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lo, and behold! the journal was born, a strong and or bills drawn by the Baron Stieglitz, the Jewish healthy babe, after no long or painful gestation. banker, on the English Quay, at Petersburgh, is In 1837, when only a year old, it had 15,000 best known to those who pay and to those who abonnés; and in 1838, the product of its advertise- receive, what Frederic of Prussia called the "yelments amounted to 150,000 francs. It must, in low hussars." Though variable in other sentijustice to this journal, be stated, that it was the ments, feelings, and opinions, Girardin has ever firs. to teach the French public the use and advan- been true to the monster Nicholas, and his system; tage of advertisements. Twenty years previously, and whenever he dare say a word in favor of there were not two columns of advertisements in either the one or the other, he is sure to do so. any French paper; whereas, two years after the His pure love for the Cossack might be pardoned, existence of the "Presse," it could boast of five and would be unsuspicious, if it were not contemcolumns well-filled. The mother of Mde. Emile poraneous with a fierce resentment against Engde Girardin-Sophie Gay, née Lavalette-had pub- land, and the English. There is not a vile or a lished, under the title of "Causeries du Monde, ,"base imputation, which the "Presse," in its a periodical work, of which she had sold the copy- murky malignity, does not calumniously cast at right to Alphonse Karr, the sharp writer of the perfidious Albion. Inhumanity, savage barbarity, "Guèpes." This maternal precedent, doubtless, fraud, trickery, hypocrisy, avarice, and corruption, suggested to the daughter, then of the ripe age are weekly, if not daily, imputed to us, by a man of thirty, but of considerable beauty, no mean whose journal is conducted in the most shopkeepaccomplishments, of rare talents, and already ing spirit-by a print which seeks to put all classes favorably known as a poetess, to help her husband under contribution, from the autocrat of the RusEmile in his new avocation. She started accord- sias to the smallest actor and actress of the Odeon ingly in the " Presse," with a series of articles or Porte St. Martin, or to the most miserable tailor called "Causeries Parisiennes," signed the Vi- who pants for notoriety. If this be doubted, the comte de Launay, which papers had immense suc- proofs are at hand. Among the works placed at cess. Many of the vulgar-minded and title-wor- the head of this article, is a pamphlet, intituled, shipping of our countrymen-and their name is "Venalité des Journaux, par Constant Hilbey, Legion-will suppose that this was from the aris- Ouvrier." This poor tailor tells us, at p. 12 of his tocratic pseudonyme with which the articles were pamphlet, that not only did he pay two francs a signed; but no human being in France cares a line for the insertion of a poem in the "Presse," rush for a title, unless the bearer of it has some- according to the tenor of the receipt in the marthing better to recommend him. In Paris, and, ginal note at foot, but that at the request of one indeed, in all France, society has agreed that— of the editors, (Granier de Cassagnac) who had noticed his volume of poems, he sent that person, who first wished for a silver teapot, value 200 francs, four couverts d'argent and six small spoons. A couvert d'argent, as the reader is aware, means a silver fork, a silver spoon, and a silver-handled knife. Thus was the tailor put under contribution for four silver forks, four silver spoons, four silverhandled knives, and six small spoons, the cost of which, at the very least, must have been 200 francs. This was pretty well for a column and a half of criticism, even though the critic spoke of the author (as he did) in conjunction with Brutus, Cassius, Staberius, Quintus Remius, Quintus Cecilius, Atticus, Abelard, Cardinal d'Ossat, St. Paul, the Magdalen, and Victor Hugo.

"The rank is but the guinea's stamp,

The man 's the gowd for a' that."

