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Provincial journals have, since 1836, considerably increased. Two or three departments which were then without broad sheets have now obtained them, and we should probably not err in stating that the provincial journals of France now amount in round numbers to 280.

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153 proprietors are respected, flattered, and feared, be4 cause they have a two-edged weapon at command, 101 and swordsmen prepared to use it at their bidding. The writers are, for the most part, neither re258 spected nor flattered-however they may be occasionally feared-because there is not one among them worth even £1000 a year, for they chiefly live" au jour le jour." Everybody has heard of Mr. John Walter and of Sir John Easthope-both are rich and prosperous men-one is, and the other was, an M. P.; but who has ever heard. within the last five years, of the editor of the "Times" or " Chronicle, or of the names of the writers in these papers? Yet the editors of the "Times" and "Chronicle" must be, undoubtedly, men of talent and information, and some of the writers are among the ablest men in England. Who, however, knows them as writers? In England, a newspaper is powerful first, and chiefly, as a successful commercial establishment, having large capital at command, which capital enables it to obtain correct, copious and early intelligence; and secondly, by its articles, or, in other words, by the literary ability of its writers. A daily paper in England may be powerful, and of great circulation, when most indifferently written, but a daily paper may be written with the eloquence of Burke and Macaulay combined, and fail from lack of readers, unless it have a great capital to sustain it; in other words, is enabled to obtain correct, copious, or exclusive intelligence.

The Chevalier F. de Tapies has calculated that in 1835, there were 82,208 "broad sheets" printed. This number, multiplied by 1500, the medium circulation, would give a result of 120,000,000 of printed papers, and as it is no extravagant supposition that each newspaper has at least five readers at home and abroad, we conclude that there must be 600,000,000 of readers of French newspapers in and out of Europe. The same ingenious statist to whom he have before referred, calculates that the matter of 20 volumes, in 8vo., is daily published in Paris, by the journals, and that the French press produces, in the year, 2,500,000 pages. Not content with these particulars, he further informs us that 500,000 reams of paper are destroyed every twelve months by the pens and ink of the gentlemen of the press, and he goes on to add, (for which many of our readers will think that he ought at once to be sent to Coventry) that if all these sheets were folded together, so as to form an immense riband-these are his very words-this filet of fustian and feuilleton would thrice go round the broad circumference of the habitable globe.

It remains for us now, before we conclude, to make a very few remarks on the character of the French journals and journalists, as contrasted with the press of England.

The different rank held in their respective countries, by the French and English journalists, has been matter of comment and remark, not merely to enlightened men, but even to the observer the least instructed and most superficial.

"In England," says Mr. H. L. Bulwer,* writing in 1836, "a paper has immense consideration, but the editor, however respectable, little. You rarely hear him spoken of in few cases is he known, unless petted on some accidental occasion by public abuse into notoriety. As for newspaper writers, they are generally held below surmise. We do not think it worth while even to guess who

