report (House Report 96-787), and in accordance with associated agreements stated in the Joint Explanatory Statements of the Committee of Conference, accompanying H.R. 4473 **** (this conference report was never approved by Congress). H.R. 4473 provided the following: "Assistance to African refugees: For necessary expenses to carry out the provisions of section 495F, $14,250,000: Provided, That these funds shall be transferred to the Office of Refugee Programs of the Department of State for obligation and expenditure.".

462 22 U.S.C. 2292m. Sec. 495G was added by Public Law 96-109 (93 Stat. 842). Such Act also stated that priority should be given to furnishing agricultural commodities under Public Law 480 to this hurricane affected area.

463 The Supplemental Appropriation and Rescission Bill, 1980 (Public Law 96-304; 94 Stat. 873), contained $10 million intended for special Caribbean hurricane disaster relief.

464 22 U.S.C. 2292n. Sec. 495H was added by sec. 2 of Public Law 96-110 (93 Stat. 843). Sec. 4 of such Act also required a report from the President by Jan. 12, 1980, regarding total costs of the U.S. Government and State and local governments of domestic and foreign assistance to refugees during fiscal years 1980 and 1981. Subsequently, sec. 1011(aX4) of the Department of State Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1984 and 1985 (Public Law 98-164; 97 Stat. 1061) repealed sec. 4 of Public Law 96-110.