If De Beranger, Chateaubriand, and De la Martine, were in a salon in France with the De Montmorencys, the De Levis, the De Guiches, the poets and men of genius would march to the salle à manger before the feudal, territorial, and mentally undistinguished aristocracy; and the place of honor would be assigned them in any assembly. Not so, indeed, in free and liberal England. It was not therefore, because of the aristocratic name attached, that the "Causeries" were read, but because of the ease, grace, spirit, and talent, which they disclosed. That they were what is called a "lucky hit," and pleased readers, there Perfidious Albion should not, however, despair. can be no doubt. Meanwhile the paper was prac- If she should ever think the advocacy of the tically conducted, and in a most mercantile spirit." Presse" worth the having-a not very likely The interests of the commercial and shopkeeping supposition-Emile will take her brief, if the quidclasses, as well as of the very numerous class of dam honorarium be forthcoming. What though he petits rentiers, were considered, sustained, and be now the most untiring vilipender of our name pandered to. In the political department, the and our country-calling us robbers in China, and journal had no very fixed or staple principles, and butchers in India; what, though he be the most took for its motto, "Au jour le jour." As to curt and contumelious in his epithets of abuse, political creed or conviction, the thing never en- crying, Death and hatred to the English governtered into the head of Girardin, unless as a means ment! what though he revel in prosperous and to wealth, consideration-and what the French well-paid malignity, offer him but the brief to-morcall, a position. But the man was adroit, confi- row, and he will straightway become our zealous dent, ready, and full of resources, and never advocate. The scales will then fall from his eyes, despaired even when his prospects were of the and our sanguinary and sordid policy will not appear gloomiest. With all his address and management, so utterly indefensible as it did when he had a he barely paid his expenses. The Russian empe- retainer from Russia only. The financial prosror and the Russian system of government, how-perity of the "Presse" is said to have been in a ever, were without a champion at the Parisian great measure due to M. Dujarrier. press, and Girardin entered the lists. That this was done from pure love and affection, all Paris believes; for everybody knows that the Russian emperor never pays literary men either in paper roubles or silver roubles. Whether they are ever paid by him in Dutch ducats, or malachite vases,

"La Presse, Rue St. George, 16. "Reçu de M. Hilbey la somme de cent soixante francs, poesie; A la Mère de celle que j'aime. pour insertion dans le journal. Nature de l'insertion,

"Paris, 7 Septembre, 1839."

"Le Caissier, PRAVAZ.

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Though M. Emile lived in 1839, "en grand | mercial intelligence, to its dramatic accounts of train," possessing a fine, well-furnished house; or, robberies, murders, fires, and sudden deaths; not to use the words of Jules Janin, "aussi bien logé forgetting its chronicle of affairs before the Police que les agents de change,' ," with pictures, livery- Correctionelle. servants, carriages, horses, &c., yet somehow or What is the Roman feuilleton? our readers will other there was nothing to justify this; for the naturally ask. It is a novel or tale, written in the journal was sinking by little and little, and the most ad captandum and exaggerated fashion, from shareholders were perpetually required to pay fresh seven to fifteen small columns of which is published calls. From the moment M. Dujarrier entered the daily, with a view to obtain readers, and, by neconcern, however, things wore a flourishing aspect; cessary implication, advertisements; for the adand though the expenses of management amount vertiser will assuredly go to the journal which is to 282,000 francs annually, yet each cinquantième most read. The "Presse" was the first to invent share originally negotiated at 4000 francs, now this execrable system, by which literature is made sells from 30,000 to 35,000, albeit the shareholders alternately the prostitute and decoy duck of the have yearly received ten per cent. for their money. most sordid venality. Before 1830 the main feaAn unlucky fatality seems, however, to hang over ture and distinguishing characteristic of each this journal. In 1836, as we before stated, Girar- French paper was its political party or color. din, the principal editor of the " Presse," shot, in The greedy spirit of speculation has changed this. a duel, the able and eloquent Carrel; and in The desire of the traders in newspapers now is by March, 1845, Dujarrier, the associate and co-editor the feuilleton to absorb all literature, unless such of Girardin, lost his life in a duel with a person of as is published in their own pages, and to render the name of Rosemond de Beauvallon, till within such literature as they put forth, tributary to this the last three weeks an exile in Spain,† in conse-soul-degrading money-grubbing. The great obquence of an arrêt of the Cour Royale de Rouen, ject of the Girardins and Cassagnacs is to get which declared that he committed "un homicide money, money, money. "Rem quocunque modo volontaire sur la personne de M. Dujarrier, et rem" is their stereotyped motto. In their anxiety d'avoir commis cet homicide avec premeditation." to procure customers-i. e. readers and advertiseIn 1843, at the suggestion of Dujarrier, the ments-they may be likened to the Hebrews of "Presse" published, under the title of a supple- Holywell street, or the old-clothes men of Monment, “ Le Bulletin des Tribunaux," adding 20 mouth street and Rag-fair, who, to use the cant of francs to its price. Six thousand additional sub-the trade, are of the " pluck you in" school. scribers were in consequence obtained in a very The "Presse" and the Epoque" are of the few months. The last accounts published by the pluck you in" and fripier school in literature. "Presse" place its profits at 200,000 francs, or In their morality any trick is fair to gain an abonné £8000 a year; and if its agreement with the or an annonce at two francs the "petite ligne," or, Compagnie Duveyrier" prove a successful specu- still better, at twelve francs "la grande ligne en lation, it is estimated that its net profits will be petite texte." Journalism and literature run equal 300,000 francs, or £12,000 a year, at the end of dangers from these tricky tradesmen. In seeking to make newspapers books, and books newspapers, these men destroy the distinctive character and nature of books and newspapers. The book in being cut up into fragments, and written not to portray truth and nature, but to suit the journal and its customers, is written to sample and pattern. At the end of the tenth, or twelfth, or seventh column, as the case may be, there is an interesting situation, where the tale breaks off, on the Monday. The grocer's daughter, the dyer's wife, the baker's cousin, and the priest's niece, are in raptures, and look for the paper on Tuesday with eager expectation. The tale or the novel is therefore like Peter Pindar's razors, not made to shave, but to sell; not written to represent life as it really is, but to present it as a series of startling incidents and surprising contrasts. It will result from this system that as a political authority the journal must be lowered, and as a literary effort the book discredited. Independently of this consideration the public taste becomes as a consequence daily more and more vitiated and perverted. All relish for serious literature, or matured, well reflected productions, is lost. The moral, the political, and the literary views of the question are sacrificed to the mercantile, mechanical, and money-getting. Romances are now ordered by the wholesale houses, in the journal line, by the square yard or the square foot, with so many pounds of abuse of priestcraft; so many grains of double adultery; so many drachms of incest; so many ounces of poisoning; so many scruples of simple fornication or seductions of soubrettes; and so many pennyweights of common sense to knead