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Mr. Edward Baldwin, the proprietor of the 'Morning Herald," acting on this view of the matter, is said to expend £10,000 a year for the overland Indian mail, while it is clear that the tenth of this cannot be paid by him for leading articles, if these latter be estimated at their proper value. In France, ten or twelve years ago, a daily newspaper depended altogether-and in a great degree it still depends, though not by any means to the same extent as formerly-on the goodness of its writing. In France, good writers are indispensable to good newspapers; in England, though highly desirable, they are not absolutely indispensable. It is impossible to establish a daily newspaper in England without an immense capital; but, heretofore, a daily newspaper might be established in France without any very considerable capital, and may, to a certain extent, still be established, if there be superior talent engaged in the "rédaction." In England, on the contrary, the money and the management are the main springs of success in this field of enterprise. In This was perfectly true ten or twelve years ago, France, generally speaking, the talent and the pobut it is true now to just the same extent. In litical opinion are the real motive forces; whereas England now, as then, in consequence of the money and management, though also necessary, newspaper stamp tax, of the system of govern- are yet subsidiary to talent and political opinion. ment and the state of property, it requires an im- In France, talent commands money; in England, mense capital to establish a newspaper, and a still money commands talent. Hence newspaper wrigreater capital to start a competitor to an estab-ters are somebodies in France and nobodies in Englished favorite journal. These are the circum-land. stances which in this money-getting-money-worThe recent laws directed against the press in shipping country render the firm-the establish- France, have, however, rendered the establishment-the company-the fraternity of tradesmen ment of newspapers much more expensive and difbound together by the strong links of sordid self- ficult than formerly. To secure the payment of interest-and able by their dividends to keep their the highest fine, the security, or cautionment, for carriages, horses, livery servants, &c., peradven- a journal has been raised to 100,000 francs, or ture to become senators and persons of some £4000, and the responsible editor must be propriesmall title these are the circumstances, we say, tor of one third of that sum. In a country where which render them powerful, and the editors, capital is so limited, the necessity of paying £4000 writers, and contributors, the very reverse. The operates very unfavorably to enterprise in journalism, and may be considered almost as a prohibition, when it is remembered that this money is at

they are."

* The Monarchy of the Middle Classes, 1836.

the mercy of a government whose judges may in- creased war expenditure in Algeria, and disaster terdict the publication of the paper after two judi- and disgrace have been the result. The press of cial condemnations. But notwithstanding the France called for hostilities with England, at a sinister influence of this law, and the efforts used time when every sane man in England and France by the government to corrupt public writers, these wished for peace, and when hundreds of thousands combined causes do not operate to raise the rich of pounds of English capital had been, on the proprietor of a journal above the poor but able faith of the subsistence of friendly relations, investwriter, as in England. The main cause of this ed by Englishmen in French railroad speculations. lies in the social habitudes and institutions of The press of France, with one or two exceptions, France, which are more favorable to talent, and has for fifteen years remained silent on electoral far less favorable to the power and influence of reform, at a time when the electors are only a few mere wealth than the social system of England. hundred thousand among a population of thirtyMinisters in France seek to bribe and debauch four millions. These are a few of many grave and writers in newspapers, and too often succeed- serious errors, not to say crimes and misdemean-ministers in England, if there be a favor to con-ors, which must be laid to its charge. A long fer, or a good thing to bestow, confer it on the time-a very long time-must elapse, ere the proprietors of journals, not on the writers of them. French press regains the ascendancy which it posIn England, the proprietor of such a paper is made sessed, and properly possessed, before the Revolua deputy lieutenant, the proprietor of such another tion of 1830. is created a baronet, the proprietor of a third is ap- The press of England, with all its faults, is free pointed a local magistrate. In France, it is the from these grave errors: and the daily press of writers, and not the proprietors, who are reward- England, and indeed, the whole press, daily and ed; and the Bertins are no exception to this rule, weekly, with one infamous exception, is free from for they were far more celebrated as writers than the odious personality which has marked the as proprietors. Fievée, Etienne, Keratry, and Che- literary rivalship and encounter of Girardin and valier, with many others, were made councillors Cassagnac. The press of England is free, too, of state, while at least twenty other writers were with one or two exceptions, we believe, from the made prefects, sub-prefects, maître des requêtes, charge of personal corruption. No one would sell &c. The number of newspaper writers who have praises, as M. Constant Hilbey says M. Viollet sold taken a still higher flight over the heads of proprie-them, at so much the line, in the "Patrie," in "La tors, and attained ministerial" portfeuilles," or France," and in "Le Droit." It is true, Viollet rethe peerage, is by no means inconsiderable.ceived nothing for himself from the hands of the Chateaubriand, Salvandy, Guizot, Thiers, Duchât-poor tailor, but he had, says Hilbey, a remise or el de Rémusat, Villemain, Cousin, and many percentage on each insertion. There is no respectothers, may be numbered. Thus is a homage able journal in England which would sell a whole paid to talent, both by government and people in feuilleton to this same Hibley for 150 francs, as he France, which in England is reserved for wealth or avers the "Droit" did, in page 31 of his pamphtitle. The late Mr. Thomas Barnes, of the let. "Times," though not a man of genius, like Hilbey flies at much higher and "nobler quarChateaubriand, nor a man of such varied attain-ry," than the "Droit." He avers in all the perments as M. Guizot, was yet far superior, both as manency of print, and with all the convenient cera scholar and a writer, to all the other French tainty of time and place, necessary in an English newspaper writers who attained the rank of min-indictment, that one De Moléon, who lives at 26, ister. But Mr. Barnes was born in a wealth-wor- Rue de la Paix, offered to have his book reviewed shipping and aristocratic land; never was an M. P.-never was a privy councillor-never was a minister in a country which has had a Knatchbull, a Lincoln, and an Ellenborough in the cabinet, and an Addington, a Goderich, and a Peel, for prime ministers.