1846.

To the English reader, some explanation of the "Compagnie Duveyrier" is quite indispensable. This company farms out the advertisements of certain journals, allowing the proprietors so many thousand francs a year net. To the "Presse," for instance, Daveyrier and Co. allow 100,000 francs, or £4000; and for this sum, the "Société General des Annonces," as it is called, has a right to so many columns of the journal. The head office of the society is in the Place de la Bourse, No. 8; but there are 214 bureaux d'insertion in various quarters of Paris, or from five to a dozen in each arrondissement, according to its population, commerce, &c. There is a scale of charges peculiar to the society. What are called "les annonces agrées," are charged at two francs la petite ligne, or twelve francs la grande ligne, en petit texte. It is a great problem whether this company will be successful-a problem which time alone can solve; but it is the opinion of an excellent friend of ours-the editor of the "Constitutionnel" —M. Merruau—that the undertaking will be successful. Though the small teasing and worrying usually thrown at the English by the "Presse," may have made it popular with a portion of the populace of Paris, yet its greatest success (apart from the Roman feuilleton) is owing to its com

*Lettre à Mde. Emile de Girardin, par Jules Janin. + Since this was written M. Beauvallon has returned to France and taken his trial.-See the "Journal des Déhats" of the 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th and 31st March; the Morning Chronicle" of the 3d, and the "Daily News" of the 4th April.

together the horrid and disjointed masses of parricide, fratricide, incest, murder, seduction, suicide, fraud, covin, gambling, robbery, and rouerie of all sorts, of which the odious whole is compounded. The Girardins and Cassagnacs, notwithstanding all their shrewdness and sharpness, are of that vulgar order of men who think that with money at command they can do anything and obtain everything. Hence it is that the "Presse" pays nearly 300 francs per day for feuilletons to Alexandre Dumas, George Sand, De Balzac, Frederic Soulié, Theophile Gautier, and Jules Sandeau. But what will be the result in 1848? That each of these personages will have made from 32,000 to 64,000 francs per annum for two or three years for writing profitable trash of the color of the foulest mud in Paris; marked with the mark of the beast, and furnished according to sample, as per order of Girardin, Cassagnac and Co. They will have had little labor and much money, it is true; but they will also have forever lowered their names and fame; and, what is worse, they will have lowered literature and literary men for many a long day to come. To be the hack of booksellers is no doubt to suffer unutterable bondage; but to be the hack of scheming political adventurers and chevaliers d'industrie is the last and worst of human calamities. The literary men of France may well say, with our own Cowley

"Come the eleventh plague rather than this should be;

Come sink us rather in the sea,

Come rather pestilence, and reap us down,
Come God's sword rather than our own.

In all the bonds we ever bore

We grieved, we sighed, we wept; we never blushed before."

ordinary of II. M. suite delivered to Balzac a letter written in the royal and imperial hand, to the following effect :—

"M. de Balzac le gentilhomme et M. de Balzac l'écrivain peuvent prendre la post quand il leur plaira."

The fault of Balzac is the incorrigible permanency, notwithstanding ten thousand humiliations and exposures, of a most glowing, yet most despicable vanity. The foolish fellow believes himself poet, historian, metaphysician, statesman, dandy of the first water, journalist, dramatic author, man of family, man of fortune, and, above all, charmant et beau garçon! Not content with being one of the cleverest observers and painters of manners of a certain class or classes, he aspires to be as diplomatic as Talleyrand and Metternich combined; as poetic as De Beranger, Chateaubriand, and La Martine; and as fashionable and foppish as the De Guiches, D'Orsays, Septeuils, and Canouvilles. This universal pretension has destroyed the little that remained of De Belzac's waning reputation; and the man whose productions, a dozen years ago, were read in every clime, is now fast sinking into unpitied obscurity.

"The nations which envied thee erewhile
Now laugh, (too little 't is to smile,)
They laugh, and would have pitied thee, (alas!)
But that thy faults all pity do surpass.

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M. Blanqui writes much on these topics, and his name is sufficient to create a reputation.

To return, however, to the "Presse." For a short time Girardin, the editor, was deputy of the Meuse. At his election, his civil rights as a Frenchman were ungenerously and unjustly attempted to be called in question. For many years the influence and even still his opinions are visible in some artiof Count Molé was paramount at the "Presse," cles; but at present this journal must be considered It is not only with existing literary celebrities as the organ of M. Guizot, and of his forty or that the "Presse" plays these gainful pranks, but forty-five personal adherents, who think him the the death of men of eminence is speculated upon only possible minister. We have said that the during their lifetime, and an ostentatious post obit" Presse" is an authority on commercial subjects. publication of the memoirs of Chateaubriand, and the souvenirs of La Martine is promised so soon as these illustrious authors shall have ceased to breathe. That the feuilletonists of the "Presse" are all men and women of genius and talent cannot be denied; but one of them, with all his genius and talent, is an arrant literary imposter and quack. Only think of Honoré Balzac, who came to Paris in 1820, a poor printer of Touraine, sporting the "gentilhomme d'ancienne souche,' and wearing a cane studded with precious stones, worth £80, to which Mde. de Girardin has consecrated a volume. The pretentious, aristocratical airs of this very foolish man, but who as a writer may be called a literary Rembrandt, or Albert Durer, so bourgeoise and Flemish is his style, so detailed and minute his finishing, were properly treated, according to the Gazette of Augsburg, by a monarch, for whom we have no love, but who, for once in his life, was right. After the admirable and truthful book of M. de Custine had laid bare the infamies and atrocities of the Russian system, the Czar expressed a desire that it should be answered by a Frenchman. Balzac, on this hint, started for Petersburgh, and on his arrival forwarded to his imperial majesty a note, of which the following is a copy :

"M. de Balzac l'écrivain et M. de Balzac le gentilhomme sollicitent de sa majesté la faveur d'une audience particulière."

As to general intelligence, this paper is well made up. There is not a fact of the least importance, nor a promotion in the army, navy, the clergy, the municipal body, &c., which is not published. There is not a scientific, mechanical, or commercial discovery, nor an important cause pleaded, nor a change in the value of merchandize or commodities, of which it does not give an account. Yet it is neither a respectable, nor an honorable, nor a truth-speaking, nor a purely, nor honestly conducted newspaper; and it has done more to degrade the press and literature, and to corrupt and debase literary men, than any other journal, always excepting the " Globe," and the Epoque."