in the feuilleton of the "Débats" for 460 francsan offer which the tailor refused, inasmuch as he could have the thing done by an ecrivain fort connu; trop connu même !-(does he mean the famous J. J. of the "Feuilleton ?") for 500 francs.

This statement has been published for months, We do not deny, with all these facts before our and has never been, that we are aware of, contraeyes, that the influence of the press in France has dicted by the "Débats." If any man had said diminished, and is daily diminishing; but this is such a thing of our "Times," how the calumniaowing, in a great degree, to the abuse of its power tor would have been handled next day in Sterling and the prostitution of its office. The greater por- Saxon. The aspiring tailor also gives, at page 53 tion of the French press raised no warning voice of his pamphlet, a list of the sums paid to the against the embastillement of Paris, whilst all the" Siècle," "Courrier Français," "Commerce," journals, excepting two, were in favor of a scheme "National," and "France," and we do not bewhich, without being formidable to the stranger, lieve that his statement has been impugned by any may, in the end, prove the grave of French liberty one of these journals. and the tomb of free discussion. The press of But with all its grievous errors and imperfecFrance, too, cried for war, when all the best in- tions, and occasional corruption, both political and terests of the nation demanded peace. The press personal, the newspaper press of France has obof France cried for glory and conquest, when rail-tained, and must ever maintain, unless it shall ways stood still, and the internal communication of most grossly degrade itself, and wilfully continue the country was disgraceful to the age in which we to pervert its functions, a large place and a high live. The press of France called for an increase of sailing ships, and for an increased steam navy, when the greater number of the communal and vicinal roads of France were impracticable, and while her luxurious capital remained unsupplied with water. The press of France called for an in

position in the literature of the country. The instrument by which, as De Tocqueville says, the same thought can be presented to a hundred thousand minds at the same moment, is a noble instrument, and should not be trifled with, or misused, or perverted. A grave responsibility weighs, in

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deed, on the conductors of this great engine. For the abuse of their power they must answer, sooner or later, at the bar of public opinion.

" Presse" and "Epoque," and among the younger and more unprincipled journals, but an honest, able, and learned critic, in every first-rate journal The press of France, unlike the press of Eng-in Paris, will soon obtain, whatever Madame Emile land, is distinguished by a strong esprit de corps. Girardin, in her "Ecole de Journalistes," may They are a formidable body, not so much because say to the contrary notwithstanding, the complete they are men of undoubted ability and information mastery. though these qualities are not without their influence as because they are a compact and serrid body, and feel that a stain cast upon a brother of the craft, is a wound inflicted on the whole corps. Their union is their weapon and their strength, and by it they vanquish all opposition, and rise to 'pride of place and power."