The "Globe," commenced in 1841 by Granier de Cassagnac, when that person quarrelled with his co-editor, Girardin, cannot be said to have died, though it never had above 2000 abonnés. The "Globe" fell to 1800 before it expanded into the "Epoque," which arose from its ashes. Cassagnac wrote under or conjointly with Girardin in the" Presse," but now they are deadliest enemies, and in their war of ribald personalities have disgraced themselves, and degraded the press.*

who was struck at Toulouse, and flogged in the public *Girardin says that Cassagnac is an impudent Gascon, street till he took refuge in a diligence; and Cassagnac On the following day, one of the gentlemen in | replies that Girardin, siting by his wife, the pretty and

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Cassagnac was originally the editor of the jour-tries. Doherty, an Irishman, writes the French nal "Politique et Littéraire de Toulouse," and language, if not with purity, at least with origintransferred his services from this provincial journal ality; but when he touches on religious subjects, to the Parisian press. He is a writer of consider- he is "fou à liér." Brisbane has established many able talent and incontestable sharpness, but prone Fourierist journals in America, and comes every to personalities and utterly unscrupulous. As to year to France, but does not write in the French Bohain, his associate, he is well known-too well language. Meill, the German, is a tailor by trade, known in our own metropolis, as the editor of the and a Jew by religion. He is a self-educated man, The Epoque" is an and writes French like Doherty, more originally "Courrier de l'Europe.' immense journal, the size of a " Morning Chroni- (so to speak) than correctly. He is a lively, active, cle," before that journal adopted a double sheet, turbulent man, who would play an important part and consists of ten separate departments; 1. Jour-in any civil commotion. Journet is a working man, He is dressed nal politique; 2. Journal de l'armée et de la flotte; who travels through France from end to end, pro3. Journal des cultes; 4. Journal des Travaux claiming the doctrines of the sect. publics; 5. Journal administratif et commercial; in a paletot à capuchon, and wears a long beard, 6. Journal de l'instruction publique; 7. Journal like all good Fourierists. des sciences et médecine; 8. Journal du droit et des tribuneaux; 9. Journal commercial et agricole; 10. Journal litteraire, (feuilleton.) The price half yearly is 22f., and the price of advertisements is in proportion to the number of abonnés-one centime for every 1000 abonnés for the annonces omnibus; three centimes for every 1000 abonnés for booksellers' and commercial advertisements; four centimes for railways, &c.

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Every Wednesday evening there is a soirée at the office of the Democratie Pacifique”—a soirée of men only-where the initiated talk and weary themselves and others, and drink large tumblers of eau sucrée and rum cobbler. Sometimes the soirées are diversified by a wonder in the shape of a musician, a traveller, a somnambulist, or a mesmerist, who relieves the natural dulness of the assembly. Several eminent avocats and hommes Cassagnac is the political editor of the "Epoque." de lettres are members of this sect, and among He is devoted to Guizot. Desnoyers is the rédac-others, M. Hennequin, the son of unquestionably teur of the feuilleton, at a salary of 8000f. a year, assisted by Eugene Guinot.

the most learned advocate of France. We may be thought to have paid too much attention to the reveries of these enthusiasts, but the professors of these doctrines may play a most important part in France before the end of 1850.

The theatres are under the supervision of Hippolite Lucas, formerly of the "Siècle." The rédacteur en chef receives 12,000f. a year; and the feuilleton is paid at 150f. or 5l. 5s. per day. The circulation of the "Epoque" fluctuates considera-"Globe," so did the " bly; but we believe it has never exceeded 3000.

As the " Epoque" rose out of the ashes of the Esprit Public" out of the ashes of the "Commerce." The "Commerce," some years ago, was the property of our friend Mauguin, who purchased it, it is believed, at the request, if not with the money, of the ex-king of Spain. It was then a journal avowedly in the interest of the Bonaparte family; but after the insane attempt of Prince Louis, at Boulogne, in July or August, 1840, this cause seemed hopeless, and the abonnés of the "Commerce" rapidly declined. The pecuniary embarrassments of Mauguin induced him to part with the property to a proprietary imbued with Napoleonic ideas. Subsequently, M. Guillemot, who had managed the

"La Democratie Pacifique" is a journal published at forty francs a year, which is not sold, but given away. It is the organ of the communists, and is conducted by the disciples of Charles Fourier, of whose life and theories we should wish to have given some account, but we have already The doctrines exceeded the space allotted to us. proclaimed are not unlike those of Robert Owen. The founder and principal editor of this journal is Victor Considerant, an élève of the Polytechnic School, and an ex-officer of engineers. He is assisted in his labors by Dr. Pellarin, author of a life of Fourier; by La Vernaud, a native of the Capitole," the avowed organ of Prince Louis, Mauritius; De Permont; Victor Daly, an archi- became the editor. It then passed into the hands tect, of Irish origin; Hugh Doherty, a writing of the eloquent and philosophic De Tocqueville, master; Brisbane, an American; Meill, a German; deputy for La Manche, and author of the very able and a John Journet, a working man. The "Demo-work, "De la Democratie en Amerique. It reprecratie" is, as the reader will see, a universal cos-sented the jeune gauche in opposition to the gauche mopolitan journal. There are editors of all coun

Thiers. Not proving successful, however, it fell into the hands of M. Lesseps, who had formerly clever Delphine Gay, was struck at the opera before been secretary to M. Mauguin. M. Lesseps is a 3000 persons. Girardin says that Bohain, Solar, and middle-aged Basque, smart, self-willed, and with Cassagnac, the proprietors of the "Epoque," sent about some talent as a writer, but the "Commerce" did loads of prospectuses of their journal to the subscribers not, under his auspices, improve. In fact, it was of other papers by itinerant commis voyageurs; Cassagnac replies, that the electors of Bourganauf preferred a journal which had obtained a bad name, and, as Vidocq, the police spy, to Emile de Girardin, and twits the latter with the affair of the coal-mine of St. Bérain, and asks who pocketed the money. Girardin says, that Cassagnac ordered gaiters of a particular cut for the colporteurs of his journal, to excite attention, for which gaiters he afterwards refused to pay; Cassagnac rejoins, that Girardin went on a hot July day to his bedchamber, took off his sweltering shirt, and thinking clean linen comfortable, clothed himself in one of his (Cassagnac's) best chemises. Lest our readers should think we invent or exaggerate, we refer them to the "Globe," (now the "Epoque,") of the 12th August, 1845. Such are the "faquins de bas étage," the Peachums and Lockits of the press, who strut and fret their hour now on the great stage of literature.

we before observed, it requires the pen of an angel to write such a journal up. On the 1st August, 1845, the paper was put up to auction at 100,000 francs, but could find no purchasers. It was ultimately sold at 6000 francs, or 2407., with a burden of debt of 400,000 francs, or 16,000l. of our money. Out of the débris of the "Commerce" arose the "Esprit Public," of which Lesseps is the acknowledged editor. It is the cheapest daily journal in Paris, being published at a cost of

*The "Commerce," we believe, still lingers on, but so much "in extremis" that it may be said to be dead.

twenty eight francs, or 11. 2s. 6d. yearly. Its capital social is fixed at 500,000 francs. As the "Esprit Public" has been barely six months in existence, it is difficult to pronounce on its chances of vitality, and no easy matter to obtain an accurate account of its bonâ-fide circulation. We believe it to be very small-in fact, of the infiniment petit.

no attempt was made to imitate them in England, till our able and facetious contemporary, "Punch,' entered the field. There are also a number of small theatrical journals, but on these it is not needful to dwell.

No account of the French press can aspire to the praise of fidelity or correctness without making mention of the "Revue des Deux Mondes," "La Réforme" is a journal of extreme opinions, one of the best conducted periodicals in the world, appearing every day. It pays considerable atten- and of as much authority in France as the "Edintion to provincial questions, and to matters con- burgh Review" or "Quarterly Review" in their nected with electoral reform. Godefroy Cavai- very best days-in the days of Sidney Smith, Jeffgnac was, till his death, the editor; but it is now rey, McIntosh, Horner, and Canning, Walter chiefly sustained by the pens of Guinard Arago, Scott, Southey, and Gifford. This periodical was and Etienne Arago. It is understood that Ledru established by Count Molé, and the first literary Rollin, the advocate and rich deputy for Sarthe, men in France write in its pages. The proprietor pays the expenses. Dupoty-the unfortunate Du- of this review is the patentee of the Theatre Franpoty, formerly editor of the "Journal du Peuple,' çais. Within the last three or four years, the and who, under the ministry of Thiers, was tried Revue des Deux Mondes" has assumed a politiand sentenced to five years' imprisonment as a regicide, because a letter was found open in the letter-box of the paper of which he was editor, addressed to him by a man said to be implicated in the conspiracy of Quenisset-wrote, and, it is said, still writes in the "Réforme."