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No pampered proprietor, the spoiled child of blind Fortune, would attempt to ride the high horse with men of this stamp ; for Paris is the limbo of proprietors, and the heaven of editors, contributors, and public writers. England, on the contrary, is the paradise of proprietors, and the inferno of editors and writers. The press in England has made the fortune of many of its proprietors, and sent many of its contributors to the rules of the bench or to the prison of the fleet. The press in France has made the fortune of its best contributors, and ruined, in a pecuniary sense, the proprietors. Coste and Bethune have made the fortunes of hundreds of literary men, but have lost Till there is more union, more esprit de corps, and a kindlier and a better spirit amongst literary men in England, proprietors must continue to have the upper hand, to assume the airs of grand seigneurs, and occasionally to maltreat writers and contributors.

their own.

There are in France, as in England, various classes of persons, and of different degrees of merit and intellect, connected with the public press. Some there are, dull and heavy, who would fain soar into the higher regions; but the public soon whispers in the ear of these mistaken men, if it has not been previously hinted by the rédacteur en chef:

"Tu n'as point d'aile et tu veux voler! rampe." Others there are, (to use the words of Voltaire, in the same poem :*)

"Malin, gourmand, saltimbanque indocile." But these soon find their level, and sink into obscurity, or are ignominiously dismissed.

Some there are, like the Abbé Trublet, dull dogs, mere delvers, who go on and on, compiling and compiling, and supply their want of mother wit by the "trover and conversion" of the wits of others.

"L'abbé Trublet alors avait la rage

D'être à Paris un petit personnage
Au peu d'esprit que le bon homme avait,
L'esprit d'autrui par supplément servait.
Il entassait adage sur adage;

Il compilait, compilait, compilait,
On le voyait sans cesse ecrire, ecrire,
Ce qu'il avait jadis entendu dire."

But these "piocheurs," the Trublets and trou-
bles of our epoch, are not valued more than our
intrepid penny-a-liners, and give place to sharper
practitioners, who have learned:

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comment on depéçait
Un livre entier comme on le récousait,
Comme on jugeait du tout par la préface."
This class of critics is greatly in vogue at the

* Le Pauvre Diable.

The bitterest and the severest things that ever have been said against French journalists have been said by this lady and her then friend and ally, but now bitter enemy, Granier de Cassagnac. Both were then, (1840,) as they are now, of the school of the broad-sheet," but they spared not their common mother, but laid bare her faults without charity, without filial tenderness, without shame as without regret. Yet, in the whole circle of the French press there were not two persons who ought to have been more cautious and circumspect and chary of giving offence to the family of journalists than these self-same Girardins and Cassagnacs. Out of the reach of danger, (as they supposed,) they were bold; out of the reach of shame, they were confident. But they reckoned without their host, for Jules Janin, to his eternal honor be it said, stepped forward in defence of the press, and in one of the neatest pieces of polished sarcasm that even the language of Voltaire can boast, told this lady, with scalding yet polite bitterness, the revolting truth.

There are now in Paris, as in the time of Mercier, a species of half authors, of quarter authors, of literary métis, and quarterons, who disembogue their small verses, or venom, their stupid prose, or their colorless criticism, into obscure or small journals, and who give themselves, in consequence, the title of men of letters. These creatures are like some of the same species at home, all pretension from head to foot, and for no other reason, that anybody knows, but because of their unmistakeable nullity. They are always declaiming against an arrogant mediocrity, and they are themselves at once arrogant and mediocre. Many of them, like the ex-journeyman printer, Balzac, make a parade of their birth, often more natural, yet less equivocal, than their talents. To hear them as they enter a drawing room, with selfsatisfied air repeat their names with a sounding flower of earliest chivalry, and descended in line DE before them, one would think they were of the famous house of the De Lévis, which claimed kindirect from the first Christian baron, or of that dred with Noah and the Virgin Mary. To believe these men of pure "blue blood," made of "the porcelain of earth's best clay;" they are indifferent to money, and don't write for it. But if they said their lucubrations did not sell for money, they would be nearer the truth.

There is no capital on earth where good newspaper writing is better paid than in Paris, and no capital where better newspaper writing is produced, if there, indeed, be any capital where so The leading articles of the good is fabricated. leading daily journals of London, such as the "Times," the "Chronicle," and the "Daily

* In the family of the De Lévis there is a picture of the deluge, with one of the race holding up his hand, which is contained a roll, whereon is inscribed, " Papiers In the family gallery there is de la Maison de Lévis," also another picture of one of the members of the house meeting the Virgin. The female De Lévis (for it was a religieuse) is proceeding to uncover her head, when there is written, as proceeding from the mouth of the Virgin, these words: Couvrez vous, ma très chere et sainte cousine, car je sais bien le respect que je vous dois."

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News," are written with great strength, vigor,
and boldness of tone, and occasional felicity of ex-
pression, but being, for the most part, composed
on the spur of the moment, they bear about them,
occasionally, marks of haste, and incorrectness,
and inelegance, impossible to avoid under the cir-
cumstances. The French leaders in the "Débats"
and the " Constitutionnel," are written more care-
fully, and in a more chaste and classic style. The
writers in French papers have sometimes twenty-
four hours, sometimes forty-eight hours, and often
a week, to prune, to elaborate and polish, and
they are therefore in a condition to profit by the
advice of Despraux.

"Vingt fois sur le métier remettez votre ouvrage;
Polissez-le sans cesse, et le repolissez ;
Ajoutez quelquefois et souvent effacez."

The wonder, therefore, is, not that the French editors write so well, but that the English writers, compelled to labor "currente calamo," produce so frequently articles of first-rate excellence, whether as regards subject, composition, arrangement, or disposition of the parts. It is the common practice in London to lay the proof of the first part of a leader on the table of the writer before the last slip of MS. is out of the writer's hands; yet

some articles written in this breathless haste are as fine productions as ever issued from the press.

The bitterest calumnies have been heaped upon journalists and newspaper writers in France. We have admitted that they are not faultless, but speaking generally, we say without hesitancy, that they have shown themselves the enemies of abuses, and the firm friends, sustainers, and protectors of public liberty; that notwithstanding the calumnies of the worthless, the fears of the timid, and the frowns of the powerful, the French press has generally asserted the indefeasible right of their countrymen to equal and impartial government, to equality before the law, to the free expression of opinion, and that perfect religious toleration, or rather freedom, inconsistent with a dominant sect, or a dominant priesthood, or a dominant race of any kind. The author of a recent work, who has had excellent opportunities of knowing the state of public opinion in France, not merely from his intimate acquaintance with the monarch, but with eminent men of all parties, and who is well informed in French history and literature, remarks, that the press in France had vast influence on public opinion, from the year 1825 to the Revolution of 1830. Had Mr. Mackinnon extended this vast influence over a period of ten years antecedent to 1825-i. e., from 1815 to 1830, he had been nearer the truth. He is perfectly correct, however, when he says, that since 1830 the influence of the press has been gradually lessening from the increased number of publications, and the spread of education among the community, which now exercises its own judgment. He might also have added that the influence of the press has declined from the abuse of its own power, and from the multiplication of journals, some of which are conducted without talent, and many of which are conducted without principle. Mr. Mackinnon has proved that in America the influence of the press has diminished in proportion to the number of papers; and in France, the power of the press for political purposes is

History of Civilization. By W. A. Mackinnon, F.R.S., M.P. Longman & Co., 1846.

CXIII.

LIVING AGE.

VOL. X.

6

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(Aquila Repudiatrix, LINN. Aigle Coquin, Burr.)