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The "Univers" is a daily paper quite in the interests of the Jesuits. The editor is M. Jules Goudon, author of a pamphlet on the recent religious movement; and M. Louis Veuillet, author of Rome Moderne.'

The "Nation" is a three-day paper, which appears every Tuesday, Thursday, and Sunday, at a cost of twenty-five francs the year. The programme of this paper is as follows:

SOUVERAINETE NATIONALE.
ORDRE, LIBERTÉ, GLOIRE.

Le loi se fait par le consentement du peuple.
En fait et en droit, les Français ne peuvent être
imposés que de leur consentement.
L'impôt doit être voté par ceux qui le paient.
Tout contribuable est électeur, tout électeur est
eligible.

cal character. The "Political Chronicle," which excites much attention, was, a couple of years ago, written by a very over-rated, and eminently servile Genoese, named Rossi, now envoy of France at the court of Rome. A personal favorite of Louis Philippe, and a friend and formerly brother professor of Guizot, this very ordinary person has risen, without commanding talent of any kind, to some of the highest employments in the state.

The "Revue de Legislation et de Jurisprudence" has been eleven years established, and is also a well-conducted miscellany. It is published under the direction of Troplong, Giraud, and Edouard Laboulaye, members of the Institute; Faustin Helié, chef du Bureau des Affaires Criminelles; Ortolan, professor at the Faculty of Law; and Wolowski, professor of Legislation, Industrielle au Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers.

It were no easy task to fix with precision the number of journals at present existing in Paris-a capital in which newspaper births and deaths are equally sudden and unexpected, and in which the journal of to-day may be dead to-morrow, and the journal of to-morrow may jump, uno flatu, into a prosperous manhood-but the following resumé approximates nearly to the truth :— There are daily journals of admitted repute, . 21 Smaller satirical journals,

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Journals not daily, (such as weekly, monthly, &c.)

Journals Religious and Moral, of which twelve are Protestant,

6

27

The Nation," therefore, proclaims electoral reform in the largest and widest sense-for all, in a word, who pay taxes-i. e., eight millions of Frenchmen; but, knowing that M. de Genoude, of the "Gazette de France," is the editor of this journal, we confess we look on the programme with more than suspicion. M. the Abbé de Genoude, however, makes every effort to push the paper, as he also does to push the sale of his trans-Journals of Legislation and of Jurisprudence,. 38 lation of the Bible, in twenty-two volumes! But of Political Economy and Administration, 3 though the "Nation," like the "Figaro" of Boof History, Statistics, and Travels, . hain, of 1841, is to be sold in the shop of every of Literature, grocer and baker of Paris and the banlieu, yet it has been found that this forced sale does not answer the expectations of the projectors.

There are in Paris a number of papers specially devoted to law, the fine arts, &c., but it cannot be expected that we should enter at any length into the literary history and circulation of these periodicals. The "Journal des Tribunaux" and the "Courrier des Tribunaux" are both conducted by advocates, and have a very large circulation. There are also a number of small satirical papers, conducted with infinite talent, wit, and esprit-as the "Figaro," the "Charivari," the "Corsaire," the "Corsaire Satan." Articles have occasionally appeared in the "Figaro" and "Charivari" worthy of Voltaire, Beaumarchais, or Champfort; but although these journals have existed, almost at our door, for a period of more than twenty years,

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of Fine Arts, Painting, and Music,
of Theatres and Theatrical Matters,
of Mathematical and Natural Sciences,
of Medicine,

of Military and Naval Art,
of Agriculture and Rural Economy,
of Commerce and Industry, .
of Public Instruction,

of Women, Girls, and Children,
of Fashions,

of Picturesque Sites, Landscapes, &c.
of Advertisements,

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This astonishing number comprises Paris only, for the departmental press, ten years ago, counted 258 journals, which the statists thus divided :

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