THIS unclean bird of the ancients, though classed ities rather to resemble the vulture tribe. It must among the eagles, seems in its aspect and peculiarnot, however, be confounded with the "King Vulture" of Bewick, as it is a republican bird. It is distinguished from all others by being curiously marked with stripes and stars. Its flight resembles that of the Kite. Its voracity is something tremendous; it preys chiefly on the Oregon racoon, the Texas opossum, and the green snake of California; but it is also extremely fatal to the large species of goose called the creditor, (Anser Extraordinarius, LINN.; Joli Marin, BUFF.,) which it decoys into accompanying it to its own haunts by an affectation of honest friendship, apparently finding means to persuade the foolish bird that more ample supplies and thorough security will be found then at once despatched by its ruthless betrayer. there: the unfortunate goose, thus entrapped, is

It is one peculiarity of this eagle, that he invariably performs the operation of plucking his vicplished cook. This process has been admirably tim which he does as neatly as the most accomdescribed by that excellent natural historian, the late Rev. Sydney Smith, who was an eye-witness of the capture and plucking of several creditor geese by the American eagle, in the manner explained, somewhere in the State of Pennsylvania. which it will seize with evident gusto. A singular The eagle is also partial to the flesh of negroes, antipathy is evinced by this bird to that noble aniLion Bonhomme, BUFF.,) whom, in spite of his mal the British lion, (Leo Verus Cæruleus, LINN.; strength and courage, it even contrives occasionally to dislodge from his own hunting-grounds, in Oregon, and elsewhere. This is performed by a number of the eagles building their unpleasant nests in his neighborhood, by which the lion is gradually driven further and further off, till at length he finds himself deprived of the whole of his accustomed haunt, merely by this " masterly inactivity" on the part of his inferior opponent. American naturalists affirm that the eagle is constantly seen to 66 whip the British Lion," though how this can be performed it seems impossible to explain, and the statement is commonly classed with the majority of American assertions. between the eagle and the Gallic cock (Gallus tolerabilis bonus, LINN.; Coq assez-respectable, BUFF.) owing probably, to their sharing in the antipathy to the British animal, but this is a strange and unnatural alliance, for the gallant cock, with all his faults, is a much more valuable bird.

A sort of alliance has been remarked to exist.

Many eminent naturalists, who have watched the American species now under discussion, are of opinion that the race is becoming deteriorated, and losing some high distinctions which it undoubtedly possessed; the colors grow dimmer; and it is expected that (if the deterioration continues) the stars which adorn the wing of the bird will be all' extinguished; the stripes on the back, however, are likely to be greatly multiplied.-Punch.

* By the author of "Dashes at Life with a Free Pencil."

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ANIMAL HUMANITY.

From Chambers' Journal,
ANIMAL HUMANITY.

as a little practical joke. It may be added, that the
cat stood it for some time very tranquilly; but at
last, appearing to get irritated by the iteration of
such absurd procedure, she gave her offspring a
blow on the side of the head, that sent the little
creature spinning to the other side of the room.
The kitten looked extremely surprised at this act

It is extremely curious to observe in animals ways and doings like those of human beings. It is a department of natural history which has never been honored with any systematic study: perhaps it is thought too trifling for grave philosophers. 1 of mamma, as considering it very ungracious of must profess, however, that I feel there is some value in the inquiry, as tending to give us sympathies with the lower animals, and to dispose us to treat them more kindly than we generally

do.

The sports of animals are peculiarly affecting. They come home to our social feelings; and the idea is the more touching, when we regard the poor beasts as perhaps enjoying themselves when on the very brink of suffering death for our enjoy

ment.

It is reported by all who have the charge of flocks, that the lambs resemble children very much in their sports. In the mellowed glow of a June evening, while the ewes are quietly resting in preparation for their night's sleep, the lambs gather together at a little distance, perhaps in the neighborhood of a broomy knoll, and there begin a set of pranksome frolics of their own, dancing fantastically about, or butting, as in jest, against each other. The whole affair is a regular game at romps, such as a merry group of human younkers will occasionally be allowed to enjoy just before going to bed. It is highly amusing to witness it, and to trace the resemblance it bears to human doings; which is sometimes carried so far, that a single mamma will be seen looking on close by, apparently rather happy at the idea of the young folk being so merry, but anxious also that they should not behave too roughly; otherwise, she must certainly interfere.

her not to take the joke in the way it was meant.
The same gentleman has observed similar fun
going on in a department of the animal kingdom
certainly far below the point where we would have
expected it; namely, among spiders. He has
seen a little spider capering about its parents, run-
ning up to it, and then away again, so as to leave
no doubt upon his mind that the creature was
making merry. Ants, too, have their sports.
They pat each others' cheeks, wrestle and tumble,
and ride on each others' backs, like a set of
schoolboys.

The kindly social acts of animals, among themselves and towards mankind, form the next series of phenomena to which I would direct attention. Burns justly eulogizes, as a high virtue, the being disposed to hold our being on the terms, "Each Many aids the others." It is the grand distinction of human society, to interpose for the comfort and It is not yet protection of each other in needful cases. families of the lower animals are indifferent on such points; but others are not. many months since some workmen, engaged in repairing the cathedral of Glasgow, observed an unusual concourse of sparrows coming regularly to a hole in one of the slanting walls, and there making a great ado, as if feeding some birds within. Curiosity being at length excited, the men proceeded to examine the place, and found that a inother bird, after the flight of her brood, had got her leg entangled in some of the threads comMonkeys have similar habits. In the countries posing her nest, so that she was kept a prisoner. of the Eastern Peninsula and Archipelago, where The leg was visibly swollen by the chafing prothey abound, the matrons are often observed, induced by her efforts to escape. In this distressthe cool of the evening, sitting in a circle round ing situation the poor bird had been condoled their little ones, which amuse themselves with various gambols. The merriment of the young, Not long before that time, in the pleasureas they jump over each others' heads, make mimic fights, and wrestle in sport, is most ludicrously grounds of Rannoch Lodge in Perthshire, a little contrasted with the gravity of their seniors, which field-bird was observed by the gamekeeper to might be presumed as delighting in the fun, but wound itself by flying against one of the so-called far too staid and wise to let it appear. There is a invisible fences; whereupon a companion, not regard, however, to discipline; and whenever any stated to have been a mate, came and sat beside it, foolish babe behaves decidedly ill, the mamma as it were sighing and sobbing, careless whether He took home the two will be seen to jump into the throng, seize the he himself was caught-which was easily done by offender by the tail, and administer exactly that the spectator of the scene. extreme kind of chastisement which has so long birds, and had them carefully attended to, till the 'been in vogue among human parents and human wounded bird had a little recovered; he then set them both at liberty; and, to pursue the narrative "nothing could have been >teachers. That there is merriment-genuine human-like of a local newspaper, merriment-in many of the lower animals, no more touching than the affectionate solicitude one can doubt who has ever watched the gam-with which the one watched the progress of bols of the kid, the lamb, the kitten, or of dogs, the other-now lending it a wing, and again which

"Scour away in lang excursion, And worry other in diversion."

with and fed by her fellows, exactly as a human being might have been in similar circumstances.

cheering it while it rested, until both were at length lost to the view of the kind-hearted gamekeeper."

Instances like these could be multiplied indefiThe dugong, a whale-like animal, but her But there is something to be observed in these nitely. They are the daily habits of some creasports still more human-like than mere sport. The tures. principle of make-believe, or jest as opposed to ear-bivorous, has the social feeling so strong, that, nest, can be discerned in many of their merry- when one is harpooned, the others flock around, makings. A friend of mine one day observed a regardless of their own danger, and endeavor to kitten amusing itself by running along past its mother, and giving her a little pat on the cheek every time it passed. This must have been done

wrench out the weapon with their teeth. In what is this different from a soldier shielding a comrade, or endeavoring to rescue him from dying of his

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